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+ ++In addition to the +chord attributes +that can appear in the square brackets +before time and pitch information, there are a few attributes that are +specified after the time and pitch information. These are attributes that +start or end on the chord but also affect other chords. There are several +such attributes: +
+If several of these are specified on a single chord, they may be in any +order, separated by commas. +
+
+If all notes in a chord are to be tied to the following chord,
+the keyword "tie"
+can be placed at the end of the chord. As was mentioned earlier,
+individual notes can be tied using a "~" symbol.
+Thus:
+
+ceg tie; +
+c~e~g~; +
+You can also produce the effect of tying chords by using additive time
+values. For example, the following lines produce the same output:
+
+1: 2ceg tie;8;;4; // explicit tie + +1: 2+8ceg;8;4; // tie implied by added time values +
+The keyword "slur" can be placed at the end of a chord to indicate
+that each note in the chord is to be slurred to the corresponding
+note in the following chord. In other words, the top note of the chord
+is slurred to the top note of the following chord, the second from the
+top note in the first chord to the second from the top note in the
+second chord, etc.
+Thus the following 2 measures give equivalent output:
+
+1: 2f<d> a<b> c+<d+>; dbd+; +bar + +1: 2fac+ slur; dbd+; +bar +
+The chord with the "slur" keyword +and the chord that follows it must have the same number of notes. +The word "slur" may be preceded by the word "dotted" or "dashed" to +produce dotted or dashed slurs, otherwise normal, solid slurs are drawn. +The word "slur" may be followed by the word "up" or "down" to specify the +direction of each curve's bulge. If neither is specified, Mup will +determine an appropriate direction, so you only need to give a direction +if you wish to override Mup's choice. +
+
+Normally, notes of eighth or shorter duration are automatically beamed
+according to the specification of
+the "beamstyle" parameter.
+Occasionally, you may wish to
+override the default beaming style for a particular situation.
+This is done using the "bm" and "ebm" keywords. The "bm" (short for "beam")
+is placed at the end of the chord which is the first to be beamed.
+The "ebm" (short for "end beam") is placed at the end of the last chord.
+Both chords must be in the same measure. If there is any custom beaming
+specified for a given voice in a given measure, the default beamstyle
+is turned off for that voice for the entire measure, meaning that only
+what you explicitly specify to be beamed will be beamed.
+An example:
+
+// The d, e, and f will be beamed together, +// but other 8th notes will not be. +1: 4c; 8; d bm; e; f ebm; g; a; +bar + +// First two chords beamed together. +// Second chord is tied to third chord. +1: 8.fa bm; 16gc+ tie, ebm; 2; 8a; g; +bar +
+In the absence of custom beaming, Mup will beam notes together
+using the
+beamstyle parameter,
+if that parameter is set.
+The beamstyle parameter is a list of time values that add up to
+a measure. Each time value tells how many chords to beam together.
+For example, a 2 means to beam a half note worth of chords together,
+whereas 1.. would indicate that a double dotted whole note worth of
+chords should be beamed together.
+Here are some examples of how the beamstyle parameter works.
+
+// beam each quarter note worth of notes together, +// breaking the beaming at each quarter note boundary +score beamstyle = 4,4,4,4 +music +1: 8c;d;e;f;g;a;b;c+; +bar +1: 8c;d;4e;f;8g;c; +bar + +// beam each half note worth of notes together, +// breaking the beaming at each half note boundary +score beamstyle = 2,2 +music +1: 8c;d;e;f;g;a;b;c+; +bar +// the middle two eighth notes will not be beamed together, +// because they are on opposite sides of the half note boundary +1: 8c;4d;8e;f;4g;8c; +bar + +// beam each whole note worth of notes together +score beamstyle = 1 +music +1: 8c;d;e;f;g;a;b;c+; +bar +1: 8c;4d;8e;f;4g;8c; +bar + +// in 9/8 time, beam each dotted quarter note worth of notes together +score time = 9/8 ; beamstyle = 4., 4., 4. +music +1: 8c;d;e;d;e;f;e;f;g; +bar +// the eight notes will not be beamed together, +// because they are on opposite side of the dotted quarter boundary +1: 4.c;4d;8e;8f;4g; +bar + +// in each measure, beam the first dotted half worth of notes together, +// then beam the remaining dotted quarter worth of notes together +score beamstyle = 2., 4. +music +1: 8c;d;e;d;e;f;e;f;g; +bar + +// in each measure, beam the first dotted quarter worth of notes together +// then beam the remaining dotted half worth of notes together +score beamstyle = 4., 2.; +music +1: 8c;d;e;d;e;f;e;f;g; +bar +
+The value of the beamstyle parameter is remembered for
+any later changes back to the same time signature.
+For example, suppose you set
+
+time=4/4 +beamstyle=4,4,4,4 +
+time=3/4 +beamstyle=4,4,4 +
+Normally Mup will break beams whenever it encounters a rest or space, +but if you or specify an "r" at the end of the +beamstyle parameter, it will beam across rests +of eighth note or shorter duration. Similarly, specifying an "s" at the +end of the beamstyle parameter will cause it to beam across spaces of +eighth note or shorter. Specifying both (in either order) will result +in beaming across both. Mup will also beam across eighth note or +shorter rests or spaces inside of custom beams. +
+
+Sometimes, if there are many short notes beamed together, you may wish to
+subdivide the beams into smaller groupings, where the outer, or primary
+beam remains unbroken, but the inner, or secondary beams are broken
+periodically. When using custom beaming, this is specified by "esbm"
+("end subbeam" or "end secondary beam")
+on the chord after which you want the break to occur.
+When using beamstyle, parentheses are used to indicate what sets of
+secondary beams are to be included in a given outer beam.
+
+score +beamstyle=(4,4),(4,4) +music + +// use the beamstyle parameter +1: 16c;d;e;f; g;a;b;c+; c+;b;a;g; 32f;e;f;e;d;c;d;c; +bar + +// use custom beaming +1: 16c bm;d;e;f;g;a esbm;b;c+;c+;b;a;g esbm;f;e;d;c ebm; +bar +
+In keyboard music, +sometimes notes on adjacent staffs are beamed together. +Mup will do this with a variation on +custom beaming. +A bm and ebm must be specified on both staffs, and in each case the +bm is followed by a qualifier: +on the first of the two staffs, "bm with staff below" must +be specified, while on the second staff you use "bm with staff above". +For every point in time for the duration of the beam, one staff +must have a chord with notes in it, and the other staff must have +a space chord. (This is somewhat different than ordinary, +non-cross-staff beams controlled by the +beamstyle parameter, +where spaces are not allowed unless beaming across spaces +is specifically requested.) +The two "bm" marks must occur at the same time in the +measure. Similarly, the two "ebm" marks must +occur at the same time in each staff. +Grouping subbeams using "esbm" is not supported on cross-staff beams. +
+
+Some examples:
+
+1: 8f bm with staff below; a; 4s ebm; 4s bm with staff below; 8b; d ebm; +2: 4s bm with staff above; 8a; b ebm; b bm with staff above; d; 4s ebm; +bar +
+Normally the beam will be drawn between the staffs, but
+you can force the beam to be above or below all the notes by specifying a
+stem direction.
+You can also adjust the appearance of the beam by giving
+stems lengths
+for the first and last chords in the beam.
+
+1: [up]8f bm with staff below;a;4s ebm;4s bm with staff below;8b;[len 11]d ebm; +2: 4s bm with staff above;8a;b ebm;[down;len 14]b bm with staff above;d;4s ebm; +bar +
+If a cross-staff beam includes +tuplets, +the tuplet numbers will not +be printed. You would have to print them yourself using either +a "print" statement +or +a "boldital" statement. +
++It is possible for cross-staff beams to collide with other items, such as +dynamic marks. +In these cases, you may need to move the other items. Another +thing you might try is +specifying stem lengths +to alter where the beams get placed, or +printing +a blank string between the staffs to cause them to get placed further apart. +If you specify a +slope, +you have to specify it on the staff having notes in the first chord, +not the staff with space. +Slashes +are not allowed on cross-staff beams. +
++Mup doesn't directly allow cross-staff grace note beams. +However, you may be able simulate the effect by using cue note chords +along with invisible time signature changes and possibly invisible bar lines. +See the +section on "Special uses of invisbar" +for more details. +
++You may want to also look at the section on +cross-staff stems, +for an alternate way to handles some cases where you might +use cross-staff beams. +
+
+Alternation pairs
+can be specified using "alt N" where N
+is a number. An alternation
+pair is two chords that are to played alternately in quick succession
+but are not written out as such. This is shown by drawing N beams
+between the stems of the chords. The note value you specify for each
+chord must be the same, and the time value of each must equal the time
+taken by the pair. For example, if the pair takes up the time of a half
+note, each chord would be a half note.
+Here is an example:
+
+// Alternate between c and c an octave +// higher. Total time taken is that of +// a half note. Two "beam"-like lines +// will be drawn to show the alternation. +1: 2c alt 2; 2c+;2g; +bar +
+Alternation is not allowed on cross-staff beams. +
+
+On the first chord of a set of chords that are beamed together,
+you can specify a
+beam angle from -45 to 45 degrees.
+This will override whatever angle Mup would have used.
+
+1: 8g slope 11; b; g slope 0; b; g slope -5.75; b; +bar +
