| 1 | <HTML> |
| 2 | <HEAD><TITLE> |
| 3 | Text Strings |
| 4 | </TITLE></HEAD> |
| 5 | <BODY> |
| 6 | <P> |
| 7 | <A HREF="shaped.html"><-- previous page</A> |
| 8 | |
| 9 | <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="stuff.html">next page --></A> |
| 10 | </P> |
| 11 | |
| 12 | <H1> |
| 13 | TEXT STRINGS |
| 14 | </H1> |
| 15 | <P> |
| 16 | Text strings are used in many different ways. |
| 17 | A text string is enclosed in double quotes, |
| 18 | and can contain any combination of letters, numbers, spaces, |
| 19 | and punctuation. |
| 20 | It can contain a \n to indicate a newline or \b to indicate a backspace, |
| 21 | but otherwise cannot contain tabs or other |
| 22 | control characters. If you want a double quote mark inside a string, it |
| 23 | has to be preceded by a backslash, to indicate it is not ending the string: |
| 24 | <BR><PRE> |
| 25 | "A \"word\" in quotes" |
| 26 | </PRE><BR> |
| 27 | </P> |
| 28 | <P> |
| 29 | If you want an actual backslash in a string, it must be entered as two |
| 30 | backslashes. |
| 31 | </P> |
| 32 | <P> |
| 33 | <A NAME="strcat">You can concatenate strings with a + sign. Thus the following are equivalent:</A> |
| 34 | <BR><PRE> |
| 35 | "this is a string" |
| 36 | "this is " + "a string" |
| 37 | </PRE><BR> |
| 38 | </P> |
| 39 | <H2> |
| 40 | Special characters |
| 41 | </H2> |
| 42 | <P> |
| 43 | <A NAME="symlist">A string can also contain special</A> |
| 44 | music characters. |
| 45 | These are specified |
| 46 | by \(<I>xxx</I>), where the <I>xxx</I> is a code from the following table: |
| 47 | </P> |
| 48 | <H3> |
| 49 | Clef |
| 50 | </H3> |
| 51 | <PRE> |
| 52 | gclef G clef (treble clef) |
| 53 | fclef F clef (bass clef) |
| 54 | cclef C clef (used for alto clef, tenor clef, etc.) |
| 55 | </PRE> |
| 56 | <H3> |
| 57 | Time Signature |
| 58 | </H3> |
| 59 | <PRE> |
| 60 | com common time |
| 61 | cut cut time |
| 62 | </PRE> |
| 63 | <H3> |
| 64 | Accidentals |
| 65 | </H3> |
| 66 | <PRE> |
| 67 | flat flat |
| 68 | dblflat double flat |
| 69 | sharp sharp |
| 70 | dblsharp double sharp |
| 71 | nat natural |
| 72 | </PRE> |
| 73 | <H3> |
| 74 | Notes |
| 75 | </H3> |
| 76 | <PRE> |
| 77 | dn2n half note with stem down |
| 78 | dn4n quarter note with stem down |
| 79 | dn8n eighth note with stem down |
| 80 | dn16n 16th note with stem down |
| 81 | dn32n 32nd note with stem down |
| 82 | dn64n 64th note with stem down |
| 83 | dn128n 128th note with stem down |
| 84 | dn256n 256th note with stem down |
| 85 | up2n half note with stem up |
| 86 | up4n quarter note with stem up |
| 87 | up8n eighth note with stem up |
| 88 | up16n 16th note with stem up |
| 89 | up32n 32nd note with stem up |
| 90 | up64n 64th note with stem up |
| 91 | up128n 128th note with stem up |
| 92 | up256n 256th note with stem up |
| 93 | upflag upward flag |
| 94 | dnflag downward flag |
| 95 | </PRE> |
| 96 | <H3> |
| 97 | Noteheads |
| 98 | </H3> |
| 99 | <PRE> |
| 100 | 4n quarter (and shorter) note head |
| 101 | 2n half note head |
| 102 | 1n whole note |
| 103 | dblwhole double whole note |
| 104 | xnote X-shaped note head |
| 105 | diamond open diamond-shaped note head |
| 106 | filldiamond filled diamond-shaped note head |
| 107 | dwhdiamond double whole diamond-shaped note |
| 108 | isostriangle open isosceles triangle notehead |
| 109 | fillisostriangle filled isosceles triangle notehead |
| 110 | dwhisostriangle double whole isosceles triangle notehead |
| 111 | piewedge open piewedge notehead |
| 112 | fillpiewedge filled piewedge notehead |
| 113 | dwhpiewedge double whole piewedge notehead |
| 114 | rectangle open rectangle notehead |
| 115 | fillrectangle filled rectangle notehead |
| 116 | dwhrectangle double whole rectangle notehead |
| 117 | righttriangle open right triangle notehead |
| 118 | fillrighttriangle filled right triangle notehead |
| 119 | dwhrighttriangle double whole right triangle notehead |
| 120 | urighttriangle upside-down open right triangle notehead |
| 121 | ufillrighttriangle upside-down filled right triangle notehead |
| 122 | udwhrighttriangle upside-down double whole right triangle notehead |
| 123 | semicircle open semicircle notehead |
| 124 | fillsemicircle filled semicircle notehead |
| 125 | dwhsemicircle double whole semicircle notehead |
| 126 | slashhead open slash notehead |
| 127 | fillslashhead filled slash notehead |
| 128 | dwhslashhead double whole slash notehead |
| 129 | blankhead blank notehead |
| 130 | </PRE> |
| 131 | <H3> |
| 132 | Rests |
| 133 | </H3> |
| 134 | <PRE> |
| 135 | qwhrest quadruple whole rest |
| 136 | dwhrest double whole rest |
| 137 | 1rest whole rest |
| 138 | 2rest half rest |
| 139 | 4rest quarter rest |
| 140 | 8rest eighth rest |
| 141 | 16rest sixteenth rest |
| 142 | 32rest thirty-second rest |
| 143 | 64rest sixty-fourth rest |
| 144 | 128rest 128th rest |
| 145 | 256rest 256th rest |
| 146 | </PRE> |
| 147 | <H3> |
| 148 | Pedal |
| 149 | </H3> |
| 150 | <PRE> |
| 151 | begped begin pedal mark |
| 152 | endped end pedal mark |
| 153 | pedal pedal up/down mark |
| 154 | </PRE> |
| 155 | <H3> |
| 156 | Ornaments |
| 157 | </H3> |
| 158 | <PRE> |
| 159 | tr trill |
| 160 | mor mordent |
| 161 | invmor inverted mordent |
| 162 | turn turn |
| 163 | invturn inverted turn |
| 164 | </PRE> |
| 165 | <H3> |
| 166 | Miscellaneous |
| 167 | </H3> |
| 168 | <PRE> |
| 169 | ferm fermata |
| 170 | uferm upside-down fermata |
| 171 | acc_gt accent like a greater-than sign |
| 172 | acc_hat accent like a "hat" or ^ (circumflex or "up-arrow") |
| 173 | acc_uhat accent like an upside down hat |
| 174 | leg legato mark |
| 175 | dot dot |
| 176 | wedge wedge |
| 177 | uwedge upside-down wedge |
| 178 | sign sign for D. S. |
| 179 | coda coda mark |
| 180 | upbow up bow |
| 181 | dnbow down bow |
| 182 | rr "railroad tracks" or caesura (2 slanted lines sometimes put |
| 183 | at the top of a staff to indicate the end of a musical thought) |
| 184 | measrpt measure repeat |
| 185 | copyright C-in-circle copyright symbol |
| 186 | dim diminished |
| 187 | halfdim half diminished |
| 188 | triangle triangle |
| 189 | </PRE> |
| 190 | <BR> |
| 191 | <IMG SRC="muschar.gif" ALT="music characters"> |
| 192 | <BR> |
| 193 | <P> |
| 194 | Any of these music character names can be prefixed by "sm" to indicate a |
| 195 | smaller version of the character. For example, "smup4n" is a small quarter |
| 196 | note, as might be used for a "cue" note. |
| 197 | Small music characters are 0.65 times as big as regular characters. |
| 198 | </P> |
| 199 | <P> |
| 200 | <A NAME="special">Various non-ASCII characters</A> |
| 201 | can be included in text strings. If you have a non-United States keyboard |
| 202 | which can produce characters listed in the table below |
| 203 | from the "Latin-1" alphabet, you can simply type them into strings as |
| 204 | you normally would. If you want a character that your keyboard does not |
| 205 | support, you can put them in strings |
| 206 | by using their names in a manner similar to the music characters. |
| 207 | For example, you can include an 'a' with an acute accent on it in |
| 208 | a string by using \(aacute), or an upside down question mark |
| 209 | using \(questiondown). Many characters have shorthand names too. |
| 210 | For example, \(a') is a shorter name for 'a' with an acute accent. |
| 211 | The full names of the special characters and their shorthand names, if any, |
| 212 | are given in the following table: |
| 213 | <PRE> |
| 214 | full name shorthand full name shorthand |
| 215 | ------------------------------------------------------ |
| 216 | exclamdown questiondown |
| 217 | sterling yen |
| 218 | cent quotedblbase |
| 219 | quotedblleft `` quotedblright ´´ |
| 220 | guillemotleft << guillemotright >> |
| 221 | guilsinglleft guilsinglright |
| 222 | dagger daggerdbl |
| 223 | grave acute |
| 224 | macron breve |
| 225 | dotaccent dieresis |
| 226 | ring cedilla |
| 227 | hungarumlaut ogonek |
| 228 | caron emdash |
| 229 | AE ae |
| 230 | ordfeminine ordmasculine |
| 231 | Lslash L/ lslash l/ |
| 232 | Oslash O/ oslash o/ |
| 233 | OE oe |
| 234 | dotlessi germandbls ss |
| 235 | Aacute A´ aacute a´ |
| 236 | Acircumflex A^ acircumflex a^ |
| 237 | Adieresis A: adieresis a: |
| 238 | Agrave A` agrave a` |
| 239 | Aring Ao aring ao |
| 240 | Atilde A~ atilde a~ |
| 241 | Ccedilla C, ccedilla c, |
| 242 | Eacute E´ eacute e´ |
| 243 | Ecircumflex E^ ecircumflex e^ |
| 244 | Edieresis E: edieresis e: |
| 245 | Egrave E` egrave e` |
| 246 | Iacute I´ iacute i´ |
| 247 | Icircumflex I^ icircumflex i^ |
| 248 | Idieresis i: idieresis i: |
| 249 | Igrave I` igrave i` |
| 250 | Ntilde N~ ntilde n~ |
| 251 | Oacute O´ oacute o´ |
| 252 | Ocircumflex O^ ocircumflex o^ |
| 253 | Odieresis O: odieresis o: |
| 254 | Ograve O` ograve o` |
| 255 | Otilde O~ otilde o~ |
| 256 | Scaron Sv scaron sv |
| 257 | Uacute U´ uacute u´ |
| 258 | Ucircumflex U^ ucircumflex u^ |
| 259 | Udieresis U: udieresis u: |
| 260 | Ugrave U` ugrave u` |
| 261 | Ydieresis Y: ydieresis y: |
| 262 | Zcaron Zv zcaron Zv |
| 263 | bullet |
| 264 | </PRE> |
| 265 | </P> |
| 266 | <P> |
| 267 | <A NAME="space">There is one additional special characters,</A> |
| 268 | specified by \(space). |
| 269 | This character appears as a normal space on output, but is not treated |
| 270 | like a space when Mup is looking for word or syllable boundaries. |
| 271 | The most common use for this is probably in |
| 272 | <A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics</A> |
| 273 | when you want several words to be sung on a single note. |
| 274 | Another use would be in cases where Mup would normally split up a long |
| 275 | string between words in order to avoid running off the edge of a page, |
| 276 | but you want to prevent that split. |
| 277 | </P> |
| 278 | <H2> |
| 279 | Font and size changes |
| 280 | </H2> |
| 281 | <P> |
| 282 | Strings can also contain special codes to indicate changes in font or size. |
| 283 | The font codes begin with \f, and |
| 284 | can either be spelled out, as in the first column of |
| 285 | the table below, or as the abbreviations given in the second column. |
| 286 | <PRE> |
| 287 | Code Abbr Meaning |
| 288 | |
| 289 | \f(avantgarde rom) \f(AR) Avant Garde roman font |
| 290 | \f(avantgarde bold) \f(AB) Avant Garde bold font |
| 291 | \f(avantgarde ital) \f(AI) Avant Garde italic font |
| 292 | \f(avantgarde boldital) \f(AX) Avant Garde bold-italic font |
| 293 | |
| 294 | \f(bookman rom) \f(BR) Bookman roman font |
| 295 | \f(bookman bold) \f(BB) Bookman bold font |
| 296 | \f(bookman ital) \f(BI) Bookman italic font |
| 297 | \f(bookman boldital) \f(BX) Bookman bold-italic font |
| 298 | |
| 299 | \f(courier rom) \f(CR) Courier roman font |
| 300 | \f(courier bold) \f(CB) Courier bold font |
| 301 | \f(courier ital) \f(CI) Courier italic font |
| 302 | \f(courier boldital) \f(CX) Courier bold-italic font |
| 303 | |
| 304 | \f(helvetica rom) \f(HR) Helvetica* roman font |
| 305 | \f(helvetica bold) \f(HB) Helvetica bold font |
| 306 | \f(helvetica ital) \f(HI) Helvetica italic font |
| 307 | \f(helvetica boldital) \f(HX) Helvetica bold-italic font |
| 308 | |
| 309 | \f(newcentury rom) \f(NR) New Century roman font |
| 310 | \f(newcentury bold) \f(NB) New Century bold font |
| 311 | \f(newcentury ital) \f(NI) New Century italic font |
| 312 | \f(newcentury boldital) \f(NX) New Century bold-italic |
| 313 | |
| 314 | \f(palatino rom) \f(PR) Palatino roman font |
| 315 | \f(palatino bold) \f(PB) Palatino bold font |
| 316 | \f(palatino ital) \f(PI) Palatino italic font |
| 317 | \f(palatino boldital) \f(PX) Palatino bold-italic font |
| 318 | |
| 319 | \f(times rom) \f(TR) Times* roman font |
| 320 | \f(times bold) \f(TB) Times bold font |
| 321 | \f(times ital) \f(TI) Times italic font |
| 322 | \f(times boldital) \f(TX) Times bold-italic font |
| 323 | |
| 324 | \f(previous) \f(PV) previous font |
| 325 | </PRE> |
| 326 | Some of the |
| 327 | <A HREF="textstr.html#special">special characters</A> |
| 328 | look better in some fonts than others. We have found that |
| 329 | some PostScript interpreters unfortunately don't always |
| 330 | implement all the special characters in all fonts. |
| 331 | </P> |
| 332 | <P> |
| 333 | If you need a font other than those Mup supports directly, |
| 334 | it is possible to override Mup's builtin fonts with other fonts. |
| 335 | This is described later in the |
| 336 | <A HREF="fontfile.html">section on "Installing other fonts."</A> |
| 337 | </P> |
| 338 | <P> |
| 339 | <A NAME="size">The point size can also be changed. (A "point" is about 1/72 of an inch.)</A> |
| 340 | <PRE> |
| 341 | Code Meaning |
| 342 | |
| 343 | \s(<I>N)</I> change to point size <I>N</I> |
| 344 | \s(+<I>N)</I> increase point size by <I>N</I> points |
| 345 | \s(-<I>N)</I> decrease point size by <I>N</I> points |
| 346 | \s(PV) or \s(previous) revert to previous size |
| 347 | |
| 348 | </PRE> |
| 349 | The point size can range from 1 to 100. A font or size change will last until |
| 350 | changed or until the end of the string. Any subsequent strings will begin |
| 351 | with default font and size values, except in the case of |
| 352 | <A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics,</A> |
| 353 | where font and size information is maintained separately |
| 354 | for each staff and verse, and carried forward from measure to measure, and |
| 355 | <A HREF="bars.html#reh">rehearsal marks,</A> |
| 356 | where the information is also carried forward. |
| 357 | The default values can be set as |
| 358 | <A HREF="param.html">described in the "Parameters" section. The</A> |
| 359 | <A HREF="textstr.html#symlist">music symbols</A> |
| 360 | are affected by size changes. |
| 361 | If a music symbol follows italics or bolditalics characters, it will be |
| 362 | made italics to match. |
| 363 | </P> |
| 364 | <P> |
| 365 | Here are some examples of strings: |
| 366 | <BR><PRE> |
| 367 | "hello" |
| 368 | "( \(up2n) = 100 )" |
| 369 | "\f(TB)this will be bold. \f(TI)this will be italics" |
| 370 | "A \f(TX)\s(+12)BIG\f(PV)\s(-12) word" |
| 371 | "\f(newcentury boldital)Allegro" |
| 372 | </PRE><BR> |
| 373 | </P> |
| 374 | <H2> |
| 375 | Horizontal and vertical motion |
| 376 | </H2> |
| 377 | <P> |
| 378 | It is also possible to specify a string that takes up more than one line, |
| 379 | by putting a "\n" where you want to move to a new line. The place where |
| 380 | this is most likely to be useful is for |
| 381 | <A HREF="param.html#label">staff labels,</A> |
| 382 | which you may want |
| 383 | to make multi-line, to keep them from becoming excessively wide. |
| 384 | For example: |
| 385 | <BR><PRE> |
| 386 | "Violins\nI&II" |
| 387 | </PRE><BR> |
| 388 | </P> |
| 389 | <P> |
| 390 | A "\b" can be used to specify a backspace. This might be useful for |
| 391 | adding underlines to text. |
| 392 | If you wish to use letters with diacritical marks, |
| 393 | you will probably want to use the |
| 394 | <A HREF="textstr.html#special">special characters,</A> |
| 395 | described earlier in this section, |
| 396 | rather than trying to construct them using the plain letter, |
| 397 | a backspace, and the mark. |
| 398 | </P> |
| 399 | <P> |
| 400 | You are not allowed to back up to before the beginning of a line. |
| 401 | Note that in all fonts except Courier, |
| 402 | different characters have different widths, so |
| 403 | using backspaces can be a bit tricky. For example, underlining a 5-letter |
| 404 | word might require more than 5 underscores, if the characters in the word |
| 405 | are wider than an underscore character. In general, it works better to |
| 406 | enter an entire string, then backspace to add underscoring or accents, rather |
| 407 | than doing them along the way. For example, "My\b\b___" will line up |
| 408 | much better than "M\b_y\b_". |
| 409 | </P> |
| 410 | <P> |
| 411 | <A NAME="vert">Vertical motion within a string</A> |
| 412 | can be specified using "\v(<I>N</I>)" |
| 413 | where <I>N</I> is some percentage of the current font height. |
| 414 | The distance may be negative for downward motion |
| 415 | or positive for upward motion, ranging from -100 to 100. |
| 416 | This might be used for creating superscripts and subscripts, although |
| 417 | the next section describes an alternate way of doing that which is |
| 418 | usually better. It might also be used just to line something up differently |
| 419 | than Mup normally would. |
| 420 | You cannot put newlines (with \n) in the same string with vertical |
| 421 | motion. |
| 422 | </P> |
| 423 | <H2> |
| 424 | Piled text, for superscripts, subscripts, etc. |
| 425 | </H2> |
| 426 | <P> |
| 427 | It is also possible to "pile up" lines of text in a string. |
| 428 | Some common uses of this could be for superscripts and subscripts or for |
| 429 | figured bass notation. |
| 430 | Some facilities to specifically deal with |
| 431 | <A HREF="textmark.html#chordmod">figured bass</A> |
| 432 | will be described in a later section, but |
| 433 | here we describe the general-purpose constructs for piling text. |
| 434 | A \: is used to indicate the beginning of piling. Any subsequent |
| 435 | instances of \: in the same string will alternately turn piling off and on. |
| 436 | When a pile is begun, the text size is automatically made smaller, and |
| 437 | the text baseline is moved up, so that the first line of piled text is |
| 438 | like a superscript, and the next like a subscript. If there are additional |
| 439 | lines, they are placed below the subscript. |
| 440 | By default, the lines in a pile are placed such that the last digit |
| 441 | in each line all line up, or if there is no digit, the last character. |
| 442 | However, you can force different alignment. |
| 443 | A \| will force alignment at that point, or a \^ will force alignment |
| 444 | at the center of the following character. A maximum of one alignment marker |
| 445 | can be specified on each line of a pile. |
| 446 | You cannot put newlines (with \n) in the same string with piling. |
| 447 | A new line of the pile is started at each <space> character in the input string. |
| 448 | If you want an actual literal space inside a piled line, it must be |
| 449 | preceded with a backslash. As an example: |
| 450 | <BR><PRE> |
| 451 | "Text\:superscript subscript\: back to normal."; |
| 452 | "This pile \:has\ literal spaces\ in\ it."; |
| 453 | "This pile \:h\^as align\|ment spec\^ified."; |
| 454 | </PRE><BR> |
| 455 | <IMG SRC="mugex65.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 456 | </P> |
| 457 | <H2> |
| 458 | Slash through number |
| 459 | </H2> |
| 460 | <P> |
| 461 | Another thing which is common in figured bass notation |
| 462 | is to draw a slash through a number. Again, the section on |
| 463 | <A HREF="textmark.html#chordmod">figured bass</A> |
| 464 | will describe how to do that inside figured bass, |
| 465 | but it is possible to put a slash through a number elsewhere by |
| 466 | placing a backslashed slash after a number, like this: |
| 467 | <BR><PRE> |
| 468 | "6\/" |
| 469 | "10\/" |
| 470 | </PRE><BR> |
| 471 | </P> |
| 472 | <H2> |
| 473 | Boxed or circled text |
| 474 | </H2> |
| 475 | <P> |
| 476 | <A NAME="boxed">You can cause the text to be</A> |
| 477 | printed inside a box by placing a \[ at |
| 478 | the beginning of the string and a \] at the end of the string. |
| 479 | Similarly you can cause text to be placed inside a circle (or ellipse |
| 480 | for strings that are wide) by placing a \{ at |
| 481 | the beginning of the string and a \} at the end of the string. |
| 482 | Boxed or circled text are not allowed in |
| 483 | <A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics.</A> |
| 484 | <BR><PRE> |
| 485 | "\[This is in a box\]" |
| 486 | "\{This is in an ellipse\}" |
| 487 | </PRE><BR> |
| 488 | <IMG SRC="mugex66.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 489 | <HR> |
| 490 | * Times is a trademark and Helvetica is a registered trademark of Allied Corporation. |
| 491 | </P> |
| 492 | <HR><P> |
| 493 | <A HREF="shaped.html"><-- previous page</A> <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="stuff.html">next page --></A> |
| 494 | </P> |
| 495 | </BODY></HTML> |