3 * Encoding and decoding floating-point values
5 * (c) 2023 Straylight/Edgeware
8 /*----- Licensing notice --------------------------------------------------*
10 * This file is part of the mLib utilities library.
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28 /*----- Header files ------------------------------------------------------*/
37 /*----- Formatting primitives ---------------------------------------------*/
39 /* We use the IEEE 754 `binary64' format. Briefly:
41 * * The top bit is the sign %$s$%: 0 encodes %$s = +1$%, and 1 encodes
42 * %$s = -1$%.. The format is signed-magnitude, so everything else is
43 * the same for positive and negative numbers.
45 * * The next eleven bits are the biased exponent %$e$%.
47 * * The remaining 52 bits are the significand %$m$%.
49 * If %$0 < e < 2047$% then the encoding represents the normal number
50 * %$s \cdot (1 + m/2^{52}) \cdot 2^{e-1023}$%.
52 * If %$e = 0$% and %$m = 0$% then the encoding represents positive or
55 * If %$e = 0$% and %$m \ne 0$% then the encoding represents a subnormal
56 * number %$s \cdot m/2^{52} \cdot 2^{-1022}$%.
58 * If %$e = 2047$% and %$m = 0$% then the encoding represents positive or
61 * If %$e = 2047$% and %$m \ne 0$% then the encoding represents a NaN. If
62 * the most significant bit of %$m$% is set then this is a quiet NaN;
63 * otherwise it's a signalling NaN.
66 /* --- @f64_to_k64@ --- *
68 * Arguments: @double x@ = a floating-point number
70 * Returns: A 64-bit encoding of @x@.
72 * Use: Encodes @x@ as a `binary64' value. See `buf_putf64' for the
76 static kludge64 f64_to_k64(double x)
82 /* Some machinery before we start. */
86 hi = 0x7ff80000; lo = 0;
88 /* Positive or negative infinity. */
89 hi = NEGP(x) ? 0xfff00000 : 0x7ff00000; lo = 0;
91 /* Positive or negative zero. */
92 hi = NEGP(x) ? 0x80000000 : 0; lo = 0;
94 /* A normal or subnormal number. Now we have to do some actual work. */
96 /* Let's get the sign dealt with so we don't have to worry about it any
100 else { x = -x; hi = 0x80000000; }
102 /* Now we start on the value. The first thing to do is to split off the
103 * exponent. Our number will be %$m \cdot 2^e$%, with %$1/2 \le m < 1$%.
107 /* If our number is too big, we'll round it to infinity. This will
108 * happen if %$x \ge 2^{1024}$%, i.e., if %$e > 1024$%.
111 { hi |= 0x7ff00000; lo = 0; }
113 /* Our number is sufficiently small that we can represent it at least
114 * approximately (though maybe we'll have to flush it to zero). The
115 * next step, then, is to pull the significand bits out.
118 /* Determine the correct exponent to store. We're not going to bias it
119 * yet, but this is where we deal with subnormal numbers. Our number
120 * is normal if %$x \ge 2^{-1022}$%, i.e., %$e > -1022$%. In this
121 * case, there's an implicit bit which we'll clear. Otherwise, if it's
122 * subnormal, we'll scale our floating-point number so that the
123 * significand will look right when we extract it, and adjust the
124 * exponent so that, when we're finally done, it will have the correct
127 if (e > -1022) m -= 0.5;
128 else { m = ldexp(m, 1021 + e); e = -1022; }
130 /* Now we pull out the 53 bits of the significand. This will, in
131 * general, leave a tail which we address through rounding. Scale it
132 * up so that we end up with %$0 \le m' < 2$%; then we round up if
133 * %$m > 1$%, or if %$m = 1$% and the low bit of the significand is
136 t = ldexp(m, 21); m -= ldexp(t, -21);
137 lo = ldexp(m, 53); m -= ldexp(lo, -53);
140 /* Round the number if necessary. */
141 if (lo&1 ? m >= 1.0 : m > 1)
142 { lo = U32(lo + 1); if (!lo) t++; }
144 /* Now we just put the pieces together. Note that our %$e$% is one
145 * greater than it should be, because our implicit bit should have
146 * been the unit bit not the 1/2 bit.
148 hi |= ((uint32)(e + 1022) << 20) | t;
152 /* Convert to external format and go home. */
153 SET64(k, hi, lo); return (k);
156 /* --- @k64_to_f64@ --- *
158 * Arguments: @double *x_out@ = where to put the result
159 * @kludge64 k@ = a 64-bit encoding of a floating-point value
161 * Returns: Zero on success, @-1@ on failure.
163 * Use: Decodes @k@ as a `binary64' value. See `buf_getf64' for the
167 static int k64_to_f64(double *x_out, kludge64 k)
172 /* We're using the IEEE 754 `binary64' format: see `float_to_k64' above. */
174 /* Pick the encoded number apart. */
175 hi = HI64(k); lo = LO64(k);
176 s = (hi >> 31)&1; e = (hi >> 20)&0x07ff; t = hi&0x000fffff;
178 /* Deal with various special cases. */
180 /* Maximum exponent indicates (positive or negative) infinity or NaN. */
183 /* It's a NaN. We're not going to be picky about which one. If we
184 * can't represent it then we'll just have to fail.
193 /* It's an infinity. If we don't have one of those to hand, then pick
194 * something really big.
198 x = s ? -INFINITY : INFINITY;
200 x = s ? -DBL_MAX : DBL_MAX;
204 /* It's a finite number, though maybe it's weird in some way. */
207 /* Minimum exponent indicates zero or a subnormal number. The
208 * subnormal exponent is a sentinel value that shouldn't be taken
209 * literally, so we should fix that. If the number is actually zero
210 * then the exponent won't matter much so don't bother checking.
215 /* It's a normal number. In which case there's an implicit bit which
222 /* All that remains is to stuff the significant and exponent into a
223 * floating point number. We'll have to do this in pieces, and we'll
224 * lean on the floating-point machinery to do rounding correctly.
226 x = ldexp(t, e - 1043) + ldexp(lo, e - 1075);
230 /* And we're done. */
231 *x_out = x; return (0);
234 /*----- External functions ------------------------------------------------*/
236 /* --- @buf_putf64{,b,l} --- *
238 * Arguments: @buf *b@ = a buffer to write to
239 * @double x@ = a number to write
241 * Returns: Zero on success, @-1@ on failure (and the buffer is broken).
243 * On C89, this function can't detect negative zero so these
244 * will be silently written as positive zero.
246 * This function doesn't distinguish NaNs. Any NaN is written
247 * as a quiet NaN with all payload bits zero.
249 * A finite value with too large a magnitude to be represented
250 * is rounded to the appropriate infinity. Other finite values
251 * are rounded as necessary, in the usual IEEE 754 round-to-
252 * nearest-or-even way.
255 int buf_putf64(buf *b, double x)
256 { return (buf_putk64(b, f64_to_k64(x))); }
257 int buf_putf64b(buf *b, double x)
258 { return (buf_putk64b(b, f64_to_k64(x))); }
259 int buf_putf64l(buf *b, double x)
260 { return (buf_putk64l(b, f64_to_k64(x))); }
262 /* --- @buf_getf64{,b,l} --- *
264 * Arguments: @buf *b@ = a buffer to read from
265 * @double *x_out@ = where to put the result
267 * Returns: Zero on success, @-1@ on failure (and the buffer is broken).
269 * If the system supports NaNs, then any encoded NaN is returned
270 * as the value of @NAN@ in @<math.h>@; otherwise, this function
273 * In general, values are rounded to the nearest available
274 * value, in the way that the system usually rounds. If the
275 * system doesn't support infinities, then any encoded infinity
276 * is reported as the largest-possible-magnitude finite value
280 int buf_getf64(buf *b, double *x_out)
284 if (buf_getk64(b, &k)) return (-1);
285 if (k64_to_f64(x_out, k)) { b->f |= BF_BROKEN; return (-1); }
288 int buf_getf64b(buf *b, double *x_out)
292 if (buf_getk64b(b, &k)) return (-1);
293 if (k64_to_f64(x_out, k)) { b->f |= BF_BROKEN; return (-1); }
296 int buf_getf64l(buf *b, double *x_out)
300 if (buf_getk64l(b, &k)) return (-1);
301 if (k64_to_f64(x_out, k)) { b->f |= BF_BROKEN; return (-1); }
305 /*----- That's all, folks -------------------------------------------------*/