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1 | <HTML> |
2 | <HEAD><TITLE> | |
3 | "Tempo, dynamic marks, ornaments, etc." | |
4 | </TITLE></HEAD> | |
5 | <BODY> | |
6 | <P> | |
7 | <A HREF="textstr.html"><-- previous page</A> | |
8 | ||
9 | <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="textmark.html">next page --></A> | |
10 | </P> | |
11 | ||
12 | <H1> | |
13 | TEMPO, DYNAMIC MARKS, ORNAMENTS, ETC. | |
14 | </H1> | |
15 | <H2> | |
16 | General information | |
17 | </H2> | |
18 | <P> | |
19 | There are a number of symbols and other markings that appear frequently | |
20 | in music, which are normally associated with a particular time or place in the | |
21 | composition. There are several classes of such symbols, all of which are | |
22 | handled by Mup in a somewhat similar fashion. The general format of these | |
23 | statements is: | |
24 | <BR><PRE> | |
25 | <I>mark_type place staff(s) distance : begintime text duration;</I> | |
26 | </PRE><BR> | |
27 | </P> | |
28 | <P> | |
29 | The <I>mark_type</I> can be any of the following: | |
30 | <PRE> | |
31 | Mark_type Meaning | |
32 | ||
33 | rom text in roman font | |
34 | ital text in italic font | |
35 | bold text in bold font | |
36 | boldital text in bold-italic font | |
37 | mussym music symbol (fermata, coda sign, etc.) | |
38 | phrase phrase mark | |
39 | < crescendo "hairpin" | |
40 | > decrescendo "hairpin" | |
41 | octave play 1 or more octaves higher or lower | |
42 | pedal piano pedal marks | |
43 | </PRE> | |
44 | </P> | |
45 | <P> | |
46 | The <I>place</I> is as for | |
47 | <A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics:</A> | |
48 | above, below, or between. | |
49 | There are some restrictions, as summarized below: | |
50 | <PRE> | |
51 | place allowed | |
52 | mark_type above below between default | |
53 | ||
54 | rom yes yes yes above | |
55 | bold yes yes yes above | |
56 | ital yes yes yes above | |
57 | boldital yes yes yes above | |
58 | mussym yes yes yes above | |
59 | phrase yes yes no varies | |
60 | < yes yes yes above | |
61 | > yes yes yes above | |
62 | octave yes yes no none | |
63 | pedal no yes no below | |
64 | </PRE> | |
65 | </P> | |
66 | <P> | |
67 | <A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A> | |
68 | must include a <I>place</I> of above or below. | |
69 | For all the other mark_types, the <I>place</I> is optional. For | |
70 | <A HREF="phrase.html">phrase,</A> | |
71 | if <I>place</I> is not specified, Mup determines it | |
72 | on a case-by-case basis depending on the location of the notes. | |
73 | </P> | |
74 | <P> | |
75 | As with musical data or lyrics, the <I>staff</I> can be a single | |
76 | number or may include lists and ranges. In the case of "between", | |
77 | staff numbers must be in pairs, separated by an "&", with the second | |
78 | staff number one greater than the first. | |
79 | </P> | |
80 | <P> | |
81 | The <I>staff</I> can also be specified by the keyword "all," in which | |
82 | case the mark will be placed above the top visible staff or below the | |
83 | bottom visible staff. | |
84 | </P> | |
85 | <P> | |
86 | Here are some examples: | |
87 | <BR><PRE> | |
88 | rom 3: | |
89 | boldital below 1: | |
90 | < between 3&4: | |
91 | pedal below 2: | |
92 | octave above 3: | |
93 | phrase 3,4: | |
94 | mussym above 2-3, 5: | |
95 | ital between 1&2, 3&4: | |
96 | </PRE><BR> | |
97 | </P> | |
98 | <P> | |
99 | <A NAME="dist">The</A> | |
100 | <I>distance</I> is optional. It is specified by the keyword "dist" followed | |
101 | by a number. This number overrides the | |
102 | <A HREF="param.html#dist">dist,</A> | |
103 | <A HREF="param.html#chdist">chorddist,</A> | |
104 | or | |
105 | <A HREF="param.html#dyndist">dyndist</A> | |
106 | parameter value that would normally apply, and is given in stepsizes. | |
107 | If the number is followed by a ! the items will be placed at exactly that | |
108 | distance from the edge of the staff, | |
109 | without regard for anything they might overwrite. | |
110 | Otherwise the normal rules apply: the dist is a minimum value, and items | |
111 | may be placed farther away than this to avoid colliding with other things. | |
112 | If the ! is used, the number is allowed to be negative, | |
113 | which allows you to place items inside the staff. | |
114 | A dist cannot be specified with pedal, phrase, or between. | |
115 | <BR><PRE> | |
116 | score | |
117 | dist=2 | |
118 | music | |
119 | ||
120 | rom above 1: 1 "normal dist"; | |
121 | rom above 1 dist 4: 2 "dist 4"; // higher than usual | |
122 | rom above 1 dist 0! : 3 "forced 0"; // lower than normal | |
123 | mussym above 1 dist -2! : 4.5 "rr"; // forced down into staff | |
124 | 1: c;;;; | |
125 | endbar | |
126 | </PRE><BR> | |
127 | <IMG SRC="mugex67.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
128 | </P> | |
129 | <P> | |
130 | After the colon comes one or more items to be printed. Each item contains | |
131 | at least a begintime specification. Some may also contain a | |
132 | <A HREF="textstr.html">text string</A> | |
133 | and/or | |
134 | a duration. Each item ends with a semicolon. A newline ends the list of items. | |
135 | </P> | |
136 | <P> | |
137 | The begintime describes where in time the item should be printed. It is | |
138 | a number ranging from 0 to the numerator (top number) | |
139 | of the | |
140 | <A HREF="param.html#time">time signature</A> | |
141 | plus one. | |
142 | 0 refers to the bar line at the beginning of the current measure, 1 refers | |
143 | to the first beat of the measure, 2 to the second beat, etc., with the | |
144 | maximum value referring to the bar line which ends the measure. A "beat" | |
145 | is whatever time value is given by the denominator (bottom number) | |
146 | of the time signature. | |
147 | For example, in 4/4 or 3/4 time, a beat is a quarter note, whereas in 6/8 | |
148 | or 9/8 time, a beat is an eighth note. Fractional values can be specified | |
149 | using a decimal number. Thus 1.5 is halfway between beats 1 and 2, | |
150 | while 2.66 is about 2/3 of the way between beats 2 and 3. | |
151 | For | |
152 | <A HREF="param.html#time">time signatures</A> | |
153 | that are the addition of two or more fractions, like 4/4 + 3/8, | |
154 | a "beat" is given by the largest denominator. | |
155 | </P> | |
156 | <P> | |
157 | Since grace notes effectively take zero time, special notation is used | |
158 | to place something relative to a grace note. The <I>begintime</I> can be | |
159 | followed by a number of grace notes to "back up" from the beat. | |
160 | The number is a negative number enclosed in parentheses. | |
161 | </P> | |
162 | <P> | |
163 | The beat time value can optionally be followed by | |
164 | <A NAME="stepoff">an offset, in stepsizes.</A> | |
165 | This offset is a number in square brackets. | |
166 | The number must begin with a + or - sign. | |
167 | It can optionally include a decimal point and fractional part. | |
168 | A negative offset will cause the item to | |
169 | be moved to the left, while a positive offset will cause it | |
170 | to be moved to the right. | |
171 | This offset is used as a final adjustment after all the other placement | |
172 | has been done. A common use for this would be if you want to place something | |
173 | slightly before the beginning of the first measure of a song. You could | |
174 | then specify something like: | |
175 | <BR><PRE> | |
176 | rom above all: 0 [-3.5] "Allegro"; | |
177 | </PRE><BR> | |
178 | which would place the "Allegro" 3.5 stepsizes left of the beginning | |
179 | of the measure. | |
180 | </P> | |
181 | <P> | |
182 | The grace note back up, if any, must occur before the | |
183 | stepsize offset, if any. | |
184 | For example: | |
185 | <BR><PRE> | |
186 | 1: c; [grace] 8d; []e; []f; 2.g; | |
187 | ital above 1: 2(-3)[+1] "cresc."; | |
188 | bar | |
189 | </PRE><BR> | |
190 | <IMG SRC="mugex68.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> | |
191 | would find the chord at or closest to count 2, | |
192 | and back up 3 grace notes from there, then move right by 1 stepsize. | |
193 | </P> | |
194 | <P> | |
195 | For items that include a duration, the duration tells the ending point of | |
196 | the item. A duration is specified by: | |
197 | <BR><PRE> | |
198 | <B>til</B> <I>M</I><B>m</B> + <I>N</I> | |
199 | </PRE><BR> | |
200 | where <I>M</I> is a number of | |
201 | <A HREF="bars.html">bar lines</A> | |
202 | to cross, and <I>N</I> is a number of additional beats. | |
203 | If either of them is 0, it can be omitted, | |
204 | but at least one of them must be non-zero. | |
205 | Here are some examples: | |
206 | <BR><PRE> | |
207 | til 3 // until beat 3 of current measure | |
208 | til 1m+2 // until beat 2 of next measure | |
209 | til 1m // until next bar line | |
210 | </PRE><BR> | |
211 | </P> | |
212 | <P> | |
213 | Whether the text and duration are allowed or required depends on the mark_type, | |
214 | as summarized below: | |
215 | <PRE> | |
216 | mark_type text duration | |
217 | ||
218 | rom required optional | |
219 | bold required optional | |
220 | ital required optional | |
221 | boldital required optional | |
222 | mussym required allowed on tr only | |
223 | phrase not allowed required | |
224 | < not allowed required | |
225 | > not allowed required | |
226 | octave required optional | |
227 | pedal * or nothing not allowed | |
228 | </PRE> | |
229 | </P> | |
230 | <P> | |
231 | If there are several items, such that they have to be stacked on top | |
232 | of each other, all items of a particular class are placed from top to bottom | |
233 | according to input order. The classes are done in the order | |
234 | shown in the table below, unless the order is overridden by | |
235 | the | |
236 | <A HREF="param.html#aboveord">aboveorder,</A> | |
237 | <A HREF="param.html#beloword">beloworder,</A> | |
238 | or | |
239 | <A HREF="param.html#betwnord">betweenorder</A> | |
240 | parameters. | |
241 | <PRE> | |
242 | above (from bottom up) | |
243 | phrase | |
244 | mussym | |
245 | octave | |
246 | rom bold ital boldital < > | |
247 | lyrics | |
248 | endings | |
249 | rehearsal marks | |
250 | ||
251 | below (from top down) | |
252 | phrase | |
253 | mussym | |
254 | octave | |
255 | rom bold ital boldital < > | |
256 | lyrics | |
257 | pedal | |
258 | ||
259 | between (from bottom up) | |
260 | mussym | |
261 | rom bold ital boldital < > | |
262 | lyrics | |
263 | </PRE> | |
264 | </P> | |
265 | <P> | |
266 | For example, for the above items, all phrases will be placed as close to the | |
267 | staff as possible, then mussym items above them, then octave marks above | |
268 | them, etc. However, if there are several mussym items that belong at the | |
269 | same horizontal position, the first one entered in the input will be printed | |
270 | above the second, the second one entered will be printed above the third, etc. | |
271 | All of the "above all" items of a given class will be above the | |
272 | items of that class for the top visible staff, | |
273 | and all "below all" items of a given class will be below the | |
274 | items of that class for the bottom visible staff. | |
275 | <BR> | |
276 | <A HREF="textmark.html">Text</A> | |
277 | <BR> | |
278 | <A HREF="mussym.html">Music symbols</A> | |
279 | <BR> | |
280 | <A HREF="phrase.html">Phrase marks</A> | |
281 | <BR> | |
282 | <A HREF="cres.html">Crescendo and decrescendo marks</A> | |
283 | <BR> | |
284 | <A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A> | |
285 | <BR> | |
286 | <A HREF="pedal.html">Piano pedal marks</A> | |
287 | <BR> | |
288 | <A HREF="roll.html">Rolls</A> | |
289 | </P> | |
290 | <HR><P> | |
291 | <A HREF="textstr.html"><-- previous page</A> <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="textmark.html">next page --></A> | |
292 | </P> | |
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