src/core/main.c

   1 /*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
   2
   3 /***
   4   This file is part of systemd.
   5
   6   Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
   7
   8   systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   9   under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
  10   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
  11   (at your option) any later version.
  12
  13   systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  14   WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  15   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
  16   Lesser General Public License for more details.
  17
  18   You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
  19   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  20 ***/
  21
  22 #include <dbus/dbus.h>
  23
  24 #include <stdio.h>
  25 #include <errno.h>
  26 #include <string.h>
  27 #include <unistd.h>
  28 #include <sys/types.h>
  29 #include <sys/stat.h>
  30 #include <getopt.h>
  31 #include <signal.h>
  32 #include <sys/wait.h>
  33 #include <fcntl.h>
  34 #include <sys/prctl.h>
  35 #include <sys/mount.h>
  36
  37 #include "manager.h"
  38 #include "log.h"
  39 #include "load-fragment.h"
  40 #include "fdset.h"
  41 #include "special.h"
  42 #include "conf-parser.h"
  43 #include "bus-errors.h"
  44 #include "missing.h"
  45 #include "label.h"
  46 #include "build.h"
  47 #include "strv.h"
  48 #include "def.h"
  49 #include "virt.h"
  50 #include "watchdog.h"
  51 #include "path-util.h"
  52 #include "switch-root.h"
  53 #include "capability.h"
  54 #include "killall.h"
  55
  56 #include "mount-setup.h"
  57 #include "loopback-setup.h"
  58 #ifdef HAVE_KMOD
  59 #include "kmod-setup.h"
  60 #endif
  61 #include "hostname-setup.h"
  62 #include "machine-id-setup.h"
  63 #include "locale-setup.h"
  64 #include "hwclock.h"
  65 #include "selinux-setup.h"
  66 #include "ima-setup.h"
  67 #include "sd-daemon.h"
  68
  69 static enum {
  70         ACTION_RUN,
  71         ACTION_HELP,
  72         ACTION_VERSION,
  73         ACTION_TEST,
  74         ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS,
  75         ACTION_DONE
  76 } arg_action = ACTION_RUN;
  77
  78 static char *arg_default_unit = NULL;
  79 static SystemdRunningAs arg_running_as = _SYSTEMD_RUNNING_AS_INVALID;
  80
  81 static bool arg_dump_core = true;
  82 static bool arg_crash_shell = false;
  83 static int arg_crash_chvt = -1;
  84 static bool arg_confirm_spawn = false;
  85 static bool arg_show_status = true;
  86 static bool arg_switched_root = false;
  87 static char **arg_default_controllers = NULL;
  88 static char ***arg_join_controllers = NULL;
  89 static ExecOutput arg_default_std_output = EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL;
  90 static ExecOutput arg_default_std_error = EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT;
  91 static usec_t arg_runtime_watchdog = 0;
  92 static usec_t arg_shutdown_watchdog = 10 * USEC_PER_MINUTE;
  93 static struct rlimit *arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NLIMITS] = {};
  94 static uint64_t arg_capability_bounding_set_drop = 0;
  95 static nsec_t arg_timer_slack_nsec = (nsec_t) -1;
  96
  97 static FILE* serialization = NULL;
  98
  99 static void nop_handler(int sig) {
 100 }
 101
 102 _noreturn_ static void crash(int sig) {
 103
 104         if (!arg_dump_core)
 105                 log_error("Caught <%s>, not dumping core.", signal_to_string(sig));
 106         else {
 107                 struct sigaction sa;
 108                 pid_t pid;
 109
 110                 /* We want to wait for the core process, hence let's enable SIGCHLD */
 111                 zero(sa);
 112                 sa.sa_handler = nop_handler;
 113                 sa.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_RESTART;
 114                 assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
 115
 116                 if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
 117                         log_error("Caught <%s>, cannot fork for core dump: %s", signal_to_string(sig), strerror(errno));
 118
 119                 else if (pid == 0) {
 120                         struct rlimit rl;
 121
 122                         /* Enable default signal handler for core dump */
 123                         zero(sa);
 124                         sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
 125                         assert_se(sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) == 0);
 126
 127                         /* Don't limit the core dump size */
 128                         zero(rl);
 129                         rl.rlim_cur = RLIM_INFINITY;
 130                         rl.rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY;
 131                         setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rl);
 132
 133                         /* Just to be sure... */
 134                         assert_se(chdir("/") == 0);
 135
 136                         /* Raise the signal again */
 137                         raise(sig);
 138
 139                         assert_not_reached("We shouldn't be here...");
 140                         _exit(1);
 141
 142                 } else {
 143                         siginfo_t status;
 144                         int r;
 145
 146                         /* Order things nicely. */
 147                         if ((r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status)) < 0)
 148                                 log_error("Caught <%s>, waitpid() failed: %s", signal_to_string(sig), strerror(-r));
 149                         else if (status.si_code != CLD_DUMPED)
 150                                 log_error("Caught <%s>, core dump failed.", signal_to_string(sig));
 151                         else
 152                                 log_error("Caught <%s>, dumped core as pid %lu.", signal_to_string(sig), (unsigned long) pid);
 153                 }
 154         }
 155
 156         if (arg_crash_chvt)
 157                 chvt(arg_crash_chvt);
 158
 159         if (arg_crash_shell) {
 160                 struct sigaction sa;
 161                 pid_t pid;
 162
 163                 log_info("Executing crash shell in 10s...");
 164                 sleep(10);
 165
 166                 /* Let the kernel reap children for us */
 167                 zero(sa);
 168                 sa.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
 169                 sa.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_NOCLDWAIT|SA_RESTART;
 170                 assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
 171
 172                 pid = fork();
 173                 if (pid < 0)
 174                         log_error("Failed to fork off crash shell: %m");
 175                 else if (pid == 0) {
 176                         make_console_stdio();
 177                         execl("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", NULL);
 178
 179                         log_error("execl() failed: %m");
 180                         _exit(1);
 181                 }
 182
 183                 log_info("Successfully spawned crash shell as pid %lu.", (unsigned long) pid);
 184         }
 185
 186         log_info("Freezing execution.");
 187         freeze();
 188 }
 189
 190 static void install_crash_handler(void) {
 191         struct sigaction sa;
 192
 193         zero(sa);
 194
 195         sa.sa_handler = crash;
 196         sa.sa_flags = SA_NODEFER;
 197
 198         sigaction_many(&sa, SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER, -1);
 199 }
 200
 201 static int console_setup(bool do_reset) {
 202         int tty_fd, r;
 203
 204         /* If we are init, we connect stdin/stdout/stderr to /dev/null
 205          * and make sure we don't have a controlling tty. */
 206
 207         release_terminal();
 208
 209         if (!do_reset)
 210                 return 0;
 211
 212         tty_fd = open_terminal("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
 213         if (tty_fd < 0) {
 214                 log_error("Failed to open /dev/console: %s", strerror(-tty_fd));
 215                 return -tty_fd;
 216         }
 217
 218         /* We don't want to force text mode.
 219          * plymouth may be showing pictures already from initrd. */
 220         r = reset_terminal_fd(tty_fd, false);
 221         if (r < 0)
 222                 log_error("Failed to reset /dev/console: %s", strerror(-r));
 223
 224         close_nointr_nofail(tty_fd);
 225         return r;
 226 }
 227
 228 static int set_default_unit(const char *u) {
 229         char *c;
 230
 231         assert(u);
 232
 233         c = strdup(u);
 234         if (!c)
 235                 return -ENOMEM;
 236
 237         free(arg_default_unit);
 238         arg_default_unit = c;
 239
 240         return 0;
 241 }
 242
 243 static int parse_proc_cmdline_word(const char *word) {
 244
 245         static const char * const rlmap[] = {
 246                 "emergency", SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET,
 247                 "-b",        SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET,
 248                 "single",    SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
 249                 "-s",        SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
 250                 "s",         SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
 251                 "S",         SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
 252                 "1",         SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
 253                 "2",         SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL2_TARGET,
 254                 "3",         SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL3_TARGET,
 255                 "4",         SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL4_TARGET,
 256                 "5",         SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL5_TARGET,
 257         };
 258
 259         assert(word);
 260
 261         if (startswith(word, "systemd.unit=")) {
 262
 263                 if (!in_initrd())
 264                         return set_default_unit(word + 13);
 265
 266         } else if (startswith(word, "rd.systemd.unit=")) {
 267
 268                 if (in_initrd())
 269                         return set_default_unit(word + 16);
 270
 271         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_target=")) {
 272
 273                 if (log_set_target_from_string(word + 19) < 0)
 274                         log_warning("Failed to parse log target %s. Ignoring.", word + 19);
 275
 276         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_level=")) {
 277
 278                 if (log_set_max_level_from_string(word + 18) < 0)
 279                         log_warning("Failed to parse log level %s. Ignoring.", word + 18);
 280
 281         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_color=")) {
 282
 283                 if (log_show_color_from_string(word + 18) < 0)
 284                         log_warning("Failed to parse log color setting %s. Ignoring.", word + 18);
 285
 286         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_location=")) {
 287
 288                 if (log_show_location_from_string(word + 21) < 0)
 289                         log_warning("Failed to parse log location setting %s. Ignoring.", word + 21);
 290
 291         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.dump_core=")) {
 292                 int r;
 293
 294                 if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 18)) < 0)
 295                         log_warning("Failed to parse dump core switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 18);
 296                 else
 297                         arg_dump_core = r;
 298
 299         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.crash_shell=")) {
 300                 int r;
 301
 302                 if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 20)) < 0)
 303                         log_warning("Failed to parse crash shell switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 20);
 304                 else
 305                         arg_crash_shell = r;
 306
 307         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.confirm_spawn=")) {
 308                 int r;
 309
 310                 if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 22)) < 0)
 311                         log_warning("Failed to parse confirm spawn switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 22);
 312                 else
 313                         arg_confirm_spawn = r;
 314
 315         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.crash_chvt=")) {
 316                 int k;
 317
 318                 if (safe_atoi(word + 19, &k) < 0)
 319                         log_warning("Failed to parse crash chvt switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 19);
 320                 else
 321                         arg_crash_chvt = k;
 322
 323         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.show_status=")) {
 324                 int r;
 325
 326                 if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 20)) < 0)
 327                         log_warning("Failed to parse show status switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 20);
 328                 else
 329                         arg_show_status = r;
 330         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.default_standard_output=")) {
 331                 int r;
 332
 333                 if ((r = exec_output_from_string(word + 32)) < 0)
 334                         log_warning("Failed to parse default standard output switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 32);
 335                 else
 336                         arg_default_std_output = r;
 337         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.default_standard_error=")) {
 338                 int r;
 339
 340                 if ((r = exec_output_from_string(word + 31)) < 0)
 341                         log_warning("Failed to parse default standard error switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 31);
 342                 else
 343                         arg_default_std_error = r;
 344         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.setenv=")) {
 345                 char *cenv, *eq;
 346                 int r;
 347
 348                 cenv = strdup(word + 15);
 349                 if (!cenv)
 350                         return -ENOMEM;
 351
 352                 eq = strchr(cenv, '=');
 353                 if (!eq) {
 354                         r = unsetenv(cenv);
 355                         if (r < 0)
 356                                 log_warning("unsetenv failed %m. Ignoring.");
 357                 } else {
 358                         *eq = 0;
 359                         r = setenv(cenv, eq + 1, 1);
 360                         if (r < 0)
 361                                 log_warning("setenv failed %m. Ignoring.");
 362                 }
 363                 free(cenv);
 364
 365         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.") ||
 366                    (in_initrd() && startswith(word, "rd.systemd."))) {
 367
 368                 log_warning("Unknown kernel switch %s. Ignoring.", word);
 369
 370                 log_info("Supported kernel switches:\n"
 371                          "systemd.unit=UNIT                        Default unit to start\n"
 372                          "rd.systemd.unit=UNIT                     Default unit to start when run in initrd\n"
 373                          "systemd.dump_core=0|1                    Dump core on crash\n"
 374                          "systemd.crash_shell=0|1                  Run shell on crash\n"
 375                          "systemd.crash_chvt=N                     Change to VT #N on crash\n"
 376                          "systemd.confirm_spawn=0|1                Confirm every process spawn\n"
 377                          "systemd.show_status=0|1                  Show status updates on the console during bootup\n"
 378                          "systemd.log_target=console|kmsg|journal|journal-or-kmsg|syslog|syslog-or-kmsg|null\n"
 379                          "                                         Log target\n"
 380                          "systemd.log_level=LEVEL                  Log level\n"
 381                          "systemd.log_color=0|1                    Highlight important log messages\n"
 382                          "systemd.log_location=0|1                 Include code location in log messages\n"
 383                          "systemd.default_standard_output=null|tty|syslog|syslog+console|kmsg|kmsg+console|journal|journal+console\n"
 384                          "                                         Set default log output for services\n"
 385                          "systemd.default_standard_error=null|tty|syslog|syslog+console|kmsg|kmsg+console|journal|journal+console\n"
 386                          "                                         Set default log error output for services\n"
 387                          "systemd.setenv=ASSIGNMENT                Set an environment variable for all spawned processes\n");
 388
 389         } else if (streq(word, "quiet"))
 390                 arg_show_status = false;
 391         else if (!in_initrd()) {
 392                 unsigned i;
 393
 394                 /* SysV compatibility */
 395                 for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rlmap); i += 2)
 396                         if (streq(word, rlmap[i]))
 397                                 return set_default_unit(rlmap[i+1]);
 398         }
 399
 400         return 0;
 401 }
 402
 403 static int config_parse_level2(
 404                 const char *filename,
 405                 unsigned line,
 406                 const char *section,
 407                 const char *lvalue,
 408                 int ltype,
 409                 const char *rvalue,
 410                 void *data,
 411                 void *userdata) {
 412
 413         assert(filename);
 414         assert(lvalue);
 415         assert(rvalue);
 416
 417         log_set_max_level_from_string(rvalue);
 418         return 0;
 419 }
 420
 421 static int config_parse_target(
 422                 const char *filename,
 423                 unsigned line,
 424                 const char *section,
 425                 const char *lvalue,
 426                 int ltype,
 427                 const char *rvalue,
 428                 void *data,
 429                 void *userdata) {
 430
 431         assert(filename);
 432         assert(lvalue);
 433         assert(rvalue);
 434
 435         log_set_target_from_string(rvalue);
 436         return 0;
 437 }
 438
 439 static int config_parse_color(
 440                 const char *filename,
 441                 unsigned line,
 442                 const char *section,
 443                 const char *lvalue,
 444                 int ltype,
 445                 const char *rvalue,
 446                 void *data,
 447                 void *userdata) {
 448
 449         assert(filename);
 450         assert(lvalue);
 451         assert(rvalue);
 452
 453         log_show_color_from_string(rvalue);
 454         return 0;
 455 }
 456
 457 static int config_parse_location(
 458                 const char *filename,
 459                 unsigned line,
 460                 const char *section,
 461                 const char *lvalue,
 462                 int ltype,
 463                 const char *rvalue,
 464                 void *data,
 465                 void *userdata) {
 466
 467         assert(filename);
 468         assert(lvalue);
 469         assert(rvalue);
 470
 471         log_show_location_from_string(rvalue);
 472         return 0;
 473 }
 474
 475 static int config_parse_cpu_affinity2(
 476                 const char *filename,
 477                 unsigned line,
 478                 const char *section,
 479                 const char *lvalue,
 480                 int ltype,
 481                 const char *rvalue,
 482                 void *data,
 483                 void *userdata) {
 484
 485         char *w;
 486         size_t l;
 487         char *state;
 488         cpu_set_t *c = NULL;
 489         unsigned ncpus = 0;
 490
 491         assert(filename);
 492         assert(lvalue);
 493         assert(rvalue);
 494
 495         FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
 496                 char *t;
 497                 int r;
 498                 unsigned cpu;
 499
 500                 if (!(t = strndup(w, l)))
 501                         return log_oom();
 502
 503                 r = safe_atou(t, &cpu);
 504                 free(t);
 505
 506                 if (!c)
 507                         if (!(c = cpu_set_malloc(&ncpus)))
 508                                 return log_oom();
 509
 510                 if (r < 0 || cpu >= ncpus) {
 511                         log_error("[%s:%u] Failed to parse CPU affinity: %s", filename, line, rvalue);
 512                         CPU_FREE(c);
 513                         return -EBADMSG;
 514                 }
 515
 516                 CPU_SET_S(cpu, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(ncpus), c);
 517         }
 518
 519         if (c) {
 520                 if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(ncpus), c) < 0)
 521                         log_warning("Failed to set CPU affinity: %m");
 522
 523                 CPU_FREE(c);
 524         }
 525
 526         return 0;
 527 }
 528
 529 static void strv_free_free(char ***l) {
 530         char ***i;
 531
 532         if (!l)
 533                 return;
 534
 535         for (i = l; *i; i++)
 536                 strv_free(*i);
 537
 538         free(l);
 539 }
 540
 541 static void free_join_controllers(void) {
 542         if (!arg_join_controllers)
 543                 return;
 544
 545         strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
 546         arg_join_controllers = NULL;
 547 }
 548
 549 static int config_parse_join_controllers(
 550                 const char *filename,
 551                 unsigned line,
 552                 const char *section,
 553                 const char *lvalue,
 554                 int ltype,
 555                 const char *rvalue,
 556                 void *data,
 557                 void *userdata) {
 558
 559         unsigned n = 0;
 560         char *state, *w;
 561         size_t length;
 562
 563         assert(filename);
 564         assert(lvalue);
 565         assert(rvalue);
 566
 567         free_join_controllers();
 568
 569         FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, length, rvalue, state) {
 570                 char *s, **l;
 571
 572                 s = strndup(w, length);
 573                 if (!s)
 574                         return log_oom();
 575
 576                 l = strv_split(s, ",");
 577                 free(s);
 578
 579                 strv_uniq(l);
 580
 581                 if (strv_length(l) <= 1) {
 582                         strv_free(l);
 583                         continue;
 584                 }
 585
 586                 if (!arg_join_controllers) {
 587                         arg_join_controllers = new(char**, 2);
 588                         if (!arg_join_controllers) {
 589                                 strv_free(l);
 590                                 return log_oom();
 591                         }
 592
 593                         arg_join_controllers[0] = l;
 594                         arg_join_controllers[1] = NULL;
 595
 596                         n = 1;
 597                 } else {
 598                         char ***a;
 599                         char ***t;
 600
 601                         t = new0(char**, n+2);
 602                         if (!t) {
 603                                 strv_free(l);
 604                                 return log_oom();
 605                         }
 606
 607                         n = 0;
 608
 609                         for (a = arg_join_controllers; *a; a++) {
 610
 611                                 if (strv_overlap(*a, l)) {
 612                                         char **c;
 613
 614                                         c = strv_merge(*a, l);
 615                                         if (!c) {
 616                                                 strv_free(l);
 617                                                 strv_free_free(t);
 618                                                 return log_oom();
 619                                         }
 620
 621                                         strv_free(l);
 622                                         l = c;
 623                                 } else {
 624                                         char **c;
 625
 626                                         c = strv_copy(*a);
 627                                         if (!c) {
 628                                                 strv_free(l);
 629                                                 strv_free_free(t);
 630                                                 return log_oom();
 631                                         }
 632
 633                                         t[n++] = c;
 634                                 }
 635                         }
 636
 637                         t[n++] = strv_uniq(l);
 638
 639                         strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
 640                         arg_join_controllers = t;
 641                 }
 642         }
 643
 644         return 0;
 645 }
 646
 647 static int parse_config_file(void) {
 648
 649         const ConfigTableItem items[] = {
 650                 { "Manager", "LogLevel",              config_parse_level2,       0, NULL                     },
 651                 { "Manager", "LogTarget",             config_parse_target,       0, NULL                     },
 652                 { "Manager", "LogColor",              config_parse_color,        0, NULL                     },
 653                 { "Manager", "LogLocation",           config_parse_location,     0, NULL                     },
 654                 { "Manager", "DumpCore",              config_parse_bool,         0, &arg_dump_core           },
 655                 { "Manager", "CrashShell",            config_parse_bool,         0, &arg_crash_shell         },
 656                 { "Manager", "ShowStatus",            config_parse_bool,         0, &arg_show_status         },
 657                 { "Manager", "CrashChVT",             config_parse_int,          0, &arg_crash_chvt          },
 658                 { "Manager", "CPUAffinity",           config_parse_cpu_affinity2, 0, NULL                    },
 659                 { "Manager", "DefaultControllers",    config_parse_strv,         0, &arg_default_controllers },
 660                 { "Manager", "DefaultStandardOutput", config_parse_output,       0, &arg_default_std_output  },
 661                 { "Manager", "DefaultStandardError",  config_parse_output,       0, &arg_default_std_error   },
 662                 { "Manager", "JoinControllers",       config_parse_join_controllers, 0, &arg_join_controllers },
 663                 { "Manager", "RuntimeWatchdogSec",    config_parse_usec,         0, &arg_runtime_watchdog    },
 664                 { "Manager", "ShutdownWatchdogSec",   config_parse_usec,         0, &arg_shutdown_watchdog   },
 665                 { "Manager", "CapabilityBoundingSet", config_parse_bounding_set, 0, &arg_capability_bounding_set_drop },
 666                 { "Manager", "TimerSlackNSec",        config_parse_nsec,         0, &arg_timer_slack_nsec    },
 667                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitCPU",       config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]},
 668                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitFSIZE",     config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]},
 669                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitDATA",      config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]},
 670                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitSTACK",     config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK]},
 671                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitCORE",      config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE]},
 672                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRSS",       config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_RSS]},
 673                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNOFILE",    config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]},
 674                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitAS",        config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_AS]},
 675                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNPROC",     config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC]},
 676                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitMEMLOCK",   config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK]},
 677                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitLOCKS",     config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_LOCKS]},
 678                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitSIGPENDING",config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING]},
 679                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitMSGQUEUE",  config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE]},
 680                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNICE",      config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]},
 681                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRTPRIO",    config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]},
 682                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRTTIME",    config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]},
 683                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL }
 684         };
 685
 686         FILE *f;
 687         const char *fn;
 688         int r;
 689
 690         fn = arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? SYSTEM_CONFIG_FILE : USER_CONFIG_FILE;
 691         f = fopen(fn, "re");
 692         if (!f) {
 693                 if (errno == ENOENT)
 694                         return 0;
 695
 696                 log_warning("Failed to open configuration file '%s': %m", fn);
 697                 return 0;
 698         }
 699
 700         r = config_parse(fn, f, "Manager\0", config_item_table_lookup, (void*) items, false, NULL);
 701         if (r < 0)
 702                 log_warning("Failed to parse configuration file: %s", strerror(-r));
 703
 704         fclose(f);
 705
 706         return 0;
 707 }
 708
 709 static int parse_proc_cmdline(void) {
 710         char *line, *w, *state;
 711         int r;
 712         size_t l;
 713
 714         /* Don't read /proc/cmdline if we are in a container, since
 715          * that is only relevant for the host system */
 716         if (detect_container(NULL) > 0)
 717                 return 0;
 718
 719         if ((r = read_one_line_file("/proc/cmdline", &line)) < 0) {
 720                 log_warning("Failed to read /proc/cmdline, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
 721                 return 0;
 722         }
 723
 724         FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, line, state) {
 725                 char *word;
 726
 727                 if (!(word = strndup(w, l))) {
 728                         r = -ENOMEM;
 729                         goto finish;
 730                 }
 731
 732                 r = parse_proc_cmdline_word(word);
 733                 if (r < 0) {
 734                         log_error("Failed on cmdline argument %s: %s", word, strerror(-r));
 735                         free(word);
 736                         goto finish;
 737                 }
 738
 739                 free(word);
 740         }
 741
 742         r = 0;
 743
 744 finish:
 745         free(line);
 746         return r;
 747 }
 748
 749 static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 750
 751         enum {
 752                 ARG_LOG_LEVEL = 0x100,
 753                 ARG_LOG_TARGET,
 754                 ARG_LOG_COLOR,
 755                 ARG_LOG_LOCATION,
 756                 ARG_UNIT,
 757                 ARG_SYSTEM,
 758                 ARG_USER,
 759                 ARG_TEST,
 760                 ARG_VERSION,
 761                 ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS,
 762                 ARG_DUMP_CORE,
 763                 ARG_CRASH_SHELL,
 764                 ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN,
 765                 ARG_SHOW_STATUS,
 766                 ARG_DESERIALIZE,
 767                 ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT,
 768                 ARG_INTROSPECT,
 769                 ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT,
 770                 ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR
 771         };
 772
 773         static const struct option options[] = {
 774                 { "log-level",                required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LEVEL                },
 775                 { "log-target",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_TARGET               },
 776                 { "log-color",                optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_COLOR                },
 777                 { "log-location",             optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LOCATION             },
 778                 { "unit",                     required_argument, NULL, ARG_UNIT                     },
 779                 { "system",                   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SYSTEM                   },
 780                 { "user",                     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_USER                     },
 781                 { "test",                     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_TEST                     },
 782                 { "help",                     no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                          },
 783                 { "version",                  no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION                  },
 784                 { "dump-configuration-items", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS },
 785                 { "dump-core",                optional_argument, NULL, ARG_DUMP_CORE                },
 786                 { "crash-shell",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CRASH_SHELL              },
 787                 { "confirm-spawn",            optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN            },
 788                 { "show-status",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_SHOW_STATUS              },
 789                 { "deserialize",              required_argument, NULL, ARG_DESERIALIZE              },
 790                 { "switched-root",            no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT            },
 791                 { "introspect",               optional_argument, NULL, ARG_INTROSPECT               },
 792                 { "default-standard-output",  required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT,      },
 793                 { "default-standard-error",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR,       },
 794                 { NULL,                       0,                 NULL, 0                            }
 795         };
 796
 797         int c, r;
 798
 799         assert(argc >= 1);
 800         assert(argv);
 801
 802         if (getpid() == 1)
 803                 opterr = 0;
 804
 805         while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hDbsz:", options, NULL)) >= 0)
 806
 807                 switch (c) {
 808
 809                 case ARG_LOG_LEVEL:
 810                         if ((r = log_set_max_level_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
 811                                 log_error("Failed to parse log level %s.", optarg);
 812                                 return r;
 813                         }
 814
 815                         break;
 816
 817                 case ARG_LOG_TARGET:
 818
 819                         if ((r = log_set_target_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
 820                                 log_error("Failed to parse log target %s.", optarg);
 821                                 return r;
 822                         }
 823
 824                         break;
 825
 826                 case ARG_LOG_COLOR:
 827
 828                         if (optarg) {
 829                                 if ((r = log_show_color_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
 830                                         log_error("Failed to parse log color setting %s.", optarg);
 831                                         return r;
 832                                 }
 833                         } else
 834                                 log_show_color(true);
 835
 836                         break;
 837
 838                 case ARG_LOG_LOCATION:
 839
 840                         if (optarg) {
 841                                 if ((r = log_show_location_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
 842                                         log_error("Failed to parse log location setting %s.", optarg);
 843                                         return r;
 844                                 }
 845                         } else
 846                                 log_show_location(true);
 847
 848                         break;
 849
 850                 case ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT:
 851
 852                         if ((r = exec_output_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
 853                                 log_error("Failed to parse default standard output setting %s.", optarg);
 854                                 return r;
 855                         } else
 856                                 arg_default_std_output = r;
 857                         break;
 858
 859                 case ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR:
 860
 861                         if ((r = exec_output_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
 862                                 log_error("Failed to parse default standard error output setting %s.", optarg);
 863                                 return r;
 864                         } else
 865                                 arg_default_std_error = r;
 866                         break;
 867
 868                 case ARG_UNIT:
 869
 870                         if ((r = set_default_unit(optarg)) < 0) {
 871                                 log_error("Failed to set default unit %s: %s", optarg, strerror(-r));
 872                                 return r;
 873                         }
 874
 875                         break;
 876
 877                 case ARG_SYSTEM:
 878                         arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
 879                         break;
 880
 881                 case ARG_USER:
 882                         arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_USER;
 883                         break;
 884
 885                 case ARG_TEST:
 886                         arg_action = ACTION_TEST;
 887                         break;
 888
 889                 case ARG_VERSION:
 890                         arg_action = ACTION_VERSION;
 891                         break;
 892
 893                 case ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS:
 894                         arg_action = ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS;
 895                         break;
 896
 897                 case ARG_DUMP_CORE:
 898                         r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
 899                         if (r < 0) {
 900                                 log_error("Failed to parse dump core boolean %s.", optarg);
 901                                 return r;
 902                         }
 903                         arg_dump_core = r;
 904                         break;
 905
 906                 case ARG_CRASH_SHELL:
 907                         r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
 908                         if (r < 0) {
 909                                 log_error("Failed to parse crash shell boolean %s.", optarg);
 910                                 return r;
 911                         }
 912                         arg_crash_shell = r;
 913                         break;
 914
 915                 case ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN:
 916                         r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
 917                         if (r < 0) {
 918                                 log_error("Failed to parse confirm spawn boolean %s.", optarg);
 919                                 return r;
 920                         }
 921                         arg_confirm_spawn = r;
 922                         break;
 923
 924                 case ARG_SHOW_STATUS:
 925                         r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
 926                         if (r < 0) {
 927                                 log_error("Failed to parse show status boolean %s.", optarg);
 928                                 return r;
 929                         }
 930                         arg_show_status = r;
 931                         break;
 932
 933                 case ARG_DESERIALIZE: {
 934                         int fd;
 935                         FILE *f;
 936
 937                         r = safe_atoi(optarg, &fd);
 938                         if (r < 0 || fd < 0) {
 939                                 log_error("Failed to parse deserialize option %s.", optarg);
 940                                 return r < 0 ? r : -EINVAL;
 941                         }
 942
 943                         fd_cloexec(fd, true);
 944
 945                         f = fdopen(fd, "r");
 946                         if (!f) {
 947                                 log_error("Failed to open serialization fd: %m");
 948                                 return -errno;
 949                         }
 950
 951                         if (serialization)
 952                                 fclose(serialization);
 953
 954                         serialization = f;
 955
 956                         break;
 957                 }
 958
 959                 case ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT:
 960                         arg_switched_root = true;
 961                         break;
 962
 963                 case ARG_INTROSPECT: {
 964                         const char * const * i = NULL;
 965
 966                         for (i = bus_interface_table; *i; i += 2)
 967                                 if (!optarg || streq(i[0], optarg)) {
 968                                         fputs(DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE
 969                                               "<node>\n", stdout);
 970                                         fputs(i[1], stdout);
 971                                         fputs("</node>\n", stdout);
 972
 973                                         if (optarg)
 974                                                 break;
 975                                 }
 976
 977                         if (!i[0] && optarg)
 978                                 log_error("Unknown interface %s.", optarg);
 979
 980                         arg_action = ACTION_DONE;
 981                         break;
 982                 }
 983
 984                 case 'h':
 985                         arg_action = ACTION_HELP;
 986                         break;
 987
 988                 case 'D':
 989                         log_set_max_level(LOG_DEBUG);
 990                         break;
 991
 992                 case 'b':
 993                 case 's':
 994                 case 'z':
 995                         /* Just to eat away the sysvinit kernel
 996                          * cmdline args without getopt() error
 997                          * messages that we'll parse in
 998                          * parse_proc_cmdline_word() or ignore. */
 999
1000                 case '?':
1001                 default:
1002                         if (getpid() != 1) {
1003                                 log_error("Unknown option code %c", c);
1004                                 return -EINVAL;
1005                         }
1006
1007                         break;
1008                 }
1009
1010         if (optind < argc && getpid() != 1) {
1011                 /* Hmm, when we aren't run as init system
1012                  * let's complain about excess arguments */
1013
1014                 log_error("Excess arguments.");
1015                 return -EINVAL;
1016         }
1017
1018         if (detect_container(NULL) > 0) {
1019                 char **a;
1020
1021                 /* All /proc/cmdline arguments the kernel didn't
1022                  * understand it passed to us. We're not really
1023                  * interested in that usually since /proc/cmdline is
1024                  * more interesting and complete. With one exception:
1025                  * if we are run in a container /proc/cmdline is not
1026                  * relevant for the container, hence we rely on argv[]
1027                  * instead. */
1028
1029                 for (a = argv; a < argv + argc; a++)
1030                         if ((r = parse_proc_cmdline_word(*a)) < 0) {
1031                                 log_error("Failed on cmdline argument %s: %s", *a, strerror(-r));
1032                                 return r;
1033                         }
1034         }
1035
1036         return 0;
1037 }
1038
1039 static int help(void) {
1040
1041         printf("%s [OPTIONS...]\n\n"
1042                "Starts up and maintains the system or user services.\n\n"
1043                "  -h --help                      Show this help\n"
1044                "     --test                      Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit\n"
1045                "     --dump-configuration-items  Dump understood unit configuration items\n"
1046                "     --introspect[=INTERFACE]    Extract D-Bus interface data\n"
1047                "     --unit=UNIT                 Set default unit\n"
1048                "     --system                    Run a system instance, even if PID != 1\n"
1049                "     --user                      Run a user instance\n"
1050                "     --dump-core[=0|1]           Dump core on crash\n"
1051                "     --crash-shell[=0|1]         Run shell on crash\n"
1052                "     --confirm-spawn[=0|1]       Ask for confirmation when spawning processes\n"
1053                "     --show-status[=0|1]         Show status updates on the console during bootup\n"
1054                "     --log-target=TARGET         Set log target (console, journal, syslog, kmsg, journal-or-kmsg, syslog-or-kmsg, null)\n"
1055                "     --log-level=LEVEL           Set log level (debug, info, notice, warning, err, crit, alert, emerg)\n"
1056                "     --log-color[=0|1]           Highlight important log messages\n"
1057                "     --log-location[=0|1]        Include code location in log messages\n"
1058                "     --default-standard-output=  Set default standard output for services\n"
1059                "     --default-standard-error=   Set default standard error output for services\n",
1060                program_invocation_short_name);
1061
1062         return 0;
1063 }
1064
1065 static int version(void) {
1066         puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
1067         puts(DISTRIBUTION);
1068         puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
1069
1070         return 0;
1071 }
1072
1073 static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool serialize_jobs) {
1074         FILE *f = NULL;
1075         FDSet *fds = NULL;
1076         int r;
1077
1078         assert(m);
1079         assert(_f);
1080         assert(_fds);
1081
1082         /* Make sure nothing is really destructed when we shut down */
1083         m->n_reloading ++;
1084
1085         r = manager_open_serialization(m, &f);
1086         if (r < 0) {
1087                 log_error("Failed to create serialization file: %s", strerror(-r));
1088                 goto fail;
1089         }
1090
1091         fds = fdset_new();
1092         if (!fds) {
1093                 r = -ENOMEM;
1094                 log_error("Failed to allocate fd set: %s", strerror(-r));
1095                 goto fail;
1096         }
1097
1098         r = manager_serialize(m, f, fds, serialize_jobs);
1099         if (r < 0) {
1100                 log_error("Failed to serialize state: %s", strerror(-r));
1101                 goto fail;
1102         }
1103
1104         if (fseeko(f, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
1105                 log_error("Failed to rewind serialization fd: %m");
1106                 goto fail;
1107         }
1108
1109         r = fd_cloexec(fileno(f), false);
1110         if (r < 0) {
1111                 log_error("Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization: %s", strerror(-r));
1112                 goto fail;
1113         }
1114
1115         r = fdset_cloexec(fds, false);
1116         if (r < 0) {
1117                 log_error("Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization fds: %s", strerror(-r));
1118                 goto fail;
1119         }
1120
1121         *_f = f;
1122         *_fds = fds;
1123
1124         return 0;
1125
1126 fail:
1127         fdset_free(fds);
1128
1129         if (f)
1130                 fclose(f);
1131
1132         return r;
1133 }
1134
1135 static int bump_rlimit_nofile(struct rlimit *saved_rlimit) {
1136         struct rlimit nl;
1137         int r;
1138
1139         assert(saved_rlimit);
1140
1141         /* Save the original RLIMIT_NOFILE so that we can reset it
1142          * later when transitioning from the initrd to the main
1143          * systemd or suchlike. */
1144         if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, saved_rlimit) < 0) {
1145                 log_error("Reading RLIMIT_NOFILE failed: %m");
1146                 return -errno;
1147         }
1148
1149         /* Make sure forked processes get the default kernel setting */
1150         if (!arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]) {
1151                 struct rlimit *rl;
1152
1153                 rl = newdup(struct rlimit, saved_rlimit, 1);
1154                 if (!rl)
1155                         return log_oom();
1156
1157                 arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE] = rl;
1158         }
1159
1160         /* Bump up the resource limit for ourselves substantially */
1161         nl.rlim_cur = nl.rlim_max = 64*1024;
1162         r = setrlimit_closest(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &nl);
1163         if (r < 0) {
1164                 log_error("Setting RLIMIT_NOFILE failed: %s", strerror(-r));
1165                 return r;
1166         }
1167
1168         return 0;
1169 }
1170
1171 static struct dual_timestamp* parse_initrd_timestamp(struct dual_timestamp *t) {
1172         const char *e;
1173         unsigned long long a, b;
1174
1175         assert(t);
1176
1177         e = getenv("RD_TIMESTAMP");
1178         if (!e)
1179                 return NULL;
1180
1181         if (sscanf(e, "%llu %llu", &a, &b) != 2)
1182                 return NULL;
1183
1184         t->realtime = (usec_t) a;
1185         t->monotonic = (usec_t) b;
1186
1187         return t;
1188 }
1189
1190 static void test_mtab(void) {
1191         char *p;
1192
1193         /* Check that /etc/mtab is a symlink */
1194
1195         if (readlink_malloc("/etc/mtab", &p) >= 0) {
1196                 bool b;
1197
1198                 b = streq(p, "/proc/self/mounts") || streq(p, "/proc/mounts");
1199                 free(p);
1200
1201                 if (b)
1202                         return;
1203         }
1204
1205         log_warning("/etc/mtab is not a symlink or not pointing to /proc/self/mounts. "
1206                     "This is not supported anymore. "
1207                     "Please make sure to replace this file by a symlink to avoid incorrect or misleading mount(8) output.");
1208 }
1209
1210 static void test_usr(void) {
1211
1212         /* Check that /usr is not a separate fs */
1213
1214         if (dir_is_empty("/usr") <= 0)
1215                 return;
1216
1217         log_warning("/usr appears to be on its own filesytem and is not already mounted. This is not a supported setup. "
1218                     "Some things will probably break (sometimes even silently) in mysterious ways. "
1219                     "Consult http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/separate-usr-is-broken for more information.");
1220 }
1221
1222 static void test_cgroups(void) {
1223
1224         if (access("/proc/cgroups", F_OK) >= 0)
1225                 return;
1226
1227         log_warning("CONFIG_CGROUPS was not set when your kernel was compiled. "
1228                     "Systems without control groups are not supported. "
1229                     "We will now sleep for 10s, and then continue boot-up. "
1230                     "Expect breakage and please do not file bugs. "
1231                     "Instead fix your kernel and enable CONFIG_CGROUPS. "
1232                     "Consult http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/cgroups-vs-cgroups.html for more information.");
1233
1234         sleep(10);
1235 }
1236
1237 static int initialize_join_controllers(void) {
1238         /* By default, mount "cpu" + "cpuacct" together, and "net_cls"
1239          * + "net_prio". We'd like to add "cpuset" to the mix, but
1240          * "cpuset" does't really work for groups with no initialized
1241          * attributes. */
1242
1243         arg_join_controllers = new(char**, 3);
1244         if (!arg_join_controllers)
1245                 return -ENOMEM;
1246
1247         arg_join_controllers[0] = strv_new("cpu", "cpuacct", NULL);
1248         if (!arg_join_controllers[0])
1249                 return -ENOMEM;
1250
1251         arg_join_controllers[1] = strv_new("net_cls", "net_prio", NULL);
1252         if (!arg_join_controllers[1])
1253                 return -ENOMEM;
1254
1255         arg_join_controllers[2] = NULL;
1256         return 0;
1257 }
1258
1259 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
1260         Manager *m = NULL;
1261         int r, retval = EXIT_FAILURE;
1262         usec_t before_startup, after_startup;
1263         char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
1264         FDSet *fds = NULL;
1265         bool reexecute = false;
1266         const char *shutdown_verb = NULL;
1267         dual_timestamp initrd_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
1268         static char systemd[] = "systemd";
1269         bool skip_setup = false;
1270         int j;
1271         bool loaded_policy = false;
1272         bool arm_reboot_watchdog = false;
1273         bool queue_default_job = false;
1274         char *switch_root_dir = NULL, *switch_root_init = NULL;
1275         static struct rlimit saved_rlimit_nofile = { 0, 0 };
1276
1277 #ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
1278         if (getpid() != 1 && strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "init")) {
1279                 /* This is compatibility support for SysV, where
1280                  * calling init as a user is identical to telinit. */
1281
1282                 errno = -ENOENT;
1283                 execv(SYSTEMCTL_BINARY_PATH, argv);
1284                 log_error("Failed to exec " SYSTEMCTL_BINARY_PATH ": %m");
1285                 return 1;
1286         }
1287 #endif
1288
1289         /* Determine if this is a reexecution or normal bootup. We do
1290          * the full command line parsing much later, so let's just
1291          * have a quick peek here. */
1292         for (j = 1; j < argc; j++)
1293                 if (streq(argv[j], "--deserialize")) {
1294                         skip_setup = true;
1295                         break;
1296                 }
1297
1298         /* If we have switched root, do all the special setup
1299          * things */
1300         for (j = 1; j < argc; j++)
1301                 if (streq(argv[j], "--switched-root")) {
1302                         skip_setup = false;
1303                         break;
1304                 }
1305
1306         /* If we get started via the /sbin/init symlink then we are
1307            called 'init'. After a subsequent reexecution we are then
1308            called 'systemd'. That is confusing, hence let's call us
1309            systemd right-away. */
1310         program_invocation_short_name = systemd;
1311         prctl(PR_SET_NAME, systemd);
1312
1313         saved_argv = argv;
1314         saved_argc = argc;
1315
1316         log_show_color(isatty(STDERR_FILENO) > 0);
1317
1318         if (getpid() == 1 && detect_container(NULL) <= 0) {
1319
1320                 /* Running outside of a container as PID 1 */
1321                 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
1322                 make_null_stdio();
1323                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_KMSG);
1324                 log_open();
1325
1326                 if (in_initrd()) {
1327                         char *rd_timestamp = NULL;
1328
1329                         dual_timestamp_get(&initrd_timestamp);
1330                         asprintf(&rd_timestamp, "%llu %llu",
1331                                  (unsigned long long) initrd_timestamp.realtime,
1332                                  (unsigned long long) initrd_timestamp.monotonic);
1333                         if (rd_timestamp) {
1334                                 setenv("RD_TIMESTAMP", rd_timestamp, 1);
1335                                 free(rd_timestamp);
1336                         }
1337                 }
1338
1339                 if (!skip_setup) {
1340                         if (selinux_setup(&loaded_policy) < 0)
1341                                 goto finish;
1342                         if (ima_setup() < 0)
1343                                 goto finish;
1344                 }
1345
1346                 if (label_init(NULL) < 0)
1347                         goto finish;
1348
1349                 if (!skip_setup) {
1350                         if (hwclock_is_localtime() > 0) {
1351                                 int min;
1352
1353                                 /* The first-time call to settimeofday() does a time warp in the kernel */
1354                                 r = hwclock_set_timezone(&min);
1355                                 if (r < 0)
1356                                         log_error("Failed to apply local time delta, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
1357                                 else
1358                                         log_info("RTC configured in localtime, applying delta of %i minutes to system time.", min);
1359                         } else if (!in_initrd()) {
1360                                 /*
1361                                  * Do dummy first-time call to seal the kernel's time warp magic
1362                                  *
1363                                  * Do not call this this from inside the initrd. The initrd might not
1364                                  * carry /etc/adjtime with LOCAL, but the real system could be set up
1365                                  * that way. In such case, we need to delay the time-warp or the sealing
1366                                  * until we reach the real system.
1367                                  */
1368                                 hwclock_reset_timezone();
1369
1370                                 /* Tell the kernel our time zone */
1371                                 r = hwclock_set_timezone(NULL);
1372                                 if (r < 0)
1373                                         log_error("Failed to set the kernel's time zone, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
1374                         }
1375                 }
1376
1377                 /* Set the default for later on, but don't actually
1378                  * open the logs like this for now. Note that if we
1379                  * are transitioning from the initrd there might still
1380                  * be journal fd open, and we shouldn't attempt
1381                  * opening that before we parsed /proc/cmdline which
1382                  * might redirect output elsewhere. */
1383                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL_OR_KMSG);
1384
1385         } else if (getpid() == 1) {
1386
1387                 /* Running inside a container, as PID 1 */
1388                 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
1389                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE);
1390                 log_open();
1391
1392                 /* For the later on, see above... */
1393                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL);
1394
1395         } else {
1396
1397                 /* Running as user instance */
1398                 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_USER;
1399                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
1400                 log_open();
1401         }
1402
1403         /* Initialize default unit */
1404         r = set_default_unit(SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
1405         if (r < 0) {
1406                 log_error("Failed to set default unit %s: %s", SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET, strerror(-r));
1407                 goto finish;
1408         }
1409
1410         r = initialize_join_controllers();
1411         if (r < 0)
1412                 goto finish;
1413
1414         /* Mount /proc, /sys and friends, so that /proc/cmdline and
1415          * /proc/$PID/fd is available. */
1416         if (geteuid() == 0 && !getenv("SYSTEMD_SKIP_API_MOUNTS")) {
1417                 r = mount_setup(loaded_policy);
1418                 if (r < 0)
1419                         goto finish;
1420         }
1421
1422         /* Reset all signal handlers. */
1423         assert_se(reset_all_signal_handlers() == 0);
1424
1425         /* If we are init, we can block sigkill. Yay. */
1426         ignore_signals(SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
1427
1428         if (parse_config_file() < 0)
1429                 goto finish;
1430
1431         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
1432                 if (parse_proc_cmdline() < 0)
1433                         goto finish;
1434
1435         log_parse_environment();
1436
1437         if (parse_argv(argc, argv) < 0)
1438                 goto finish;
1439
1440         if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST &&
1441             geteuid() == 0) {
1442                 log_error("Don't run test mode as root.");
1443                 goto finish;
1444         }
1445
1446         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_USER &&
1447             arg_action == ACTION_RUN &&
1448             sd_booted() <= 0) {
1449                 log_error("Trying to run as user instance, but the system has not been booted with systemd.");
1450                 goto finish;
1451         }
1452
1453         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM &&
1454             arg_action == ACTION_RUN &&
1455             running_in_chroot() > 0) {
1456                 log_error("Cannot be run in a chroot() environment.");
1457                 goto finish;
1458         }
1459
1460         if (arg_action == ACTION_HELP) {
1461                 retval = help();
1462                 goto finish;
1463         } else if (arg_action == ACTION_VERSION) {
1464                 retval = version();
1465                 goto finish;
1466         } else if (arg_action == ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS) {
1467                 unit_dump_config_items(stdout);
1468                 retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
1469                 goto finish;
1470         } else if (arg_action == ACTION_DONE) {
1471                 retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
1472                 goto finish;
1473         }
1474
1475         assert_se(arg_action == ACTION_RUN || arg_action == ACTION_TEST);
1476
1477         /* Close logging fds, in order not to confuse fdset below */
1478         log_close();
1479
1480         /* Remember open file descriptors for later deserialization */
1481         r = fdset_new_fill(&fds);
1482         if (r < 0) {
1483                 log_error("Failed to allocate fd set: %s", strerror(-r));
1484                 goto finish;
1485         } else
1486                 fdset_cloexec(fds, true);
1487
1488         if (serialization)
1489                 assert_se(fdset_remove(fds, fileno(serialization)) >= 0);
1490
1491         /* Set up PATH unless it is already set */
1492         setenv("PATH",
1493 #ifdef HAVE_SPLIT_USR
1494                "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
1495 #else
1496                "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin",
1497 #endif
1498                arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM);
1499
1500         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
1501                 /* Parse the data passed to us. We leave this
1502                  * variables set, but the manager later on will not
1503                  * pass them on to our children. */
1504                 if (!in_initrd())
1505                         parse_initrd_timestamp(&initrd_timestamp);
1506
1507                 /* Unset some environment variables passed in from the
1508                  * kernel that don't really make sense for us. */
1509                 unsetenv("HOME");
1510                 unsetenv("TERM");
1511
1512                 /* When we are invoked by a shell, these might be set,
1513                  * but make little sense to pass on */
1514                 unsetenv("PWD");
1515                 unsetenv("SHLVL");
1516                 unsetenv("_");
1517
1518                 /* When we are invoked by a chroot-like tool such as
1519                  * nspawn, these might be set, but make little sense
1520                  * to pass on */
1521                 unsetenv("USER");
1522                 unsetenv("LOGNAME");
1523
1524                 /* We suppress the socket activation env vars, as
1525                  * we'll try to match *any* open fd to units if
1526                  * possible. */
1527                 unsetenv("LISTEN_FDS");
1528                 unsetenv("LISTEN_PID");
1529
1530                 /* All other variables are left as is, so that clients
1531                  * can still read them via /proc/1/environ */
1532         }
1533
1534         /* Move out of the way, so that we won't block unmounts */
1535         assert_se(chdir("/")  == 0);
1536
1537         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
1538                 /* Become a session leader if we aren't one yet. */
1539                 setsid();
1540
1541                 /* Disable the umask logic */
1542                 umask(0);
1543         }
1544
1545         /* Make sure D-Bus doesn't fiddle with the SIGPIPE handlers */
1546         dbus_connection_set_change_sigpipe(FALSE);
1547
1548         /* Reset the console, but only if this is really init and we
1549          * are freshly booted */
1550         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && arg_action == ACTION_RUN)
1551                 console_setup(getpid() == 1 && !skip_setup);
1552
1553         /* Open the logging devices, if possible and necessary */
1554         log_open();
1555
1556         /* Make sure we leave a core dump without panicing the
1557          * kernel. */
1558         if (getpid() == 1)
1559                 install_crash_handler();
1560
1561         if (geteuid() == 0 && !getenv("SYSTEMD_SKIP_API_MOUNTS")) {
1562                 r = mount_cgroup_controllers(arg_join_controllers);
1563                 if (r < 0)
1564                         goto finish;
1565         }
1566
1567         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
1568                 const char *virtualization = NULL;
1569
1570                 log_info(PACKAGE_STRING " running in system mode. (" SYSTEMD_FEATURES "; " DISTRIBUTION ")");
1571
1572                 detect_virtualization(&virtualization);
1573                 if (virtualization)
1574                         log_info("Detected virtualization '%s'.", virtualization);
1575
1576                 if (in_initrd())
1577                         log_info("Running in initial RAM disk.");
1578
1579         } else
1580                 log_debug(PACKAGE_STRING " running in user mode. (" SYSTEMD_FEATURES "; " DISTRIBUTION ")");
1581
1582         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && !skip_setup) {
1583                 locale_setup();
1584
1585                 if (arg_show_status || plymouth_running())
1586                         status_welcome();
1587
1588 #ifdef HAVE_KMOD
1589                 kmod_setup();
1590 #endif
1591                 hostname_setup();
1592                 machine_id_setup();
1593                 loopback_setup();
1594
1595                 test_mtab();
1596                 test_usr();
1597                 test_cgroups();
1598         }
1599
1600         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && arg_runtime_watchdog > 0)
1601                 watchdog_set_timeout(&arg_runtime_watchdog);
1602
1603         if (arg_timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
1604                 if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, arg_timer_slack_nsec) < 0)
1605                         log_error("Failed to adjust timer slack: %m");
1606
1607         if (arg_capability_bounding_set_drop) {
1608                 r = capability_bounding_set_drop(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop, true);
1609                 if (r < 0) {
1610                         log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set: %s", strerror(-r));
1611                         goto finish;
1612                 }
1613                 r = capability_bounding_set_drop_usermode(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop);
1614                 if (r < 0) {
1615                         log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set of usermode helpers: %s", strerror(-r));
1616                         goto finish;
1617                 }
1618         }
1619
1620         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_USER) {
1621                 /* Become reaper of our children */
1622                 if (prctl(PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER, 1) < 0) {
1623                         log_warning("Failed to make us a subreaper: %m");
1624                         if (errno == EINVAL)
1625                                 log_info("Perhaps the kernel version is too old (< 3.4?)");
1626                 }
1627         }
1628
1629         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
1630                 bump_rlimit_nofile(&saved_rlimit_nofile);
1631
1632         r = manager_new(arg_running_as, &m);
1633         if (r < 0) {
1634                 log_error("Failed to allocate manager object: %s", strerror(-r));
1635                 goto finish;
1636         }
1637
1638         m->confirm_spawn = arg_confirm_spawn;
1639         m->default_std_output = arg_default_std_output;
1640         m->default_std_error = arg_default_std_error;
1641         m->runtime_watchdog = arg_runtime_watchdog;
1642         m->shutdown_watchdog = arg_shutdown_watchdog;
1643
1644         manager_set_default_rlimits(m, arg_default_rlimit);
1645
1646         if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&initrd_timestamp))
1647                 m->initrd_timestamp = initrd_timestamp;
1648
1649         if (arg_default_controllers)
1650                 manager_set_default_controllers(m, arg_default_controllers);
1651
1652         manager_set_show_status(m, arg_show_status);
1653
1654         /* Remember whether we should queue the default job */
1655         queue_default_job = !serialization || arg_switched_root;
1656
1657         before_startup = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
1658
1659         r = manager_startup(m, serialization, fds);
1660         if (r < 0)
1661                 log_error("Failed to fully start up daemon: %s", strerror(-r));
1662
1663         /* This will close all file descriptors that were opened, but
1664          * not claimed by any unit. */
1665         fdset_free(fds);
1666
1667         if (serialization) {
1668                 fclose(serialization);
1669                 serialization = NULL;
1670         }
1671
1672         if (queue_default_job) {
1673                 DBusError error;
1674                 Unit *target = NULL;
1675                 Job *default_unit_job;
1676
1677                 dbus_error_init(&error);
1678
1679                 log_debug("Activating default unit: %s", arg_default_unit);
1680
1681                 r = manager_load_unit(m, arg_default_unit, NULL, &error, &target);
1682                 if (r < 0) {
1683                         log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
1684                         dbus_error_free(&error);
1685                 } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR)
1686                         log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", strerror(-target->load_error));
1687                 else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED)
1688                         log_error("Default target masked.");
1689
1690                 if (!target || target->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
1691                         log_info("Trying to load rescue target...");
1692
1693                         r = manager_load_unit(m, SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET, NULL, &error, &target);
1694                         if (r < 0) {
1695                                 log_error("Failed to load rescue target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
1696                                 dbus_error_free(&error);
1697                                 goto finish;
1698                         } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR) {
1699                                 log_error("Failed to load rescue target: %s", strerror(-target->load_error));
1700                                 goto finish;
1701                         } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED) {
1702                                 log_error("Rescue target masked.");
1703                                 goto finish;
1704                         }
1705                 }
1706
1707                 assert(target->load_state == UNIT_LOADED);
1708
1709                 if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST) {
1710                         printf("-> By units:\n");
1711                         manager_dump_units(m, stdout, "\t");
1712                 }
1713
1714                 r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, target, JOB_REPLACE, false, &error, &default_unit_job);
1715                 if (r < 0) {
1716                         log_error("Failed to start default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
1717                         dbus_error_free(&error);
1718                         goto finish;
1719                 }
1720                 m->default_unit_job_id = default_unit_job->id;
1721
1722                 after_startup = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
1723                 log_full(arg_action == ACTION_TEST ? LOG_INFO : LOG_DEBUG,
1724                          "Loaded units and determined initial transaction in %s.",
1725                           format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_startup - before_startup));
1726
1727                 if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST) {
1728                         printf("-> By jobs:\n");
1729                         manager_dump_jobs(m, stdout, "\t");
1730                         retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
1731                         goto finish;
1732                 }
1733         }
1734
1735         for (;;) {
1736                 r = manager_loop(m);
1737                 if (r < 0) {
1738                         log_error("Failed to run mainloop: %s", strerror(-r));
1739                         goto finish;
1740                 }
1741
1742                 switch (m->exit_code) {
1743
1744                 case MANAGER_EXIT:
1745                         retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
1746                         log_debug("Exit.");
1747                         goto finish;
1748
1749                 case MANAGER_RELOAD:
1750                         log_info("Reloading.");
1751                         r = manager_reload(m);
1752                         if (r < 0)
1753                                 log_error("Failed to reload: %s", strerror(-r));
1754                         break;
1755
1756                 case MANAGER_REEXECUTE:
1757
1758                         if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, true) < 0)
1759                                 goto finish;
1760
1761                         reexecute = true;
1762                         log_notice("Reexecuting.");
1763                         goto finish;
1764
1765                 case MANAGER_SWITCH_ROOT:
1766                         /* Steal the switch root parameters */
1767                         switch_root_dir = m->switch_root;
1768                         switch_root_init = m->switch_root_init;
1769                         m->switch_root = m->switch_root_init = NULL;
1770
1771                         if (!switch_root_init)
1772                                 if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, false) < 0)
1773                                         goto finish;
1774
1775                         reexecute = true;
1776                         log_notice("Switching root.");
1777                         goto finish;
1778
1779                 case MANAGER_REBOOT:
1780                 case MANAGER_POWEROFF:
1781                 case MANAGER_HALT:
1782                 case MANAGER_KEXEC: {
1783                         static const char * const table[_MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_MAX] = {
1784                                 [MANAGER_REBOOT] = "reboot",
1785                                 [MANAGER_POWEROFF] = "poweroff",
1786                                 [MANAGER_HALT] = "halt",
1787                                 [MANAGER_KEXEC] = "kexec"
1788                         };
1789
1790                         assert_se(shutdown_verb = table[m->exit_code]);
1791                         arm_reboot_watchdog = m->exit_code == MANAGER_REBOOT;
1792
1793                         log_notice("Shutting down.");
1794                         goto finish;
1795                 }
1796
1797                 default:
1798                         assert_not_reached("Unknown exit code.");
1799                 }
1800         }
1801
1802 finish:
1803         if (m)
1804                 manager_free(m);
1805
1806         for (j = 0; j < RLIMIT_NLIMITS; j++)
1807                 free(arg_default_rlimit[j]);
1808
1809         free(arg_default_unit);
1810         strv_free(arg_default_controllers);
1811         free_join_controllers();
1812
1813         dbus_shutdown();
1814         label_finish();
1815
1816         if (reexecute) {
1817                 const char **args;
1818                 unsigned i, args_size;
1819
1820                 /* Close and disarm the watchdog, so that the new
1821                  * instance can reinitialize it, but doesn't get
1822                  * rebooted while we do that */
1823                 watchdog_close(true);
1824
1825                 /* Reset the RLIMIT_NOFILE to the kernel default, so
1826                  * that the new systemd can pass the kernel default to
1827                  * its child processes */
1828                 if (saved_rlimit_nofile.rlim_cur > 0)
1829                         setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &saved_rlimit_nofile);
1830
1831                 if (switch_root_dir) {
1832                         /* Kill all remaining processes from the
1833                          * initrd, but don't wait for them, so that we
1834                          * can handle the SIGCHLD for them after
1835                          * deserializing. */
1836                         broadcast_signal(SIGTERM, false);
1837
1838                         /* And switch root */
1839                         r = switch_root(switch_root_dir);
1840                         if (r < 0)
1841                                 log_error("Failed to switch root, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
1842                 }
1843
1844                 args_size = MAX(6, argc+1);
1845                 args = newa(const char*, args_size);
1846
1847                 if (!switch_root_init) {
1848                         char sfd[16];
1849
1850                         /* First try to spawn ourselves with the right
1851                          * path, and with full serialization. We do
1852                          * this only if the user didn't specify an
1853                          * explicit init to spawn. */
1854
1855                         assert(serialization);
1856                         assert(fds);
1857
1858                         snprintf(sfd, sizeof(sfd), "%i", fileno(serialization));
1859                         char_array_0(sfd);
1860
1861                         i = 0;
1862                         args[i++] = SYSTEMD_BINARY_PATH;
1863                         if (switch_root_dir)
1864                                 args[i++] = "--switched-root";
1865                         args[i++] = arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? "--system" : "--user";
1866                         args[i++] = "--deserialize";
1867                         args[i++] = sfd;
1868                         args[i++] = NULL;
1869
1870                         assert(i <= args_size);
1871                         execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
1872                 }
1873
1874                 /* Try the fallback, if there is any, without any
1875                  * serialization. We pass the original argv[] and
1876                  * envp[]. (Well, modulo the ordering changes due to
1877                  * getopt() in argv[], and some cleanups in envp[],
1878                  * but let's hope that doesn't matter.) */
1879
1880                 if (serialization) {
1881                         fclose(serialization);
1882                         serialization = NULL;
1883                 }
1884
1885                 if (fds) {
1886                         fdset_free(fds);
1887                         fds = NULL;
1888                 }
1889
1890                 /* Reopen the console */
1891                 make_console_stdio();
1892
1893                 for (j = 1, i = 1; j < argc; j++)
1894                         args[i++] = argv[j];
1895                 args[i++] = NULL;
1896                 assert(i <= args_size);
1897
1898                 if (switch_root_init) {
1899                         args[0] = switch_root_init;
1900                         execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
1901                         log_warning("Failed to execute configured init, trying fallback: %m");
1902                 }
1903
1904                 args[0] = "/sbin/init";
1905                 execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
1906
1907                 if (errno == ENOENT) {
1908                         log_warning("No /sbin/init, trying fallback");
1909
1910                         args[0] = "/bin/sh";
1911                         args[1] = NULL;
1912                         execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
1913                         log_error("Failed to execute /bin/sh, giving up: %m");
1914                 } else
1915                         log_warning("Failed to execute /sbin/init, giving up: %m");
1916         }
1917
1918         if (serialization)
1919                 fclose(serialization);
1920
1921         if (fds)
1922                 fdset_free(fds);
1923
1924         if (shutdown_verb) {
1925                 const char * command_line[] = {
1926                         SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH,
1927                         shutdown_verb,
1928                         NULL
1929                 };
1930                 char **env_block;
1931
1932                 if (arm_reboot_watchdog && arg_shutdown_watchdog > 0) {
1933                         char e[32];
1934
1935                         /* If we reboot let's set the shutdown
1936                          * watchdog and tell the shutdown binary to
1937                          * repeatedly ping it */
1938                         watchdog_set_timeout(&arg_shutdown_watchdog);
1939                         watchdog_close(false);
1940
1941                         /* Tell the binary how often to ping */
1942                         snprintf(e, sizeof(e), "WATCHDOG_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) arg_shutdown_watchdog);
1943                         char_array_0(e);
1944
1945                         env_block = strv_append(environ, e);
1946                 } else {
1947                         env_block = strv_copy(environ);
1948                         watchdog_close(true);
1949                 }
1950
1951                 execve(SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH, (char **) command_line, env_block);
1952                 free(env_block);
1953                 log_error("Failed to execute shutdown binary, freezing: %m");
1954         }
1955
1956         if (getpid() == 1)
1957                 freeze();
1958
1959         return retval;
1960 }