[mup] / mup / docs / uguide / textstr.html

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Text Strings
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<H1>
TEXT STRINGS
</H1>
<P>
Text strings are used in many different ways.
A text string is enclosed in double quotes,
and can contain any combination of letters, numbers, spaces,
and punctuation.
It can contain a \n to indicate a newline or \b to indicate a backspace,
but otherwise cannot contain tabs or other
control characters. If you want a double quote mark inside a string, it
has to be preceded by a backslash, to indicate it is not ending the string:
<BR><PRE>
&quot;A \&quot;word\&quot; in quotes&quot;
</PRE><BR>
</P>
<P>
If you want an actual backslash in a string, it must be entered as two
backslashes.
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="strcat">You can concatenate strings with a + sign. Thus the following are equivalent:</A>
<BR><PRE>
&quot;this is a string&quot;
&quot;this is &quot; + &quot;a string&quot;
</PRE><BR>
</P>
<H2>
Special characters
</H2>
<P>
<A NAME="symlist">A string can also contain special</A>
music characters.
These are specified
by \(<I>xxx</I>), where the <I>xxx</I> is a code from the following table:
</P>
<H3>
Clef
</H3>
<PRE>
gclef       G clef (treble clef)
fclef       F clef (bass clef)
cclef       C clef (used for alto clef, tenor clef, etc.)
</PRE>
<H3>
Time Signature
</H3>
<PRE>
com         common time
cut         cut time
</PRE>
<H3>
Accidentals
</H3>
<PRE>
flat        flat
dblflat     double flat
sharp       sharp
dblsharp    double sharp
nat         natural
</PRE>
<H3>
Notes
</H3>
<PRE>
dn2n        half note with stem down
dn4n        quarter note with stem down
dn8n        eighth note with stem down
dn16n       16th note with stem down
dn32n       32nd note with stem down
dn64n       64th note with stem down
dn128n      128th note with stem down
dn256n      256th note with stem down
up2n        half note with stem up
up4n        quarter note with stem up
up8n        eighth note with stem up
up16n       16th note with stem up
up32n       32nd note with stem up
up64n       64th note with stem up
up128n      128th note with stem up
up256n      256th note with stem up
upflag      upward flag
dnflag      downward flag
</PRE>
<H3>
Noteheads
</H3>
<PRE>
4n                   quarter (and shorter) note head
2n                   half note head
1n                   whole note
dblwhole             double whole note
xnote                X-shaped note head
diamond              open diamond-shaped note head
filldiamond          filled diamond-shaped note head
dwhdiamond           double whole diamond-shaped note
isostriangle         open isosceles triangle notehead
fillisostriangle     filled isosceles triangle notehead
dwhisostriangle      double whole isosceles triangle notehead
piewedge             open piewedge notehead
fillpiewedge         filled piewedge notehead
dwhpiewedge          double whole piewedge notehead
rectangle            open rectangle notehead
fillrectangle        filled rectangle notehead
dwhrectangle         double whole rectangle notehead
righttriangle        open right triangle notehead
fillrighttriangle    filled right triangle notehead
dwhrighttriangle     double whole right triangle notehead
urighttriangle       upside-down open right triangle notehead
ufillrighttriangle   upside-down filled right triangle notehead
udwhrighttriangle    upside-down double whole right triangle notehead
semicircle           open semicircle notehead
fillsemicircle       filled semicircle notehead
dwhsemicircle        double whole semicircle notehead
slashhead            open slash notehead
fillslashhead        filled slash notehead
dwhslashhead         double whole slash notehead
blankhead            blank notehead
</PRE>
<H3>
Rests
</H3>
<PRE>
qwhrest     quadruple whole rest
dwhrest     double whole rest
1rest       whole rest
2rest       half rest
4rest       quarter rest
8rest       eighth rest
16rest      sixteenth rest
32rest      thirty-second rest
64rest      sixty-fourth rest
128rest     128th rest
256rest     256th rest
</PRE>
<H3>
Pedal
</H3>
<PRE>
begped      begin pedal mark
endped      end pedal mark
pedal       pedal up/down mark
</PRE>
<H3>
Ornaments
</H3>
<PRE>
tr          trill
mor         mordent
invmor      inverted mordent
turn        turn
invturn     inverted turn
</PRE>
<H3>
Miscellaneous
</H3>
<PRE>
ferm        fermata
uferm       upside-down fermata
acc_gt      accent like a greater-than sign
acc_hat     accent like a &quot;hat&quot; or ^ (circumflex or &quot;up-arrow&quot;)
acc_uhat    accent like an upside down hat
leg         legato mark
dot         dot
wedge       wedge
uwedge      upside-down wedge
sign        sign for D. S.
coda        coda mark
upbow       up bow
dnbow       down bow
rr          &quot;railroad tracks&quot; or caesura (2 slanted lines sometimes put
            at the top of a staff to indicate the end of a musical thought)
measrpt     measure repeat
copyright   C-in-circle copyright symbol
dim         diminished
halfdim     half diminished
triangle    triangle
</PRE>
<BR>
<IMG SRC="muschar.gif" ALT="music characters">
<BR>
<P>
Any of these music character names can be prefixed by &quot;sm&quot; to indicate a
smaller version of the character. For example, &quot;smup4n&quot; is a small quarter
note, as might be used for a &quot;cue&quot; note.
Small music characters are 0.65 times as big as regular characters.
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="special">Various non-ASCII characters</A>
can be included in text strings. If you have a non-United States keyboard
which can produce characters listed in the table below
from the &quot;Latin-1&quot; alphabet, you can simply type them into strings as
you normally would. If you want a character that your keyboard does not
support, you can put them in strings
by using their names in a manner similar to the music characters.
For example, you can include an 'a' with an acute accent on it in
a string by using \(aacute), or an upside down question mark
using \(questiondown). Many characters have shorthand names too.
For example, \(a') is a shorter name for 'a' with an acute accent.
The full names of the special characters and their shorthand names, if any,
are given in the following table:
<PRE>
 full name   shorthand         full name   shorthand
------------------------------------------------------
exclamdown                   questiondown
sterling                     yen
cent                         quotedblbase
quotedblleft    &#96;&#96;           quotedblright       &#180;&#180;
guillemotleft   &lt;&lt;           guillemotright       &gt;&gt;
guilsinglleft                guilsinglright
dagger                       daggerdbl
grave                        acute
macron                       breve
dotaccent                    dieresis
ring                         cedilla
hungarumlaut                 ogonek
caron                        emdash
AE                           ae
ordfeminine                  ordmasculine
Lslash          L/           lslash              l/
Oslash          O/           oslash              o/
OE                           oe
dotlessi                     germandbls          ss
Aacute          A&#180;           aacute              a&#180;
Acircumflex     A^           acircumflex         a^
Adieresis       A:           adieresis           a:
Agrave          A&#96;           agrave              a&#96;
Aring           Ao           aring               ao
Atilde          A~           atilde              a~
Ccedilla        C,           ccedilla            c,
Eacute          E&#180;           eacute              e&#180;
Ecircumflex     E^           ecircumflex         e^
Edieresis       E:           edieresis           e:
Egrave          E&#96;           egrave              e&#96;
Iacute          I&#180;           iacute              i&#180;
Icircumflex     I^           icircumflex         i^
Idieresis       i:           idieresis           i:
Igrave          I&#96;           igrave              i&#96;
Ntilde          N~           ntilde              n~
Oacute          O&#180;           oacute              o&#180;
Ocircumflex     O^           ocircumflex         o^
Odieresis       O:           odieresis           o:
Ograve          O&#96;           ograve              o&#96;
Otilde          O~           otilde              o~
Scaron          Sv           scaron              sv
Uacute          U&#180;           uacute              u&#180;
Ucircumflex     U^           ucircumflex         u^
Udieresis       U:           udieresis           u:
Ugrave          U&#96;           ugrave              u&#96;
Ydieresis       Y:           ydieresis           y:
Zcaron          Zv           zcaron              Zv
bullet
</PRE>
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="space">There is one additional special characters,</A>
specified by \(space).
This character appears as a normal space on output, but is not treated
like a space when Mup is looking for word or syllable boundaries.
The most common use for this is probably in
<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics</A>
when you want several words to be sung on a single note.
Another use would be in cases where Mup would normally split up a long
string between words in order to avoid running off the edge of a page,
but you want to prevent that split.
</P>
<H2>
Font and size changes
</H2>
<P>
Strings can also contain special codes to indicate changes in font or size.
The font codes begin with \f, and
can either be spelled out, as in the first column of
the table below, or as the abbreviations given in the second column.
<PRE>
       Code              Abbr        Meaning

\f(avantgarde rom)      \f(AR)  Avant Garde roman font
\f(avantgarde bold)     \f(AB)  Avant Garde bold font
\f(avantgarde ital)     \f(AI)  Avant Garde italic font
\f(avantgarde boldital) \f(AX)  Avant Garde bold-italic font

\f(bookman rom)         \f(BR)  Bookman roman font
\f(bookman bold)        \f(BB)  Bookman bold font
\f(bookman ital)        \f(BI)  Bookman italic font
\f(bookman boldital)    \f(BX)  Bookman bold-italic font

\f(courier rom)         \f(CR)  Courier roman font
\f(courier bold)        \f(CB)  Courier bold font
\f(courier ital)        \f(CI)  Courier italic font
\f(courier boldital)    \f(CX)  Courier bold-italic font

\f(helvetica rom)       \f(HR)  Helvetica* roman font
\f(helvetica bold)      \f(HB)  Helvetica bold font
\f(helvetica ital)      \f(HI)  Helvetica italic font
\f(helvetica boldital)  \f(HX)  Helvetica bold-italic font

\f(newcentury rom)      \f(NR)  New Century roman font
\f(newcentury bold)     \f(NB)  New Century bold font
\f(newcentury ital)     \f(NI)  New Century italic font
\f(newcentury boldital) \f(NX)  New Century bold-italic

\f(palatino rom)        \f(PR)  Palatino roman font
\f(palatino bold)       \f(PB)  Palatino bold font
\f(palatino ital)       \f(PI)  Palatino italic font
\f(palatino boldital)   \f(PX)  Palatino bold-italic font

\f(times rom)           \f(TR)  Times* roman font
\f(times bold)          \f(TB)  Times bold font
\f(times ital)          \f(TI)  Times italic font
\f(times boldital)      \f(TX)  Times bold-italic font

\f(previous)            \f(PV)  previous font
</PRE>
Some of the
<A HREF="textstr.html#special">special characters</A>
look better in some fonts than others.  We have found that
some PostScript interpreters unfortunately don't always
implement all the special characters in all fonts.
</P>
<P>
If you need a font other than those Mup supports directly,
it is possible to override Mup's builtin fonts with other fonts.
This is described later in the
<A HREF="fontfile.html">section on "Installing other fonts."</A>
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="size">The point size can also be changed. (A "point" is about 1/72 of an inch.)</A>
<PRE>
   Code                   Meaning

\s(<I>N)</I>    change to point size <I>N</I>
\s(+<I>N)</I>   increase point size by <I>N</I> points
\s(-<I>N)</I>   decrease point size by <I>N</I> points
\s(PV) or \s(previous)	revert to previous size

</PRE>
The point size can range from 1 to 100. A font or size change will last until
changed or until the end of the string. Any subsequent strings will begin
with default font and size values, except in the case of
<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics,</A>
where font and size information is maintained separately
for each staff and verse, and carried forward from measure to measure, and
<A HREF="bars.html#reh">rehearsal marks,</A>
where the information is also carried forward.
The default values can be set as
<A HREF="param.html">described in the "Parameters" section. The</A>
<A HREF="textstr.html#symlist">music symbols</A>
are affected by size changes.
If a music symbol follows italics or bolditalics characters, it will be
made italics to match.
</P>
<P>
Here are some examples of strings:
<BR><PRE>
&quot;hello&quot;
&quot;( \(up2n) = 100 )&quot;
&quot;\f(TB)this will be bold. \f(TI)this will be italics&quot;
&quot;A \f(TX)\s(+12)BIG\f(PV)\s(-12) word&quot;
&quot;\f(newcentury boldital)Allegro&quot;
</PRE><BR>
</P>
<H2>
Horizontal and vertical motion
</H2>
<P>
It is also possible to specify a string that takes up more than one line,
by putting a &quot;\n&quot; where you want to move to a new line. The place where
this is most likely to be useful is for
<A HREF="param.html#label">staff labels,</A>
which you may want
to make multi-line, to keep them from becoming excessively wide.
For example:
<BR><PRE>
&quot;Violins\nI&amp;II&quot;
</PRE><BR>
</P>
<P>
A &quot;\b&quot; can be used to specify a backspace. This might be useful for
adding underlines to text.
If you wish to use letters with diacritical marks,
you will probably want to use the
<A HREF="textstr.html#special">special characters,</A>
described earlier in this section,
rather than trying to construct them using the plain letter,
a backspace, and the mark.
</P>
<P>
You are not allowed to back up to before the beginning of a line.
Note that in all fonts except Courier,
different characters have different widths, so
using backspaces can be a bit tricky. For example, underlining a 5-letter
word might require more than 5 underscores, if the characters in the word
are wider than an underscore character. In general, it works better to
enter an entire string, then backspace to add underscoring or accents, rather
than doing them along the way. For example, &quot;My\b\b___&quot; will line up
much better than &quot;M\b_y\b_&quot;.
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="vert">Vertical motion within a string</A>
can be specified using &quot;\v(<I>N</I>)&quot;
where <I>N</I> is some percentage of the current font height.
The distance may be negative for downward motion
or positive for upward motion, ranging from -100 to 100.
This might be used for creating superscripts and subscripts, although
the next section describes an alternate way of doing that which is
usually better. It might also be used just to line something up differently
than Mup normally would.
You cannot put newlines (with \n) in the same string with vertical
motion.
</P>
<H2>
Piled text, for superscripts, subscripts, etc.
</H2>
<P>
It is also possible to &quot;pile up&quot; lines of text in a string.
Some common uses of this could be for superscripts and subscripts or for
figured bass notation.
Some facilities to specifically deal with
<A HREF="textmark.html#chordmod">figured bass</A>
will be described in a later section, but
here we describe the general-purpose constructs for piling text. 
A \: is used to indicate the beginning of piling. Any subsequent
instances of \: in the same string will alternately turn piling off and on.
When a pile is begun, the text size is automatically made smaller, and
the text baseline is moved up, so that the first line of piled text is
like a superscript, and the next like a subscript. If there are additional
lines, they are placed below the subscript.
By default, the lines in a pile are placed such that the last digit
in each line all line up, or if there is no digit, the last character.
However, you can force different alignment.
A \| will force alignment at that point, or a \^ will force alignment
at the center of the following character. A maximum of one alignment marker
can be specified on each line of a pile.
You cannot put newlines (with \n) in the same string with piling.
A new line of the pile is started at each &lt;space&gt; character in the input string.
If you want an actual literal space inside a piled line, it must be
preceded with a backslash. As an example:
<BR><PRE>
&quot;Text\:superscript subscript\: back to normal.&quot;;
&quot;This pile \:has\ literal spaces\ in\ it.&quot;;
&quot;This pile \:h\^as align\|ment spec\^ified.&quot;;
</PRE><BR>
<IMG SRC="mugex65.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
</P>
<H2>
Slash through number
</H2>
<P>
Another thing which is common in figured bass notation
is to draw a slash through a number. Again, the section on
<A HREF="textmark.html#chordmod">figured bass</A>
will describe how to do that inside figured bass,
but it is possible to put a slash through a number elsewhere by
placing a backslashed slash after a number, like this:
<BR><PRE>
	&quot;6\/&quot;
	&quot;10\/&quot;
</PRE><BR>
</P>
<H2>
Boxed or circled text
</H2>
<P>
<A NAME="boxed">You can cause the text to be</A>
printed inside a box by placing a \[ at
the beginning of the string and a \] at the end of the string.
Similarly you can cause text to be placed inside a circle (or ellipse
for strings that are wide) by placing a \{ at
the beginning of the string and a \} at the end of the string.
Boxed or circled text are not allowed in
<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics.</A>
<BR><PRE>
 &quot;\[This is in a box\]&quot;
 &quot;\{This is in an ellipse\}&quot;
</PRE><BR>
<IMG SRC="mugex66.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
<HR>
* Times is a trademark and Helvetica is a registered trademark of Allied Corporation.
</P>
<HR><P>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<A HREF="shaped.html">&lt;-- previous page</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<A HREF="stuff.html">next page --&gt;</A>
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Commit	Line	Data
69695f33 MW	1	<HTML>
	2	<HEAD><TITLE>
	3	Text Strings
	4	</TITLE></HEAD>
	5	<BODY>
	6	<P>
	7	<A HREF="shaped.html"><-- previous page</A>
	8
	9	<A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A>    <A HREF="stuff.html">next page --></A>
	10	</P>
	11
	12	<H1>
	13	TEXT STRINGS
	14	</H1>
	15	<P>
	16	Text strings are used in many different ways.
	17	A text string is enclosed in double quotes,
	18	and can contain any combination of letters, numbers, spaces,
	19	and punctuation.
	20	It can contain a \n to indicate a newline or \b to indicate a backspace,
	21	but otherwise cannot contain tabs or other
	22	control characters. If you want a double quote mark inside a string, it
	23	has to be preceded by a backslash, to indicate it is not ending the string:
	24	<BR><PRE>
	25	"A \"word\" in quotes"
	26	</PRE><BR>
	27	</P>
	28	<P>
	29	If you want an actual backslash in a string, it must be entered as two
	30	backslashes.
	31	</P>
	32	<P>
	33	<A NAME="strcat">You can concatenate strings with a + sign. Thus the following are equivalent:</A>
	34	<BR><PRE>
	35	"this is a string"
	36	"this is " + "a string"
	37	</PRE><BR>
	38	</P>
	39	<H2>
	40	Special characters
	41	</H2>
	42	<P>
	43	<A NAME="symlist">A string can also contain special</A>
	44	music characters.
	45	These are specified
	46	by \(<I>xxx</I>), where the <I>xxx</I> is a code from the following table:
	47	</P>
	48	<H3>
	49	Clef
	50	</H3>
	51	<PRE>
	52	gclef G clef (treble clef)
	53	fclef F clef (bass clef)
	54	cclef C clef (used for alto clef, tenor clef, etc.)
	55	</PRE>
	56	<H3>
	57	Time Signature
	58	</H3>
	59	<PRE>
	60	com common time
	61	cut cut time
	62	</PRE>
	63	<H3>
	64	Accidentals
65	</H3>
66	<PRE>
67	flat flat
68	dblflat double flat
69	sharp sharp
70	dblsharp double sharp
71	nat natural
72	</PRE>
73	<H3>
74	Notes
75	</H3>
76	<PRE>
77	dn2n half note with stem down
78	dn4n quarter note with stem down
79	dn8n eighth note with stem down
80	dn16n 16th note with stem down
81	dn32n 32nd note with stem down
82	dn64n 64th note with stem down
83	dn128n 128th note with stem down
84	dn256n 256th note with stem down
85	up2n half note with stem up
86	up4n quarter note with stem up
87	up8n eighth note with stem up
88	up16n 16th note with stem up
89	up32n 32nd note with stem up
90	up64n 64th note with stem up
91	up128n 128th note with stem up
92	up256n 256th note with stem up
93	upflag upward flag
94	dnflag downward flag
95	</PRE>
96	<H3>
97	Noteheads
98	</H3>
99	<PRE>
100	4n quarter (and shorter) note head
101	2n half note head
102	1n whole note
103	dblwhole double whole note
104	xnote X-shaped note head
105	diamond open diamond-shaped note head
106	filldiamond filled diamond-shaped note head
107	dwhdiamond double whole diamond-shaped note
108	isostriangle open isosceles triangle notehead
109	fillisostriangle filled isosceles triangle notehead
110	dwhisostriangle double whole isosceles triangle notehead
111	piewedge open piewedge notehead
112	fillpiewedge filled piewedge notehead
113	dwhpiewedge double whole piewedge notehead
114	rectangle open rectangle notehead
115	fillrectangle filled rectangle notehead
116	dwhrectangle double whole rectangle notehead
117	righttriangle open right triangle notehead
118	fillrighttriangle filled right triangle notehead
119	dwhrighttriangle double whole right triangle notehead
120	urighttriangle upside-down open right triangle notehead
121	ufillrighttriangle upside-down filled right triangle notehead
122	udwhrighttriangle upside-down double whole right triangle notehead
123	semicircle open semicircle notehead
124	fillsemicircle filled semicircle notehead
125	dwhsemicircle double whole semicircle notehead
126	slashhead open slash notehead
127	fillslashhead filled slash notehead
128	dwhslashhead double whole slash notehead
129	blankhead blank notehead
130	</PRE>
131	<H3>
132	Rests
133	</H3>
134	<PRE>
135	qwhrest quadruple whole rest
136	dwhrest double whole rest
137	1rest whole rest
138	2rest half rest
139	4rest quarter rest
140	8rest eighth rest
141	16rest sixteenth rest
142	32rest thirty-second rest
143	64rest sixty-fourth rest
144	128rest 128th rest
145	256rest 256th rest
146	</PRE>
147	<H3>
148	Pedal
149	</H3>
150	<PRE>
151	begped begin pedal mark
152	endped end pedal mark
153	pedal pedal up/down mark
154	</PRE>
155	<H3>
156	Ornaments
157	</H3>
158	<PRE>
159	tr trill
160	mor mordent
161	invmor inverted mordent
162	turn turn
163	invturn inverted turn
164	</PRE>
165	<H3>
166	Miscellaneous
167	</H3>
168	<PRE>
169	ferm fermata
170	uferm upside-down fermata
171	acc_gt accent like a greater-than sign
172	acc_hat accent like a "hat" or ^ (circumflex or "up-arrow")
173	acc_uhat accent like an upside down hat
174	leg legato mark
175	dot dot
176	wedge wedge
177	uwedge upside-down wedge
178	sign sign for D. S.
179	coda coda mark
180	upbow up bow
181	dnbow down bow
182	rr "railroad tracks" or caesura (2 slanted lines sometimes put
183	at the top of a staff to indicate the end of a musical thought)
184	measrpt measure repeat
185	copyright C-in-circle copyright symbol
186	dim diminished
187	halfdim half diminished
188	triangle triangle
189	</PRE>
190	<BR>
191	<IMG SRC="muschar.gif" ALT="music characters">
192	<BR>
193	<P>
194	Any of these music character names can be prefixed by "sm" to indicate a
195	smaller version of the character. For example, "smup4n" is a small quarter
196	note, as might be used for a "cue" note.
197	Small music characters are 0.65 times as big as regular characters.
198	</P>
199	<P>
200	<A NAME="special">Various non-ASCII characters</A>
201	can be included in text strings. If you have a non-United States keyboard
202	which can produce characters listed in the table below
203	from the "Latin-1" alphabet, you can simply type them into strings as
204	you normally would. If you want a character that your keyboard does not
205	support, you can put them in strings
206	by using their names in a manner similar to the music characters.
207	For example, you can include an 'a' with an acute accent on it in
208	a string by using \(aacute), or an upside down question mark
209	using \(questiondown). Many characters have shorthand names too.
210	For example, \(a') is a shorter name for 'a' with an acute accent.
211	The full names of the special characters and their shorthand names, if any,
212	are given in the following table:
213	<PRE>
214	full name shorthand full name shorthand
215	------------------------------------------------------
216	exclamdown questiondown
217	sterling yen
218	cent quotedblbase
219	quotedblleft `` quotedblright ´´
220	guillemotleft << guillemotright >>
221	guilsinglleft guilsinglright
222	dagger daggerdbl
223	grave acute
224	macron breve
225	dotaccent dieresis
226	ring cedilla
227	hungarumlaut ogonek
228	caron emdash
229	AE ae
230	ordfeminine ordmasculine
231	Lslash L/ lslash l/
232	Oslash O/ oslash o/
233	OE oe
234	dotlessi germandbls ss
235	Aacute A´ aacute a´
236	Acircumflex A^ acircumflex a^
237	Adieresis A: adieresis a:
238	Agrave A` agrave a`
239	Aring Ao aring ao
240	Atilde A~ atilde a~
241	Ccedilla C, ccedilla c,
242	Eacute E´ eacute e´
243	Ecircumflex E^ ecircumflex e^
244	Edieresis E: edieresis e:
245	Egrave E` egrave e`
246	Iacute I´ iacute i´
247	Icircumflex I^ icircumflex i^
248	Idieresis i: idieresis i:
249	Igrave I` igrave i`
250	Ntilde N~ ntilde n~
251	Oacute O´ oacute o´
252	Ocircumflex O^ ocircumflex o^
253	Odieresis O: odieresis o:
254	Ograve O` ograve o`
255	Otilde O~ otilde o~
256	Scaron Sv scaron sv
257	Uacute U´ uacute u´
258	Ucircumflex U^ ucircumflex u^
259	Udieresis U: udieresis u:
260	Ugrave U` ugrave u`
261	Ydieresis Y: ydieresis y:
262	Zcaron Zv zcaron Zv
263	bullet
264	</PRE>
265	</P>
266	<P>
267	<A NAME="space">There is one additional special characters,</A>
268	specified by \(space).
269	This character appears as a normal space on output, but is not treated
270	like a space when Mup is looking for word or syllable boundaries.
271	The most common use for this is probably in
272	<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics</A>
273	when you want several words to be sung on a single note.
274	Another use would be in cases where Mup would normally split up a long
275	string between words in order to avoid running off the edge of a page,
276	but you want to prevent that split.
277	</P>
278	<H2>
279	Font and size changes
280	</H2>
281	<P>
282	Strings can also contain special codes to indicate changes in font or size.
283	The font codes begin with \f, and
284	can either be spelled out, as in the first column of
285	the table below, or as the abbreviations given in the second column.
286	<PRE>
287	Code Abbr Meaning
288
289	\f(avantgarde rom) \f(AR) Avant Garde roman font
290	\f(avantgarde bold) \f(AB) Avant Garde bold font
291	\f(avantgarde ital) \f(AI) Avant Garde italic font
292	\f(avantgarde boldital) \f(AX) Avant Garde bold-italic font
293
294	\f(bookman rom) \f(BR) Bookman roman font
295	\f(bookman bold) \f(BB) Bookman bold font
296	\f(bookman ital) \f(BI) Bookman italic font
297	\f(bookman boldital) \f(BX) Bookman bold-italic font
298
299	\f(courier rom) \f(CR) Courier roman font
300	\f(courier bold) \f(CB) Courier bold font
301	\f(courier ital) \f(CI) Courier italic font
302	\f(courier boldital) \f(CX) Courier bold-italic font
303
304	\f(helvetica rom) \f(HR) Helvetica* roman font
305	\f(helvetica bold) \f(HB) Helvetica bold font
306	\f(helvetica ital) \f(HI) Helvetica italic font
307	\f(helvetica boldital) \f(HX) Helvetica bold-italic font
308
309	\f(newcentury rom) \f(NR) New Century roman font
310	\f(newcentury bold) \f(NB) New Century bold font
311	\f(newcentury ital) \f(NI) New Century italic font
312	\f(newcentury boldital) \f(NX) New Century bold-italic
313
314	\f(palatino rom) \f(PR) Palatino roman font
315	\f(palatino bold) \f(PB) Palatino bold font
316	\f(palatino ital) \f(PI) Palatino italic font
317	\f(palatino boldital) \f(PX) Palatino bold-italic font
318
319	\f(times rom) \f(TR) Times* roman font
320	\f(times bold) \f(TB) Times bold font
321	\f(times ital) \f(TI) Times italic font
322	\f(times boldital) \f(TX) Times bold-italic font
323
324	\f(previous) \f(PV) previous font
325	</PRE>
326	Some of the
327	<A HREF="textstr.html#special">special characters</A>
328	look better in some fonts than others. We have found that
329	some PostScript interpreters unfortunately don't always
330	implement all the special characters in all fonts.
331	</P>
332	<P>
333	If you need a font other than those Mup supports directly,
334	it is possible to override Mup's builtin fonts with other fonts.
335	This is described later in the
336	<A HREF="fontfile.html">section on "Installing other fonts."</A>
337	</P>
338	<P>
339	<A NAME="size">The point size can also be changed. (A "point" is about 1/72 of an inch.)</A>
340	<PRE>
341	Code Meaning
342
343	\s(<I>N)</I> change to point size <I>N</I>
344	\s(+<I>N)</I> increase point size by <I>N</I> points
345	\s(-<I>N)</I> decrease point size by <I>N</I> points
346	\s(PV) or \s(previous) revert to previous size
347
348	</PRE>
349	The point size can range from 1 to 100. A font or size change will last until
350	changed or until the end of the string. Any subsequent strings will begin
351	with default font and size values, except in the case of
352	<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics,</A>
353	where font and size information is maintained separately
354	for each staff and verse, and carried forward from measure to measure, and
355	<A HREF="bars.html#reh">rehearsal marks,</A>
356	where the information is also carried forward.
357	The default values can be set as
358	<A HREF="param.html">described in the "Parameters" section. The</A>
359	<A HREF="textstr.html#symlist">music symbols</A>
360	are affected by size changes.
361	If a music symbol follows italics or bolditalics characters, it will be
362	made italics to match.
363	</P>
364	<P>
365	Here are some examples of strings:
366	<BR><PRE>
367	"hello"
368	"( \(up2n) = 100 )"
369	"\f(TB)this will be bold. \f(TI)this will be italics"
370	"A \f(TX)\s(+12)BIG\f(PV)\s(-12) word"
371	"\f(newcentury boldital)Allegro"
372	</PRE><BR>
373	</P>
374	<H2>
375	Horizontal and vertical motion
376	</H2>
377	<P>
378	It is also possible to specify a string that takes up more than one line,
379	by putting a "\n" where you want to move to a new line. The place where
380	this is most likely to be useful is for
381	<A HREF="param.html#label">staff labels,</A>
382	which you may want
383	to make multi-line, to keep them from becoming excessively wide.
384	For example:
385	<BR><PRE>
386	"Violins\nI&II"
387	</PRE><BR>
388	</P>
389	<P>
390	A "\b" can be used to specify a backspace. This might be useful for
391	adding underlines to text.
392	If you wish to use letters with diacritical marks,
393	you will probably want to use the
394	<A HREF="textstr.html#special">special characters,</A>
395	described earlier in this section,
396	rather than trying to construct them using the plain letter,
397	a backspace, and the mark.
398	</P>
399	<P>
400	You are not allowed to back up to before the beginning of a line.
401	Note that in all fonts except Courier,
402	different characters have different widths, so
403	using backspaces can be a bit tricky. For example, underlining a 5-letter
404	word might require more than 5 underscores, if the characters in the word
405	are wider than an underscore character. In general, it works better to
406	enter an entire string, then backspace to add underscoring or accents, rather
407	than doing them along the way. For example, "My\b\b___" will line up
408	much better than "M\b_y\b_".
409	</P>
410	<P>
411	<A NAME="vert">Vertical motion within a string</A>
412	can be specified using "\v(<I>N</I>)"
413	where <I>N</I> is some percentage of the current font height.
414	The distance may be negative for downward motion
415	or positive for upward motion, ranging from -100 to 100.
416	This might be used for creating superscripts and subscripts, although
417	the next section describes an alternate way of doing that which is
418	usually better. It might also be used just to line something up differently
419	than Mup normally would.
420	You cannot put newlines (with \n) in the same string with vertical
421	motion.
422	</P>
423	<H2>
424	Piled text, for superscripts, subscripts, etc.
425	</H2>
426	<P>
427	It is also possible to "pile up" lines of text in a string.
428	Some common uses of this could be for superscripts and subscripts or for
429	figured bass notation.
430	Some facilities to specifically deal with
431	<A HREF="textmark.html#chordmod">figured bass</A>
432	will be described in a later section, but
433	here we describe the general-purpose constructs for piling text.
434	A \: is used to indicate the beginning of piling. Any subsequent
435	instances of \: in the same string will alternately turn piling off and on.
436	When a pile is begun, the text size is automatically made smaller, and
437	the text baseline is moved up, so that the first line of piled text is
438	like a superscript, and the next like a subscript. If there are additional
439	lines, they are placed below the subscript.
440	By default, the lines in a pile are placed such that the last digit
441	in each line all line up, or if there is no digit, the last character.
442	However, you can force different alignment.
443	A \\| will force alignment at that point, or a \^ will force alignment
444	at the center of the following character. A maximum of one alignment marker
445	can be specified on each line of a pile.
446	You cannot put newlines (with \n) in the same string with piling.
447	A new line of the pile is started at each <space> character in the input string.
448	If you want an actual literal space inside a piled line, it must be
449	preceded with a backslash. As an example:
450	<BR><PRE>
451	"Text\:superscript subscript\: back to normal.";
452	"This pile \:has\ literal spaces\ in\ it.";
453	"This pile \:h\^as align\\|ment spec\^ified.";
454	</PRE><BR>
455	<IMG SRC="mugex65.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
456	</P>
457	<H2>
458	Slash through number
459	</H2>
460	<P>
461	Another thing which is common in figured bass notation
462	is to draw a slash through a number. Again, the section on
463	<A HREF="textmark.html#chordmod">figured bass</A>
464	will describe how to do that inside figured bass,
465	but it is possible to put a slash through a number elsewhere by
466	placing a backslashed slash after a number, like this:
467	<BR><PRE>
468	"6\/"
469	"10\/"
470	</PRE><BR>
471	</P>
472	<H2>
473	Boxed or circled text
474	</H2>
475	<P>
476	<A NAME="boxed">You can cause the text to be</A>
477	printed inside a box by placing a \[ at
478	the beginning of the string and a \] at the end of the string.
479	Similarly you can cause text to be placed inside a circle (or ellipse
480	for strings that are wide) by placing a \{ at
481	the beginning of the string and a \} at the end of the string.
482	Boxed or circled text are not allowed in
483	<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics.</A>
484	<BR><PRE>
485	"\[This is in a box\]"
486	"\{This is in an ellipse\}"
487	</PRE><BR>
488	<IMG SRC="mugex66.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
489	<HR>
490	* Times is a trademark and Helvetica is a registered trademark of Allied Corporation.
491	</P>
492	<HR><P>
493	<A HREF="shaped.html"><-- previous page</A>     <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A>    <A HREF="stuff.html">next page --></A>
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