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14 Mup will optionally produce MIDI output
15 <A HREF="cmdargs.html#moption">(using the -m command line argument).</A>
16 Mup is first and foremost a music publication program,
17 so its MIDI capabilities have a few limitations.
18 However, the MIDI output is quite useful for "proofreading"
19 (or perhaps we should say "proof-listening").
20 It is often easier to spot a typo in Mup input by
21 listening to it than to look at the output. Mup provides enough MIDI
22 control to do virtually all of what MIDI supports, and will be adequate
23 for many people. Others however, may find they want a separate MIDI editor
24 for really serious MIDI work.
27 The following section assumes a general knowledge of MIDI. If you are not
28 familiar with MIDI, there are many books available on the subject
29 at most music stores or computer book stores.
33 <A HREF="param.html#vscheme">voice</A>
34 is put on a separate MIDI track. The first track contains
35 general information such as key and time signature. The next track will be for
36 staff 1, voice 1. If staff 1 has a second voice, that will be the next
37 track, otherwise it will be voice 1 of staff 2, if any, and so forth,
38 one track for each voice, top to bottom.
41 Output is in MIDI file format 1, with a default of 120 quarter notes
42 per minute, 192 ticks per quarter note. MIDI channel 1 is used by default for
43 all voices. If you want to use different instrument sounds for different
44 voices, you will need to specify a different channel for each voice, then
45 specify the MIDI "program" for that voice. This is demonstrated in some
46 of the examples later in this section.
49 Mup MIDI output will handle
50 <A HREF="bars.html">repeats</A>
52 <A HREF="bars.html#endings">first and second endings,</A>
53 but it does not know anything about "D.S. al coda" or anything of that sort.
54 It is possible to work around this limitation to some extent using
55 <A HREF="macros.html">macros.</A>
56 For example, a section between a "sign" and a "jump to coda" symbol could
57 be put inside a macro definition, then the macro can be called. Then later
58 in the piece, where the "D. S." occurs the macro can be called again if MIDI
59 is defined. For example:
61 // an introductory section, ends with a sign
63 mussym above all: 5 "sign";
66 // define macro for section between sign and
67 // symbol to "jump to coda"
70 mussym above all: 5 "coda";
74 // print/play the section just defined by
78 // now do the music up to the D.S.
80 ital above 1: 1 "D. S. al Coda";
83 // human player would now flip back to
84 // the sign, so do the MIDI equivalent:
85 // play that section again.
92 rom above 1: 0 "Coda";
97 Mup mainly just outputs the note information.
99 <A HREF="octave.html">octave marks,</A>
100 and move notes up or down appropriately.
102 <A HREF="pedal.html">piano pedal marks.</A>
103 It does not attempt to interpret tempo or dynamics marks
105 <A HREF="textmark.html">"rom," "boldital," etc. or ornaments in</A>
106 <A HREF="mussym.html">"mussym" statement.</A>
108 <A HREF="bars.html#reh">rehearsal marks</A>
111 <A HREF="chrdattr.html#chstyle">grace notes,</A>
112 <A HREF="roll.html">rolls,</A>
113 <A HREF="chrdattr.html#slashes">slashes,</A>
115 <A HREF="ichdattr.html#alt">alternation groups.</A>
116 You can control how legato the music is by using
117 <A HREF="param.html#release">the Mup "release" parameter.</A>
120 Some styles of music are often
121 written in "swing time," meaning the
122 players are expected to play pairs of notes with the first twice
123 as long as the second, even though they are written as if they were the
124 same duration, or as if the first were three times as long as the second.
125 The most common example would be where the written notation shows
126 two eighth notes like 8;; or a dotted rhythm like 8.;16;
127 but the musician "knows" that the composer really intended it
128 to be played as if it were a triplet {4;8;}3;
130 <A HREF="param.html#swing">swingunit</A>
131 parameter can be used to get Mup MIDI output to automatically follow
132 that performance convention.
135 A MIDI editing program will probably be necessary to add some effects.
136 However, it is possible to specify certain directives for MIDI.
137 They are of the form:
139 <B>midi</B> <I>S V</I><B>:</B> <I>begintime "keyword=value";</I>
141 The <I>S</I> and <I>V</I> specify the staff and voice for which the directive is
142 to apply. As elsewhere in Mup, an omitted voice will default to voice 1,
143 and both staff and voice can be given as a list.
144 Certain keywords apply to the entire score. In that case the form
146 <B>midi all:</B> <I>begintime "keyword=value";</I>
149 The items specified using "all" are placed on the first track, the track
150 containing score-wide information. They are not applied to the
151 voices on the other tracks.
154 The <I>begintime</I>, as elsewhere in Mup,
155 gives the beat into the measure where the MIDI output is to be placed.
156 If notes are to be turned on or off at the same instant in time as the
157 <I>begintime</I>, first all "note off" commands are generated, then the "midi"
158 command events, then "note on" commands.
161 The <I>keyword=value</I> gives specific information of
162 what MIDI output to generate. The following keywords are currently supported:
165 <TD><B>keyword</B></TD> <TD><B>values</B></TD> <TD><B>meaning</B></TD> <TD><B>midi S V</B></TD> <TD><B>midi all</B></TD>
168 <TD>program</TD> <TD>0-127</TD> <TD>program change (new instrument)</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>no</TD>
171 <TD>parameter</TD> <TD>0-127,0-127</TD> <TD>parameter</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
174 <TD>channel</TD> <TD>1-16</TD> <TD>channel</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>no</TD>
177 <TD>chanpressure</TD> <TD>0-127</TD> <TD>channel pressure (after touch)</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
180 <TD>tempo</TD> <TD>10-1000</TD> <TD>tempo, quarter notes per minute</TD> <TD>no</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
183 <TD>seqnum</TD> <TD>0-65535</TD> <TD>sequence number</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
186 <TD>text</TD> <TD>text</TD> <TD>text meta event</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
189 <TD>copyright</TD> <TD>text</TD> <TD>copyright notice</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
192 <TD>name</TD> <TD>text</TD> <TD>sequence/track name</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
195 <TD>instrument</TD> <TD>text</TD> <TD>instrument name</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
198 <TD>marker</TD> <TD>text</TD> <TD>marker meta event</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
201 <TD>cue</TD> <TD>text</TD> <TD>cue point</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
204 <TD>port</TD> <TD>0-127</TD> <TD>MIDI port</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
207 <TD>onvelocity</TD> <TD>1-127</TD> <TD>note on velocity</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>no</TD>
210 <TD>offvelocity</TD> <TD>0-127</TD> <TD>note off velocity</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>no</TD>
213 <TD>hex</TD> <TD>hex data</TD> <TD>arbitrary MIDI data</TD> <TD>yes</TD> <TD>yes</TD>
219 The keywords can be abbreviated to their first three or more letters,
220 except "chanpressure" which requires at least five letters to differentiate
221 it from "channel" ("cha" or "chan" will be interpreted as channel).
222 In most cases, the "=" is followed by either a number or some text. Exceptions
223 to this are discussed in the next few paragraphs.
226 The "parameter" keyword is followed by 2 numbers, separated by a comma.
227 The first is the parameter number, the second is the parameter value.
228 Thus to set parameter 7 (which is the volume parameter) to 90 for voice
229 2 of staff 3, starting at the beginning of the measure, you can use:
231 midi 3 2: 0 "parameter=7,90";
235 The "onvelocity" and "offvelocity" keywords can have one or more values,
236 separated by commas. If there is only one value, it applies to all notes
237 in each chord. If there is more than one value, the first value applies
238 to the top note of the chord, the second value to the second-from-the-top
239 note, and so forth. If there are more notes in a chord than there are
240 values specified, the last value specified applies to all of the remaining
241 notes. So, for example, if you want to emphasize the top note of each
242 chord because it is the melody, you can specify two values, as in
244 midi 1: 1 "onvelocity=76, 60";
246 which would cause the top note to have a velocity of 76 and all other
247 notes to have a velocity of 60.
250 The "hex" form can be used to insert any arbitrary MIDI data into
251 the MIDI file. The value consists of any even number of hexadecimal digits.
252 Spaces and tabs can be included in the value field for readability.
255 Note that Mup uses the MIDI standard,
256 which numbers instruments from 0 through 127,
257 but some MIDI playback programs follow a convention of numbering them
261 Here are some examples:
263 midi all: 0 "tempo=72";
264 midi 1-2 1-2: 0 "channel=2"; 0 "program=14"; 3.5 "program=76";
265 midi all: 3 "hex= ff 00 02 00 01"; // sequence number 1
266 midi 3,6: 0 "channel=5"; 0 "prog=15"; 0 "instr=dulcimer";
267 // set parameter 7 (usually volume) to 100
268 midi 2: "par = 7, 100";
272 Here is a more extensive example of how midi commands might be used
283 // Make the bottom voice more staccato
289 // Start out at 108 quarter notes per minute,
290 // but on count 4, slow down to 96 per minute.
291 midi all: 0 "tempo=108"; 4 "tempo=96";
293 // Put each voice on a different channel
294 // using a different instrument sound.
295 // The program numbers correspond to the
296 // General MIDI sounds as noted.
297 midi 1 1: 0 "channel=1"; 0 "program=68"; //oboe
298 midi 1 2: 0 "channel=2"; 0 "program=11"; //vibraphone
299 midi 2 1: 0 "channel=6"; 0 "program=60"; //french horn
300 midi 2 2: 0 "channel=4"; 0 "program=35"; //fretless bass
302 // Make the top voice louder, and put an
303 // accent on the third beat
304 midi 1 1: 0 "onvelocity=86"; 3 "onvelocity=100"; 4 "onvel=86";
306 // Set maximum reverb on french horn part,
307 // starting at the second beat.
308 // (Reverb is parameter 91)
309 midi 2 1: 2 "parameter=91, 127";
311 // Set chorus on oboe to 75, from the beginning.
312 // (Chorus is parameter 93)
313 midi 1 1: 0 "param=93, 75";
315 // Pan the bass part to middle of left side.
316 // (Pan is parameter 10, with a value of 0 being hard left,
317 // 64 in the center, and 127 being hard right, so 32 is
318 // half way to the left.)
319 midi 2 2: 0 "parameter=10, 32";
321 // Now the music to be played...
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~mdw / mup / blob