Add cyclic group abstraction, with test code. Separate off exponentation

[catacomb] / mpmont.h

/* -*-c-*-
 *
 * $Id: mpmont.h,v 1.7 2004/04/01 12:50:09 mdw Exp $
 *
 * Montgomery reduction
 *
 * (c) 1999 Straylight/Edgeware
 */

/*----- Licensing notice --------------------------------------------------* 
 *
 * This file is part of Catacomb.
 *
 * Catacomb is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
 * License, or (at your option) any later version.
 * 
 * Catacomb is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU Library General Public License for more details.
 * 
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
 * License along with Catacomb; if not, write to the Free
 * Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
 * MA 02111-1307, USA.
 */

/*----- Revision history --------------------------------------------------* 
 *
 * $Log: mpmont.h,v $
 * Revision 1.7  2004/04/01 12:50:09  mdw
 * Add cyclic group abstraction, with test code.  Separate off exponentation
 * functions for better static linking.  Fix a buttload of bugs on the way.
 * Generally ensure that negative exponents do inversion correctly.  Add
 * table of standard prime-field subgroups.  (Binary field subgroups are
 * currently unimplemented but easy to add if anyone ever finds a good one.)
 *
 * Revision 1.6  2002/01/13 13:49:25  mdw
 * Make @const@-correct.
 *
 * Revision 1.5  2001/06/16 13:00:04  mdw
 * Moved @mpmont_factor@ to <mp.h>.  Documented interface change to
 * @mpmont_expr@ and @mpmont_mexpr@ -- the arguments are now in Montgomery
 * form.
 *
 * Revision 1.4  1999/12/11 01:51:14  mdw
 * Use a Karatsuba-based reduction for large moduli.
 *
 * Revision 1.3  1999/12/10 23:29:48  mdw
 * Change header file guard names.
 *
 * Revision 1.2  1999/11/19 13:17:43  mdw
 * Add extra interface to exponentiation which returns a Montgomerized
 * result.  Add simultaneous exponentiation interface.
 *
 * Revision 1.1  1999/11/17 18:02:16  mdw
 * New multiprecision integer arithmetic suite.
 *
 */

#ifndef CATACOMB_MPMONT_H
#define CATACOMB_MPMONT_H

#ifdef __cplusplus
  extern "C" {
#endif

/*----- Header files ------------------------------------------------------*/

#ifndef CATACOMB_MP_H
#  include "mp.h"
#endif

/*----- Notes on Montgomery reduction -------------------------------------*
 *
 * Given a little bit of precomputation, Montgomery reduction enables modular
 * reductions of products to be calculated rather rapidly, without recourse
 * to annoying things like division.
 *
 * Before starting, you need to do a little work.  In particular, the
 * following things need to be worked out:
 *
 *   * %$m$%, which is the modulus you'll be working with.  This must be odd,
 *     otherwise the whole thing doesn't work.  You're better off using
 *     Barrett reduction if your modulus might be even.
 *
 *   * %$b$%, the radix of the number system you're in (here, it's
 *     @MPW_MAX + 1@).
 *
 *   * %$-m^{-1} \bmod b$%, a useful number for the reduction step.  (This
 *     means that the modulus mustn't be even.  This shouldn't be a problem.)
 *
 *   * %$R = b^n > m > b^{n - 1}$%, or at least %$\log_2 R$%.
 *
 *   * %$R \bmod m$% and %$R^2 \bmod m$%, which are useful when doing
 *     calculations such as exponentiation.
 *
 * The result of a Montgomery reduction of %$x$% is %$x R^{-1} \bmod m$%,
 * which doesn't look ever-so useful.  The trick is to initially apply a
 * factor of %$R$% to all of your numbers so that when you multiply and
 * perform a Montgomery reduction you get %$(x R \cdot y R) R^{-1} \bmod m$%,
 * which is just %$x y R \bmod m$%.  Thanks to distributivity, even additions
 * and subtractions can be performed on numbers in this form -- the extra
 * factor of %$R$% just runs through all the calculations until it's finally
 * stripped out by a final reduction operation.
 */

/*----- Data structures ---------------------------------------------------*/

/* --- A Montgomery reduction context --- */

typedef struct mpmont {
  mp *m;                                /* Modulus */
  mp *mi;                               /* %$-m^{-1} \bmod R$% */
  size_t n;                             /* %$\log_b R$% */
  mp *r, *r2;                           /* %$R \bmod m$%, %$R^2 \bmod m$% */
} mpmont;

/*----- Functions provided ------------------------------------------------*/

/* --- @mpmont_create@ --- *
 *
 * Arguments:   @mpmont *mm@ = pointer to Montgomery reduction context
 *              @mp *m@ = modulus to use
 *
 * Returns:     ---
 *
 * Use:         Initializes a Montgomery reduction context ready for use.
 *              The argument @m@ must be a positive odd integer.
 */

extern void mpmont_create(mpmont */*mm*/, mp */*m*/);

/* --- @mpmont_destroy@ --- *
 *
 * Arguments:   @mpmont *mm@ = pointer to a Montgomery reduction context
 *
 * Returns:     ---
 *
 * Use:         Disposes of a context when it's no longer of any use to
 *              anyone.
 */

extern void mpmont_destroy(mpmont */*mm*/);

/* --- @mpmont_reduce@ --- *
 *
 * Arguments:   @mpmont *mm@ = pointer to Montgomery reduction context
 *              @mp *d@ = destination
 *              @mp *a@ = source, assumed positive
 *
 * Returns:     Result, %$a R^{-1} \bmod m$%.
 */

extern mp *mpmont_reduce(mpmont */*mm*/, mp */*d*/, mp */*a*/);

/* --- @mpmont_mul@ --- *
 *
 * Arguments:   @mpmont *mm@ = pointer to Montgomery reduction context
 *              @mp *d@ = destination
 *              @mp *a, *b@ = sources, assumed positive
 *
 * Returns:     Result, %$a b R^{-1} \bmod m$%.
 */

extern mp *mpmont_mul(mpmont */*mm*/, mp */*d*/, mp */*a*/, mp */*b*/);

/* --- @mpmont_expr@ --- *
 *
 * Arguments:   @mpmont *mm@ = pointer to Montgomery reduction context
 *              @mp *d@ = fake destination
 *              @mp *a@ = base
 *              @mp *e@ = exponent
 *
 * Returns:     Result, %$(a R^{-1})^e R \bmod m$%.  This is useful if
 *              further modular arithmetic is to be performed on the result.
 */

extern mp *mpmont_expr(mpmont */*mm*/, mp */*d*/, mp */*a*/, mp */*e*/);

/* --- @mpmont_exp@ --- *
 *
 * Arguments:   @mpmont *mm@ = pointer to Montgomery reduction context
 *              @mp *d@ = fake destination
 *              @mp *a@ = base
 *              @mp *e@ = exponent
 *
 * Returns:     Result, %$a^e \bmod m$%.
 */

extern mp *mpmont_exp(mpmont */*mm*/, mp */*d*/, mp */*a*/, mp */*e*/);

/* --- @mpmont_mexpr@ --- *
 *
 * Arguments:   @mpmont *mm@ = pointer to Montgomery reduction context
 *              @mp *d@ = fake destination
 *              @const mp_expfactor *f@ = pointer to array of factors
 *              @size_t n@ = number of factors supplied
 *
 * Returns:     If the bases are %$g_0, g_1, \ldots, g_{n-1}$% and the
 *              exponents are %$e_0, e_1, \ldots, e_{n-1}$% then the result
 *              is:
 *
 *              %$g_0^{e_0} g_1^{e_1} \ldots g_{n-1}^{e_{n-1}} \bmod m$%
 *
 *
 *              except that the %$g_i$% and result are in Montgomery form.
 */

extern mp *mpmont_mexpr(mpmont */*mm*/, mp */*d*/,
                        const mp_expfactor */*f*/, size_t /*n*/);

/* --- @mpmont_mexp@ --- *
 *
 * Arguments:   @mpmont *mm@ = pointer to Montgomery reduction context
 *              @mp *d@ = fake destination
 *              @const mp_expfactor *f@ = pointer to array of factors
 *              @size_t n@ = number of factors supplied
 *
 * Returns:     Product of bases raised to exponents, all mod @m@.
 *
 * Use:         Convenient interface over @mpmont_mexpr@.
 */

extern mp *mpmont_mexp(mpmont */*mm*/, mp */*d*/,
                       const mp_expfactor */*f*/, size_t /*n*/);

/*----- That's all, folks -------------------------------------------------*/

#ifdef __cplusplus
  }
#endif

#endif