3 "Tempo, dynamic marks, ornaments, etc."
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13 TEMPO, DYNAMIC MARKS, ORNAMENTS, ETC.
19 There are a number of symbols and other markings that appear frequently
20 in music, which are normally associated with a particular time or place in the
21 composition. There are several classes of such symbols, all of which are
22 handled by Mup in a somewhat similar fashion. The general format of these
25 <I>mark_type place staff(s) distance : begintime text duration;</I>
29 The <I>mark_type</I> can be any of the following:
33 rom text in roman font
34 ital text in italic font
35 bold text in bold font
36 boldital text in bold-italic font
37 mussym music symbol (fermata, coda sign, etc.)
39 < crescendo "hairpin"
40 > decrescendo "hairpin"
41 octave play 1 or more octaves higher or lower
42 pedal piano pedal marks
46 The <I>place</I> is as for
47 <A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics:</A>
48 above, below, or between.
49 There are some restrictions, as summarized below:
52 mark_type above below between default
55 bold yes yes yes above
56 ital yes yes yes above
57 boldital yes yes yes above
58 mussym yes yes yes above
59 phrase yes yes no varies
60 < yes yes yes above
61 > yes yes yes above
62 octave yes yes no none
67 <A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A>
68 must include a <I>place</I> of above or below.
69 For all the other mark_types, the <I>place</I> is optional. For
70 <A HREF="phrase.html">phrase,</A>
71 if <I>place</I> is not specified, Mup determines it
72 on a case-by-case basis depending on the location of the notes.
75 As with musical data or lyrics, the <I>staff</I> can be a single
76 number or may include lists and ranges. In the case of "between",
77 staff numbers must be in pairs, separated by an "&", with the second
78 staff number one greater than the first.
81 The <I>staff</I> can also be specified by the keyword "all," in which
82 case the mark will be placed above the top visible staff or below the
86 Here are some examples:
95 ital between 1&2, 3&4:
99 <A NAME="dist">The</A>
100 <I>distance</I> is optional. It is specified by the keyword "dist" followed
101 by a number. This number overrides the
102 <A HREF="param.html#dist">dist,</A>
103 <A HREF="param.html#chdist">chorddist,</A>
105 <A HREF="param.html#dyndist">dyndist</A>
106 parameter value that would normally apply, and is given in stepsizes.
107 If the number is followed by a ! the items will be placed at exactly that
108 distance from the edge of the staff,
109 without regard for anything they might overwrite.
110 Otherwise the normal rules apply: the dist is a minimum value, and items
111 may be placed farther away than this to avoid colliding with other things.
112 If the ! is used, the number is allowed to be negative,
113 which allows you to place items inside the staff.
114 A dist cannot be specified with pedal, phrase, or between.
120 rom above 1: 1 "normal dist";
121 rom above 1 dist 4: 2 "dist 4"; // higher than usual
122 rom above 1 dist 0! : 3 "forced 0"; // lower than normal
123 mussym above 1 dist -2! : 4.5 "rr"; // forced down into staff
127 <IMG SRC="mugex67.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
130 After the colon comes one or more items to be printed. Each item contains
131 at least a begintime specification. Some may also contain a
132 <A HREF="textstr.html">text string</A>
134 a duration. Each item ends with a semicolon. A newline ends the list of items.
137 The begintime describes where in time the item should be printed. It is
138 a number ranging from 0 to the numerator (top number)
140 <A HREF="param.html#time">time signature</A>
142 0 refers to the bar line at the beginning of the current measure, 1 refers
143 to the first beat of the measure, 2 to the second beat, etc., with the
144 maximum value referring to the bar line which ends the measure. A "beat"
145 is whatever time value is given by the denominator (bottom number)
146 of the time signature.
147 For example, in 4/4 or 3/4 time, a beat is a quarter note, whereas in 6/8
148 or 9/8 time, a beat is an eighth note. Fractional values can be specified
149 using a decimal number. Thus 1.5 is halfway between beats 1 and 2,
150 while 2.66 is about 2/3 of the way between beats 2 and 3.
152 <A HREF="param.html#time">time signatures</A>
153 that are the addition of two or more fractions, like 4/4 + 3/8,
154 a "beat" is given by the largest denominator.
157 Since grace notes effectively take zero time, special notation is used
158 to place something relative to a grace note. The <I>begintime</I> can be
159 followed by a number of grace notes to "back up" from the beat.
160 The number is a negative number enclosed in parentheses.
163 The beat time value can optionally be followed by
164 <A NAME="stepoff">an offset, in stepsizes.</A>
165 This offset is a number in square brackets.
166 The number must begin with a + or - sign.
167 It can optionally include a decimal point and fractional part.
168 A negative offset will cause the item to
169 be moved to the left, while a positive offset will cause it
170 to be moved to the right.
171 This offset is used as a final adjustment after all the other placement
172 has been done. A common use for this would be if you want to place something
173 slightly before the beginning of the first measure of a song. You could
174 then specify something like:
176 rom above all: 0 [-3.5] "Allegro";
178 which would place the "Allegro" 3.5 stepsizes left of the beginning
182 The grace note back up, if any, must occur before the
183 stepsize offset, if any.
186 1: c; [grace] 8d; []e; []f; 2.g;
187 ital above 1: 2(-3)[+1] "cresc.";
190 <IMG SRC="mugex68.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
191 would find the chord at or closest to count 2,
192 and back up 3 grace notes from there, then move right by 1 stepsize.
195 For items that include a duration, the duration tells the ending point of
196 the item. A duration is specified by:
198 <B>til</B> <I>M</I><B>m</B> + <I>N</I>
200 where <I>M</I> is a number of
201 <A HREF="bars.html">bar lines</A>
202 to cross, and <I>N</I> is a number of additional beats.
203 If either of them is 0, it can be omitted,
204 but at least one of them must be non-zero.
205 Here are some examples:
207 til 3 // until beat 3 of current measure
208 til 1m+2 // until beat 2 of next measure
209 til 1m // until next bar line
213 Whether the text and duration are allowed or required depends on the mark_type,
216 mark_type text duration
218 rom required optional
219 bold required optional
220 ital required optional
221 boldital required optional
222 mussym required allowed on tr only
223 phrase not allowed required
224 < not allowed required
225 > not allowed required
226 octave required optional
227 pedal * or nothing not allowed
231 If there are several items, such that they have to be stacked on top
232 of each other, all items of a particular class are placed from top to bottom
233 according to input order. The classes are done in the order
234 shown in the table below, unless the order is overridden by
236 <A HREF="param.html#aboveord">aboveorder,</A>
237 <A HREF="param.html#beloword">beloworder,</A>
239 <A HREF="param.html#betwnord">betweenorder</A>
242 above (from bottom up)
246 rom bold ital boldital < >
251 below (from top down)
255 rom bold ital boldital < >
259 between (from bottom up)
261 rom bold ital boldital < >
266 For example, for the above items, all phrases will be placed as close to the
267 staff as possible, then mussym items above them, then octave marks above
268 them, etc. However, if there are several mussym items that belong at the
269 same horizontal position, the first one entered in the input will be printed
270 above the second, the second one entered will be printed above the third, etc.
271 All of the "above all" items of a given class will be above the
272 items of that class for the top visible staff,
273 and all "below all" items of a given class will be below the
274 items of that class for the bottom visible staff.
276 <A HREF="textmark.html">Text</A>
278 <A HREF="mussym.html">Music symbols</A>
280 <A HREF="phrase.html">Phrase marks</A>
282 <A HREF="cres.html">Crescendo and decrescendo marks</A>
284 <A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A>
286 <A HREF="pedal.html">Piano pedal marks</A>
288 <A HREF="roll.html">Rolls</A>
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