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"Tempo, dynamic marks, ornaments, etc."
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<H1>
TEMPO, DYNAMIC MARKS, ORNAMENTS, ETC.
</H1>
<H2>
General information
</H2>
<P>
There are a number of symbols and other markings that appear frequently
in music, which are normally associated with a particular time or place in the
composition. There are several classes of such symbols, all of which are
handled by Mup in a somewhat similar fashion. The general format of these
statements is:
<BR><PRE>
<I>mark_type place staff(s) distance : begintime text duration;</I>
</PRE><BR>
</P>
<P>
The <I>mark_type</I> can be any of the following:
<PRE>
Mark_type        Meaning

rom        text in roman font
ital       text in italic font
bold       text in bold font
boldital   text in bold-italic font
mussym     music symbol (fermata, coda sign, etc.)
phrase     phrase mark
&lt;          crescendo &quot;hairpin&quot;
&gt;          decrescendo &quot;hairpin&quot;
octave     play 1 or more octaves higher or lower
pedal      piano pedal marks
</PRE>
</P>
<P>
The <I>place</I> is as for
<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics:</A>
above, below, or between.
There are some restrictions, as summarized below:
<PRE>
                       place allowed
mark_type   above   below   between   default

rom          yes     yes      yes      above
bold         yes     yes      yes      above
ital         yes     yes      yes      above
boldital     yes     yes      yes      above
mussym       yes     yes      yes      above
phrase       yes     yes       no     varies
&lt;            yes     yes      yes      above
&gt;            yes     yes      yes      above
octave       yes     yes       no       none
pedal         no     yes       no      below
</PRE>
</P>
<P>
<A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A>
must include a <I>place</I> of above or below.
For all the other mark_types, the <I>place</I> is optional. For
<A HREF="phrase.html">phrase,</A>
if <I>place</I> is not specified, Mup determines it
on a case-by-case basis depending on the location of the notes. 
</P>
<P>
As with musical data or lyrics, the <I>staff</I> can be a single
number or may include lists and ranges. In the case of &quot;between&quot;,
staff numbers must be in pairs, separated by an &quot;&amp;&quot;, with the second
staff number one greater than the first.
</P>
<P>
The <I>staff</I> can also be specified by the keyword &quot;all,&quot; in which
case the mark will be placed above the top visible staff or below the
bottom visible staff. 
</P>
<P>
Here are some examples:
<BR><PRE>
rom 3:
boldital below 1:
&lt; between 3&amp;4:
pedal below 2:
octave above 3:
phrase 3,4:
mussym above 2-3, 5:
ital between 1&amp;2, 3&amp;4:
</PRE><BR>
</P>
<P>
<A NAME="dist">The</A>
<I>distance</I> is optional. It is specified by the keyword &quot;dist&quot; followed
by a number. This number overrides the
<A HREF="param.html#dist">dist,</A>
<A HREF="param.html#chdist">chorddist,</A>
or
<A HREF="param.html#dyndist">dyndist</A>
parameter value that would normally apply, and is given in stepsizes.
If the number is followed by a ! the items will be placed at exactly that
distance from the edge of the staff,
without regard for anything they might overwrite.
Otherwise the normal rules apply: the dist is a minimum value, and items
may be placed farther away than this to avoid colliding with other things.
If the ! is used, the number is allowed to be negative,
which allows you to place items inside the staff.
A dist cannot be specified with pedal, phrase, or between.
<BR><PRE>
score
	dist=2
music

rom above 1: 1 &quot;normal dist&quot;;
rom above 1 dist 4: 2 &quot;dist 4&quot;;		// higher than usual
rom above 1 dist 0! : 3 &quot;forced 0&quot;;	// lower than normal
mussym above 1 dist -2! : 4.5 &quot;rr&quot;;	// forced down into staff
1: c;;;;
endbar
</PRE><BR>
<IMG SRC="mugex67.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
</P>
<P>
After the colon comes one or more items to be printed. Each item contains
at least a begintime specification. Some may also contain a
<A HREF="textstr.html">text string</A>
and/or
a duration. Each item ends with a semicolon. A newline ends the list of items.
</P>
<P>
The begintime describes where in time the item should be printed. It is
a number ranging from 0 to the numerator (top number)
of the
<A HREF="param.html#time">time signature</A>
plus one.
0 refers to the bar line at the beginning of the current measure, 1 refers
to the first beat of the measure, 2 to the second beat, etc., with the
maximum value referring to the bar line which ends the measure. A &quot;beat&quot;
is whatever time value is given by the denominator (bottom number)
of the time signature.
For example, in 4/4 or 3/4 time, a beat is a quarter note, whereas in 6/8
or 9/8 time, a beat is an eighth note. Fractional values can be specified
using a decimal number. Thus 1.5 is halfway between beats 1 and 2,
while 2.66 is about 2/3 of the way between beats 2 and 3.
For
<A HREF="param.html#time">time signatures</A>
that are the addition of two or more fractions, like 4/4 + 3/8,
a &quot;beat&quot; is given by the largest denominator.
</P>
<P>
Since grace notes effectively take zero time, special notation is used
to place something relative to a grace note. The <I>begintime</I> can be
followed by a number of grace notes to &quot;back up&quot; from the beat.
The number is a negative number enclosed in parentheses.
</P>
<P>
The beat time value can optionally be followed by
<A NAME="stepoff">an offset, in stepsizes.</A>
This offset is a number in square brackets.
The number must begin with a + or - sign.
It can optionally include a decimal point and fractional part.
A negative offset will cause the item to
be moved to the left, while a positive offset will cause it
to be moved to the right.
This offset is used as a final adjustment after all the other placement
has been done. A common use for this would be if you want to place something
slightly before the beginning of the first measure of a song. You could
then specify something like:
<BR><PRE>
rom above all: 0 [-3.5] &quot;Allegro&quot;;
</PRE><BR>
which would place the &quot;Allegro&quot; 3.5 stepsizes left of the beginning
of the measure.
</P>
<P>
The grace note back up, if any, must occur before the
stepsize offset, if any.
For example:
<BR><PRE>
1: c; [grace] 8d; []e; []f; 2.g;
ital above 1: 2(-3)[+1] &quot;cresc.&quot;;
bar
</PRE><BR>
<IMG SRC="mugex68.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
would find the chord at or closest to count 2,
and back up 3 grace notes from there, then move right by 1 stepsize.
</P>
<P>
For items that include a duration, the duration tells the ending point of
the item. A duration is specified by:
<BR><PRE>
<B>til</B> <I>M</I><B>m</B> + <I>N</I>
</PRE><BR>
where <I>M</I> is a number of
<A HREF="bars.html">bar lines</A>
to cross, and <I>N</I> is a number of additional beats.
If either of them is 0, it can be omitted,
but at least one of them must be non-zero.
Here are some examples:
<BR><PRE>
til 3	// until beat 3 of current measure
til 1m+2   // until beat 2 of next measure
til 1m   // until next bar line
</PRE><BR>
</P>
<P>
Whether the text and duration are allowed or required depends on the mark_type,
as summarized below:
<PRE>
mark_type    text            duration

rom        required          optional
bold       required          optional
ital       required          optional
boldital   required          optional
mussym     required      allowed on tr only
phrase    not allowed        required
&lt;         not allowed        required
&gt;         not allowed        required
octave     required          optional
pedal     * or nothing     not allowed
</PRE>
</P>
<P>
If there are several items, such that they have to be stacked on top
of each other, all items of a particular class are placed from top to bottom
according to input order. The classes are done in the order
shown in the table below, unless the order is overridden by
the
<A HREF="param.html#aboveord">aboveorder,</A>
<A HREF="param.html#beloword">beloworder,</A>
or
<A HREF="param.html#betwnord">betweenorder</A>
parameters.
<PRE>
above	(from bottom up)
   phrase
   mussym
   octave
   rom bold ital boldital &lt; &gt;
   lyrics
   endings
   rehearsal marks

below	(from top down)
   phrase
   mussym
   octave
   rom bold ital boldital &lt; &gt;
   lyrics
   pedal

between	(from bottom up)
   mussym
   rom bold ital boldital &lt; &gt;
   lyrics
</PRE>
</P>
<P>
For example, for the above items, all phrases will be placed as close to the
staff as possible, then mussym items above them, then octave marks above
them, etc. However, if there are several mussym items that belong at the
same horizontal position, the first one entered in the input will be printed
above the second, the second one entered will be printed above the third, etc.
All of the &quot;above all&quot; items of a given class will be above the
items of that class for the top visible staff,
and all &quot;below all&quot; items of a given class will be below the
items of that class for the bottom visible staff.
<BR>
<A HREF="textmark.html">Text</A>
<BR>
<A HREF="mussym.html">Music symbols</A>
<BR>
<A HREF="phrase.html">Phrase marks</A>
<BR>
<A HREF="cres.html">Crescendo and decrescendo marks</A>
<BR>
<A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A>
<BR>
<A HREF="pedal.html">Piano pedal marks</A>
<BR>
<A HREF="roll.html">Rolls</A>
</P>
<HR><P>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<A HREF="textstr.html">&lt;-- previous page</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<A HREF="textmark.html">next page --&gt;</A>
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Commit	Line	Data
69695f33 MW	1	<HTML>
	2	<HEAD><TITLE>
	3	"Tempo, dynamic marks, ornaments, etc."
	4	</TITLE></HEAD>
	5	<BODY>
	6	<P>
	7	<A HREF="textstr.html"><-- previous page</A>
	8
	9	<A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A>    <A HREF="textmark.html">next page --></A>
	10	</P>
	11
	12	<H1>
	13	TEMPO, DYNAMIC MARKS, ORNAMENTS, ETC.
	14	</H1>
	15	<H2>
	16	General information
	17	</H2>
	18	<P>
	19	There are a number of symbols and other markings that appear frequently
	20	in music, which are normally associated with a particular time or place in the
	21	composition. There are several classes of such symbols, all of which are
	22	handled by Mup in a somewhat similar fashion. The general format of these
	23	statements is:
	24	<BR><PRE>
	25	<I>mark_type place staff(s) distance : begintime text duration;</I>
	26	</PRE><BR>
	27	</P>
	28	<P>
	29	The <I>mark_type</I> can be any of the following:
	30	<PRE>
	31	Mark_type Meaning
	32
	33	rom text in roman font
	34	ital text in italic font
	35	bold text in bold font
	36	boldital text in bold-italic font
	37	mussym music symbol (fermata, coda sign, etc.)
	38	phrase phrase mark
	39	< crescendo "hairpin"
	40	> decrescendo "hairpin"
	41	octave play 1 or more octaves higher or lower
	42	pedal piano pedal marks
	43	</PRE>
	44	</P>
	45	<P>
	46	The <I>place</I> is as for
	47	<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics:</A>
	48	above, below, or between.
	49	There are some restrictions, as summarized below:
	50	<PRE>
	51	place allowed
	52	mark_type above below between default
	53
	54	rom yes yes yes above
	55	bold yes yes yes above
	56	ital yes yes yes above
	57	boldital yes yes yes above
	58	mussym yes yes yes above
	59	phrase yes yes no varies
	60	< yes yes yes above
	61	> yes yes yes above
	62	octave yes yes no none
	63	pedal no yes no below
	64	</PRE>
65	</P>
66	<P>
67	<A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A>
68	must include a <I>place</I> of above or below.
69	For all the other mark_types, the <I>place</I> is optional. For
70	<A HREF="phrase.html">phrase,</A>
71	if <I>place</I> is not specified, Mup determines it
72	on a case-by-case basis depending on the location of the notes.
73	</P>
74	<P>
75	As with musical data or lyrics, the <I>staff</I> can be a single
76	number or may include lists and ranges. In the case of "between",
77	staff numbers must be in pairs, separated by an "&", with the second
78	staff number one greater than the first.
79	</P>
80	<P>
81	The <I>staff</I> can also be specified by the keyword "all," in which
82	case the mark will be placed above the top visible staff or below the
83	bottom visible staff.
84	</P>
85	<P>
86	Here are some examples:
87	<BR><PRE>
88	rom 3:
89	boldital below 1:
90	< between 3&4:
91	pedal below 2:
92	octave above 3:
93	phrase 3,4:
94	mussym above 2-3, 5:
95	ital between 1&2, 3&4:
96	</PRE><BR>
97	</P>
98	<P>
99	<A NAME="dist">The</A>
100	<I>distance</I> is optional. It is specified by the keyword "dist" followed
101	by a number. This number overrides the
102	<A HREF="param.html#dist">dist,</A>
103	<A HREF="param.html#chdist">chorddist,</A>
104	or
105	<A HREF="param.html#dyndist">dyndist</A>
106	parameter value that would normally apply, and is given in stepsizes.
107	If the number is followed by a ! the items will be placed at exactly that
108	distance from the edge of the staff,
109	without regard for anything they might overwrite.
110	Otherwise the normal rules apply: the dist is a minimum value, and items
111	may be placed farther away than this to avoid colliding with other things.
112	If the ! is used, the number is allowed to be negative,
113	which allows you to place items inside the staff.
114	A dist cannot be specified with pedal, phrase, or between.
115	<BR><PRE>
116	score
117	dist=2
118	music
119
120	rom above 1: 1 "normal dist";
121	rom above 1 dist 4: 2 "dist 4"; // higher than usual
122	rom above 1 dist 0! : 3 "forced 0"; // lower than normal
123	mussym above 1 dist -2! : 4.5 "rr"; // forced down into staff
124	1: c;;;;
125	endbar
126	</PRE><BR>
127	<IMG SRC="mugex67.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
128	</P>
129	<P>
130	After the colon comes one or more items to be printed. Each item contains
131	at least a begintime specification. Some may also contain a
132	<A HREF="textstr.html">text string</A>
133	and/or
134	a duration. Each item ends with a semicolon. A newline ends the list of items.
135	</P>
136	<P>
137	The begintime describes where in time the item should be printed. It is
138	a number ranging from 0 to the numerator (top number)
139	of the
140	<A HREF="param.html#time">time signature</A>
141	plus one.
142	0 refers to the bar line at the beginning of the current measure, 1 refers
143	to the first beat of the measure, 2 to the second beat, etc., with the
144	maximum value referring to the bar line which ends the measure. A "beat"
145	is whatever time value is given by the denominator (bottom number)
146	of the time signature.
147	For example, in 4/4 or 3/4 time, a beat is a quarter note, whereas in 6/8
148	or 9/8 time, a beat is an eighth note. Fractional values can be specified
149	using a decimal number. Thus 1.5 is halfway between beats 1 and 2,
150	while 2.66 is about 2/3 of the way between beats 2 and 3.
151	For
152	<A HREF="param.html#time">time signatures</A>
153	that are the addition of two or more fractions, like 4/4 + 3/8,
154	a "beat" is given by the largest denominator.
155	</P>
156	<P>
157	Since grace notes effectively take zero time, special notation is used
158	to place something relative to a grace note. The <I>begintime</I> can be
159	followed by a number of grace notes to "back up" from the beat.
160	The number is a negative number enclosed in parentheses.
161	</P>
162	<P>
163	The beat time value can optionally be followed by
164	<A NAME="stepoff">an offset, in stepsizes.</A>
165	This offset is a number in square brackets.
166	The number must begin with a + or - sign.
167	It can optionally include a decimal point and fractional part.
168	A negative offset will cause the item to
169	be moved to the left, while a positive offset will cause it
170	to be moved to the right.
171	This offset is used as a final adjustment after all the other placement
172	has been done. A common use for this would be if you want to place something
173	slightly before the beginning of the first measure of a song. You could
174	then specify something like:
175	<BR><PRE>
176	rom above all: 0 [-3.5] "Allegro";
177	</PRE><BR>
178	which would place the "Allegro" 3.5 stepsizes left of the beginning
179	of the measure.
180	</P>
181	<P>
182	The grace note back up, if any, must occur before the
183	stepsize offset, if any.
184	For example:
185	<BR><PRE>
186	1: c; [grace] 8d; []e; []f; 2.g;
187	ital above 1: 2(-3)[+1] "cresc.";
188	bar
189	</PRE><BR>
190	<IMG SRC="mugex68.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
191	would find the chord at or closest to count 2,
192	and back up 3 grace notes from there, then move right by 1 stepsize.
193	</P>
194	<P>
195	For items that include a duration, the duration tells the ending point of
196	the item. A duration is specified by:
197	<BR><PRE>
198	<B>til</B> <I>M</I><B>m</B> + <I>N</I>
199	</PRE><BR>
200	where <I>M</I> is a number of
201	<A HREF="bars.html">bar lines</A>
202	to cross, and <I>N</I> is a number of additional beats.
203	If either of them is 0, it can be omitted,
204	but at least one of them must be non-zero.
205	Here are some examples:
206	<BR><PRE>
207	til 3 // until beat 3 of current measure
208	til 1m+2 // until beat 2 of next measure
209	til 1m // until next bar line
210	</PRE><BR>
211	</P>
212	<P>
213	Whether the text and duration are allowed or required depends on the mark_type,
214	as summarized below:
215	<PRE>
216	mark_type text duration
217
218	rom required optional
219	bold required optional
220	ital required optional
221	boldital required optional
222	mussym required allowed on tr only
223	phrase not allowed required
224	< not allowed required
225	> not allowed required
226	octave required optional
227	pedal * or nothing not allowed
228	</PRE>
229	</P>
230	<P>
231	If there are several items, such that they have to be stacked on top
232	of each other, all items of a particular class are placed from top to bottom
233	according to input order. The classes are done in the order
234	shown in the table below, unless the order is overridden by
235	the
236	<A HREF="param.html#aboveord">aboveorder,</A>
237	<A HREF="param.html#beloword">beloworder,</A>
238	or
239	<A HREF="param.html#betwnord">betweenorder</A>
240	parameters.
241	<PRE>
242	above (from bottom up)
243	phrase
244	mussym
245	octave
246	rom bold ital boldital < >
247	lyrics
248	endings
249	rehearsal marks
250
251	below (from top down)
252	phrase
253	mussym
254	octave
255	rom bold ital boldital < >
256	lyrics
257	pedal
258
259	between (from bottom up)
260	mussym
261	rom bold ital boldital < >
262	lyrics
263	</PRE>
264	</P>
265	<P>
266	For example, for the above items, all phrases will be placed as close to the
267	staff as possible, then mussym items above them, then octave marks above
268	them, etc. However, if there are several mussym items that belong at the
269	same horizontal position, the first one entered in the input will be printed
270	above the second, the second one entered will be printed above the third, etc.
271	All of the "above all" items of a given class will be above the
272	items of that class for the top visible staff,
273	and all "below all" items of a given class will be below the
274	items of that class for the bottom visible staff.
275	<BR>
276	<A HREF="textmark.html">Text</A>
277	<BR>
278	<A HREF="mussym.html">Music symbols</A>
279	<BR>
280	<A HREF="phrase.html">Phrase marks</A>
281	<BR>
282	<A HREF="cres.html">Crescendo and decrescendo marks</A>
283	<BR>
284	<A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A>
285	<BR>
286	<A HREF="pedal.html">Piano pedal marks</A>
287	<BR>
288	<A HREF="roll.html">Rolls</A>
289	</P>
290	<HR><P>
291	<A HREF="textstr.html"><-- previous page</A>     <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A>    <A HREF="textmark.html">next page --></A>
292	</P>
293	</BODY></HTML>