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+ ++Lyrics are specified in a somewhat similar manner to +note groups. +Lyrics for each staff are specified with the word "lyrics" +optionally followed by a place, +followed by the staff number, followed by a colon, then the timing and +syllable information. +
++The place, if specified, can be "above" or "below," to +indicate whether the lyrics are to be printed above or below the given +staff. The default is below. +
++The staff number can be a single number or list of ranges of numbers. +It can also be given as the keyword "all," which will place the lyrics +above the top visible staff or below the bottom visible staff. +
+
+The place can also be specified as "between M&N"
+where M and N are numbers.
+This will cause the lyrics to printed approximately halfway between staff
+M and staff N. N must be exactly one greater than M.
+
+lyrics 1: +lyrics above 2,3: +lyrics between 1&2, 3&4: +
+If you want the same lyrics above some staffs but below others,
+you can specify several places and list of staffs, separated by semicolons.
+For example:
+
+lyrics above 1,3 ; below 2,4 ; between 5&6 : +
+After the colon comes a list of +time values. +Time values are separated by semicolons and are specified as they are +for notes: "2" for half notes, "8." for dotted eight, etc. +
+
+If the time values for lyrics are the same as the time values for the notes
+on the staff, the time values need not be specified. If you don't
+specify them, Mup will derive the appropriate values from the music input.
+If you list more than one staff, the time values will be derived from the
+first staff you list. Usually, the time values will be derived from voice 1,
+but if voice 1 music data doesn't exist or is invisible,
+or if the lyrics are explicitly specified as "below"
+and there is a visible voice 2, then voice 2 will be used.
+Voice 3, if any, is never used for automatically
+deriving time values for lyrics.
+Some examples:
+
+ +1: c;d;e;f; +lyrics 1: "The sun will shine"; +// The time values will be all quarter notes, +// as derived from the music on staff 1 +bar + +1: 8g;4.f;4g;a; +lyrics 1: "up-on the earth."; +// The derived time values will be 8;4.;4;; +bar + +// In these examples, time values will be taken +// from staff 4, since it is the first one listed. +// In the last case, because "below" is specified explicitly, +// the times will be taken from voice 2 +// if there is a visible voice 2; in all the other cases +// it will be taken from voice 1 if voice 1 music +// has been entered and is visible. +lyrics 4,7,9: "for-ev-er"; +lyrics above 4-6: "nev-er-more"; +lyrics between 4&5,6&7: "this is it"; +lyrics below 4,2: "and so forth"; +
+Following the time values is a list of one or more +verse numbers and lyric strings containing the words of the lyrics. +The verse number(s) are given within square brackets. If no verse is +specified on the first set of lyrics for a staff and +place, verse 1 is assumed. +On subsequent lyrics strings for that staff and place, +the verse number is assumed to be one more than the previous verse number. +Thus you only need to explicitly specify a verse +number if you want to skip over a verse or supply them out of order. +
+
+Verse numbers need not be consecutive.
+The staff number and verse number can be given as lists or ranges.
+Another example:
+
+1-2: 4.c+;8c;{4e;f;g;}3;
+lyrics below 1-2: 4.;8;{4;;;}3; \
+ "This is some-thing else."; \
+ [4,5] "How do you like this?"; \
+ [2-3,6] "Now try this out too.";
+bar
+
+In this example, the lyrics will go below staffs 1 and 2. There are +5 syllables. The first is a dotted quarter in length, the second is +an eighth, and the last three make up a quarter note triplet. The first +string is for verse 1, since no verse number was specified. The second +string will be used for verses 4 and 5, and the last string for verses +2, 3, and 6. +
+
+You can also specify a verse number of "c" which means the verse is
+to be centered vertically. This is useful if you have a refrain that
+is identical for several verses, and you don't want to have it printed
+multiple times.
+
+1: c;;e;; +lyrics 1: ;;2s; [1] "verse one"; [2] "verse two"; +lyrics 1: 2s;4;; [c] "The refrain"; // centered lyrics +bar +
+The lyrics string is followed by a semicolon. +There must normally be one syllable in the lyrics string for each time value. +(There is one exception, +discussed later.) +Syllables are separated in the lyrics string by white space, +a dash, or an underscore. +
++Sometimes a syllable is to be held out for several counts +or over several notes. This can be indicated by dashes or underscores. +If the syllable in the lyric string ends with a dash, on output the dash +will be placed halfway between the given syllable and the next syllable. +If the distance between the two syllables is long, several evenly-spaced +dashes will be printed. +If a syllable in the lyric string ends with an underscore, +an underscore line will be printed from the end of the +current syllable to the edge of the last note associated with the syllable. +
+
+Here are some examples:
+
+// Verse 1. The first two words have the +// duration of a quarter note each. +// The last word lasts a half note. +1: e;d;2c; +lyrics 1: 4;;2; [1] "Three blind mice"; +bar +
+// examples of above lyrics with dash and underscore +1: 4d<>;e;8g;b;4a; +lyrics above 1: "now_ or nev-er"; +bar +
+Mup does its best to figure out where to end dashes or underscores. However,
+if there isn't a following syllable after a dash or underscore, Mup would
+extend the dash or underscore to the end of the piece, which may not be
+what you want. There are a few other cases where Mup may be unable to
+properly deduce where you had intended an underscore to end.
+You can manually halt the dash or underscore by adding in
+an "empty syllable," consisting of "<>". Normally, the angle brackets are
+used inside lyrics to enclose special non-lyrics items, as will be
+described a bit later.
+However, if they are used by themselves with nothing between them,
+they essentially mean a syllable with no text.
+
+1: 2c;4d<>;e; +lyrics 1: "last word._"; +bar + +1: 4d;e;f;g; +// add empty syllable to end the underscore +lyrics 1: 1; "<>"; +bar +
+Occasionally, a single chord is used for more than one syllable.
+If the syllables are within the same word, it is sufficient to omit the
+dashes between syllables, so that Mup will treat them as a single syllable.
+However, if the syllables are in separate words,
+a "~" can be used in place of a space between the syllables.
+On output, Mup will replace the "~"
+with a space and a small, curved line below the space, indicating that the
+syllables on either side are to be joined. For example:
+
+1: b;a;2g; +lyrics 1: ;;2; "man-y~a day"; +bar +
+If several verses use the same time values, you can specify them all on
+one input line.
+For example:
+
+1: d;f;a;g; +lyrics 1: [1] "this is verse one"; \ + [2] "this is verse two"; +bar +
+In this example, +because of the \ at the end of the first line, both verses are effectively +on the same input line. +
+
+Occasionally, lyrics may occur during only part of a measure.
+This case can be handled by specifying "space"
+by using an "s" after time values that have no
+lyric syllable associated with them. For example:
+
+1: 2r;g; +lyrics 1: 2s;; [1] "Now"; +bar +
+In this example, the first half note of the measure is a space, so there will +be no lyric there. The second half note of the measure will have the word "Now" +as its lyric. Note that the "s" does not work quite the same way with lyrics +as it does with notes. With notes, "2s;;" would mean two half-note spaces, +because the space would be used as default for the following chord where no +notes were specified. With lyrics, "2s;;" means a half note space, followed +by a half note lyric; the space is not carried forward as a default. +
++If you don't specify any time values, relying on Mup to derive the time values +from the corresponding music time values, any rests and spaces in the music +will be translated to lyric spaces. If the first note entered in a chord +is tied to or slurred to the following chord, that following chord +will also be translated to a lyric space, since you most likely want +a single syllable to span both chords in that case. +
++Occasionally, you may want to print something within a lyric string +which isn't really a lyric syllable. +The most common example of this would be +that you may want to print verse numbers. Other possibilities may include +associating a dynamic mark (e.g., "mf") with a particular verse, or +marking a section for a subset of the singers (e.g., "Men:" or "Solo:"). +These extra things are specified within angle brackets. They can be placed +immediately before or after any syllable. +Mup will not consider them when lining up the syllable with notes. +Normally, it will assume there is enough +space to print them rather than reserving space for them. If you want Mup +to ensure there is enough space to print them, put a "^" immediately +after the "<". +
+
+Some examples:
+
+1: f;e;d;c; +lyrics 1: "<1. >This is verse one."; +bar +1: 2g;4;; +lyrics 1: 2s;4;; "<^\f(TX)ff\f(PV) >Loud-er"; +bar +
+The < > construct can also be used to fine-tune the placement of syllables.
+The placement of syllables is governed in general by the
+lyricsalign parameter.
+Sometimes, however, you may want to adjust the placement of specific syllables.
+Suppose you have a long syllable, like "strength" and would like
+to shift it leftward somewhat. Entering it as "<str>ength" would
+cause Mup to move the syllable farther to the left than it normally would.
+
+1: c;d;e;f; +lyrics 1: "This strength not moved."; \ + "This <str>ength was moved."; +bar +
+Angle brackets may also be useful for entering
+chant, where many words
+are to be associated with a single note. For example:
+
+lyrics 1: "All<^ these words will be treated like one syllable.>"; +
+The font and size to use for lyrics is initially determined +from the +"lyricsfontfamily," +"lyricsfont" +and +"lyricssize" +parameters for the appropriate staff. +If "all" is used for the staff number, the score parameters are used. +In the case of "between," the parameters for the staff above are used for +determining the font and size. +The usual \f and \s forms can be used to +change these values +for a given verse. Lyrics fontfamily, font and size values +are maintained separately for each +combination of staff number, verse number, and place, and are carried forward +from one measure to the next. Thus, for example, if you want one verse to +be printed in roman and another in italics (perhaps one is in English and the +other in another language), you need only put a "\f(TI)" at the beginning of +the syllable string for the first measure of the second verse, and all +subsequent syllables for that verse will be in italics. +Setting the +"lyricsfontfamily," +"lyricsfont" +or +"lyricssize" +parameters will reset the values for +all verses of the staff (if set in +staff context), +or the entire score (if set in +score context). +
+
+Another way to align a syllable in a particular way is to precede the
+syllable with a |. If the | is preceded by a number (optionally signed),
+the left edge of the syllable will be placed that many points from the
+horizontal "middle" of the chord.
+If there isn't a number before it, the value is obtained from the
+sylposition parameter.
+Negative values are to the left, and will usually be what you want.
+This alignment method is particularly useful for lining up multiple verses,
+either to get verse numbers to line up or to align words at the beginning
+of a poetic line. The | goes after anything in angle brackets.
+
+1: 8c;d;4e;8e;g;4c+; +lyrics 1: "<1. >|\"How are you?\" -7|He asked her."; \ + "<2. >|\"I am fine,\" -7|She re-plied."; +bar +
+A few more examples of lyrics:
+
+1,3-4: c;8e;;4d;r; +2: c+;8g;;4b;; +lyrics between 1&2,3&4: 4;8;;4;s; "This is a test."; +lyrics above 2: 2s;4;; "The end."; +bar +
