man/systemd.exec.xml

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   7   This file is part of systemd.
   8
   9   Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
  10
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  24
  25 <refentry id="systemd.exec">
  26         <refentryinfo>
  27                 <title>systemd.exec</title>
  28                 <productname>systemd</productname>
  29
  30                 <authorgroup>
  31                         <author>
  32                                 <contrib>Developer</contrib>
  33                                 <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
  34                                 <surname>Poettering</surname>
  35                                 <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
  36                         </author>
  37                 </authorgroup>
  38         </refentryinfo>
  39
  40         <refmeta>
  41                 <refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle>
  42                 <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
  43         </refmeta>
  44
  45         <refnamediv>
  46                 <refname>systemd.exec</refname>
  47                 <refpurpose>systemd execution environment configuration</refpurpose>
  48         </refnamediv>
  49
  50         <refsynopsisdiv>
  51                 <para><filename>systemd.service</filename>,
  52                 <filename>systemd.socket</filename>,
  53                 <filename>systemd.mount</filename></para>
  54         </refsynopsisdiv>
  55
  56         <refsect1>
  57                 <title>Description</title>
  58
  59                 <para>Unit configuration files for services, sockets
  60                 and mount points share a subset of configuration
  61                 options which define the execution environment of
  62                 spawned processes.</para>
  63
  64                 <para>This man page lists the configuration options
  65                 shared by these three unit types. See
  66                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  67                 for the common options of all unit configuration
  68                 files, and
  69                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  70                 and
  71                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  72                 for more information on the specific unit
  73                 configuration files. The execution specific
  74                 configuration options are configured in the [Service],
  75                 [Socket] resp. [Mount] section, depending on the unit
  76                 type.</para>
  77         </refsect1>
  78
  79         <refsect1>
  80                 <title>Options</title>
  81
  82                 <variablelist>
  83
  84                         <varlistentry>
  85                                 <term><varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname></term>
  86
  87                                 <listitem><para>Takes an absolute
  88                                 directory path. Sets the working
  89                                 directory for executed
  90                                 processes.</para></listitem>
  91                         </varlistentry>
  92
  93                         <varlistentry>
  94                                 <term><varname>RootDirectory=</varname></term>
  95
  96                                 <listitem><para>Takes an absolute
  97                                 directory path. Sets the root
  98                                 directory for executed processes, with
  99                                 the
 100                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 101                                 system call. If this is used it must
 102                                 be ensured that the process and all
 103                                 its auxiliary files are available in
 104                                 the <function>chroot()</function>
 105                                 jail.</para></listitem>
 106                         </varlistentry>
 107
 108                         <varlistentry>
 109                                 <term><varname>User=</varname></term>
 110                                 <term><varname>Group=</varname></term>
 111
 112                                 <listitem><para>Sets the Unix user
 113                                 resp. group the processes are executed
 114                                 as. Takes a single user resp. group
 115                                 name or ID as argument. If no group is
 116                                 set the default group of the user is
 117                                 chosen.</para></listitem>
 118                         </varlistentry>
 119
 120                         <varlistentry>
 121                                 <term><varname>SupplementaryGroups=</varname></term>
 122
 123                                 <listitem><para>Sets the supplementary
 124                                 Unix groups the processes are executed
 125                                 as. This takes a space seperated list
 126                                 of group names or IDs. This option may
 127                                 be specified more than once in which
 128                                 case all listed groups are set as
 129                                 supplementary groups. This option does
 130                                 not override but extend the list of
 131                                 supplementary groups configured in the
 132                                 system group database for the
 133                                 user.</para></listitem>
 134                         </varlistentry>
 135
 136                         <varlistentry>
 137                                 <term><varname>Nice=</varname></term>
 138
 139                                 <listitem><para>Sets the default nice
 140                                 level (scheduling priority) for
 141                                 executed processes. Takes an integer
 142                                 between -20 (highest priority) and 19
 143                                 (lowest priority). See
 144                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 145                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 146                         </varlistentry>
 147
 148                         <varlistentry>
 149                                 <term><varname>OOMAdjust=</varname></term>
 150
 151                                 <listitem><para>Sets the adjustment
 152                                 level for the Out-Of-Memory killer for
 153                                 executed processes. Takes an integer
 154                                 between -17 (to disable OOM killing
 155                                 for this process) and 15 (to make
 156                                 killing of this process under memory
 157                                 pressure very likely). See <ulink
 158                                 url="http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt">proc.txt</ulink>
 159                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 160                         </varlistentry>
 161
 162                         <varlistentry>
 163                                 <term><varname>IOSchedulingClass=</varname></term>
 164
 165                                 <listitem><para>Sets the IO scheduling
 166                                 class for executed processes. Takes an
 167                                 integer between 0 and 3 or one of the
 168                                 strings <option>none</option>,
 169                                 <option>realtime</option>,
 170                                 <option>best-effort</option> or
 171                                 <option>idle</option>. See
 172                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 173                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 174                         </varlistentry>
 175
 176                         <varlistentry>
 177                                 <term><varname>IOSchedulingPriority=</varname></term>
 178
 179                                 <listitem><para>Sets the IO scheduling
 180                                 priority for executed processes. Takes
 181                                 an integer between 0 (highest
 182                                 priority) and 7 (lowest priority). The
 183                                 available priorities depend on the
 184                                 selected IO scheduling class (see
 185                                 above). See
 186                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 187                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 188                         </varlistentry>
 189
 190                         <varlistentry>
 191                                 <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPolicy=</varname></term>
 192
 193                                 <listitem><para>Sets the CPU
 194                                 scheduling policy for executed
 195                                 processes. Takes one of
 196                                 <option>other</option>,
 197                                 <option>batch</option>,
 198                                 <option>idle</option>,
 199                                 <option>fifo</option> or
 200                                 <option>rr</option>. See
 201                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 202                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 203                         </varlistentry>
 204
 205                         <varlistentry>
 206                                 <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPriority=</varname></term>
 207
 208                                 <listitem><para>Sets the CPU
 209                                 scheduling priority for executed
 210                                 processes. Takes an integer between 1
 211                                 (lowest priority) and 99 (highest
 212                                 priority). The available priority
 213                                 range depends on the selected CPU
 214                                 scheduling policy (see above). See
 215                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 216                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 217                         </varlistentry>
 218
 219                         <varlistentry>
 220                                 <term><varname>CPUSchedulingResetOnFork=</varname></term>
 221
 222                                 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
 223                                 argument. If true elevated CPU
 224                                 scheduling priorities and policies
 225                                 will be reset when the executed
 226                                 processes fork, and can hence not leak
 227                                 into child processes. See
 228                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 229                                 for details. Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
 230                         </varlistentry>
 231
 232                         <varlistentry>
 233                                 <term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term>
 234
 235                                 <listitem><para>Controls the CPU
 236                                 affinity of the executed
 237                                 processes. Takes a space-seperated
 238                                 list of CPU indexes. See
 239                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setaffinity</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 240                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 241                         </varlistentry>
 242
 243                         <varlistentry>
 244                                 <term><varname>UMask=</varname></term>
 245
 246                                 <listitem><para>Controls the file mode
 247                                 creation mask. Takes an access mode in
 248                                 octal notation. See
 249                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 250                                 for details. Defaults to
 251                                 0002.</para></listitem>
 252                         </varlistentry>
 253
 254                         <varlistentry>
 255                                 <term><varname>Environment=</varname></term>
 256
 257                                 <listitem><para>Sets environment
 258                                 variables for executed
 259                                 processes. Takes a space-seperated
 260                                 list of variable assignments. This
 261                                 option may be specified more than once
 262                                 in which case all listed variables
 263                                 will be set. If the same variable is
 264                                 set twice the later setting will
 265                                 override the earlier setting. See
 266                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 267                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 268                         </varlistentry>
 269                         <varlistentry>
 270                                 <term><varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname></term>
 271                                 <listitem><para>Similar to
 272                                 <varname>Environment=</varname> but
 273                                 reads the environment variables from a
 274                                 text file. The text file should
 275                                 contain new-line seperated variable
 276                                 assignments. Empty lines and lines
 277                                 starting with ; or # will be ignored,
 278                                 which may be used for
 279                                 commenting.</para></listitem>
 280                         </varlistentry>
 281
 282                         <varlistentry>
 283                                 <term><varname>StandardInput=</varname></term>
 284                                 <listitem><para>Controls where file
 285                                 descriptor 0 (STDIN) of the executed
 286                                 processes is connected to. Takes one
 287                                 of <option>null</option>,
 288                                 <option>tty</option>,
 289                                 <option>tty-force</option>,
 290                                 <option>tty-fail</option> or
 291                                 <option>socket</option>. If
 292                                 <option>null</option> is selected
 293                                 standard input will be connected to
 294                                 <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
 295                                 i.e. all read attempts by the process
 296                                 will result in immediate EOF. If
 297                                 <option>tty</option> is selected
 298                                 standard input is connected to a TTY
 299                                 (as configured by
 300                                 <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see
 301                                 below) and the executed process
 302                                 becomes the controlling process of the
 303                                 terminal. If the terminal is already
 304                                 being controlled by another process it
 305                                 is waited until that process releases
 306                                 the
 307                                 terminal. <option>tty-force</option>
 308                                 is similar to <option>tty</option>,
 309                                 but the executed process is forcefully
 310                                 and immediately made the controlling
 311                                 process of the terminal, potentially
 312                                 removing previous controlling
 313                                 processes from the
 314                                 terminal. <option>tty-fail</option> is
 315                                 similar to <option>tty</option> but if
 316                                 the terminal already has a controlling
 317                                 process start-up of the executed
 318                                 process fails.  The
 319                                 <option>socket</option> option is only
 320                                 valid in socket-activated services,
 321                                 and only when the socket configuration
 322                                 file (see
 323                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 324                                 for details) specifies a single socket
 325                                 only. If this option is set standard
 326                                 input will be connected to the socket
 327                                 the service was activated from, which
 328                                 is primarily useful for compatibility
 329                                 with daemons designed for use with the
 330                                 traditional
 331                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 332                                 daemon. This setting defaults to
 333                                 <option>null</option>.</para></listitem>
 334                         </varlistentry>
 335                         <varlistentry>
 336                                 <term><varname>StandardOutput=</varname></term>
 337                                 <listitem><para>Controls where file
 338                                 descriptor 1 (STDOUT) of the executed
 339                                 processes is connected to. Takes one
 340                                 of <option>inherit</option>,
 341                                 <option>null</option>,
 342                                 <option>tty</option>,
 343                                 <option>syslog</option>,
 344                                 <option>kmsg</option> or
 345                                 <option>socket</option>. If set to
 346                                 <option>inherit</option> the file
 347                                 descriptor of standard input is
 348                                 duplicated for standard output. If set
 349                                 to <option>null</option> standard
 350                                 output will be connected to
 351                                 <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
 352                                 i.e. everything written to it will be
 353                                 lost. If set to <option>tty</option>
 354                                 standard output will be connected to a
 355                                 tty (as configured via
 356                                 <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see
 357                                 below). If the TTY is used for output
 358                                 only the executed process will not
 359                                 become the controlling process of the
 360                                 terminal, and will not fail or wait
 361                                 for other processes to release the
 362                                 terminal. <option>syslog</option>
 363                                 connects standard output to the
 364                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 365                                 system logger. <option>kmsg</option>
 366                                 connects it with the kernel log buffer
 367                                 which is accessible via
 368                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. <option>socket</option>
 369                                 connects standard output to a socket
 370                                 from socket activation, semantics are
 371                                 similar to the respective option of
 372                                 <varname>StandardInput=</varname>.
 373                                 This setting defaults to
 374                                 <option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem>
 375                         </varlistentry>
 376                         <varlistentry>
 377                                 <term><varname>StandardOutput=</varname></term>
 378                                 <listitem><para>Controls where file
 379                                 descriptor 2 (STDERR) of the executed
 380                                 processes is connected to. The
 381                                 available options are identical to
 382                                 those of
 383                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname>,
 384                                 whith one exception: if set to
 385                                 <option>inherit</option> the file
 386                                 descriptor used for standard output is
 387                                 duplicated for standard error. This
 388                                 setting defaults to
 389                                 <option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem>
 390                         </varlistentry>
 391                         <varlistentry>
 392                                 <term><varname>TTYPath=</varname></term>
 393                                 <listitem><para>Sets the terminal
 394                                 device node to use if standard input,
 395                                 output or stderr are connected to a
 396                                 TTY (see above). Defaults to
 397                                 <filename>/dev/console</filename>.</para></listitem>
 398                         </varlistentry>
 399                         <varlistentry>
 400                                 <term><varname>SyslogIdentifer=</varname></term>
 401                                 <listitem><para>Sets the process name
 402                                 to prefix log lines sent to syslog or
 403                                 the kernel log buffer with. If not set
 404                                 defaults to the process name of the
 405                                 executed process. This option is only
 406                                 useful when
 407                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 408                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 409                                 set to <option>syslog</option> or
 410                                 <option>kmsg</option>.</para></listitem>
 411                         </varlistentry>
 412                         <varlistentry>
 413                                 <term><varname>SyslogFacility=</varname></term>
 414                                 <listitem><para>Sets the syslog
 415                                 facility to use when logging to
 416                                 syslog. One of <option>kern</option>,
 417                                 <option>user</option>,
 418                                 <option>mail</option>,
 419                                 <option>daemon</option>,
 420                                 <option>auth</option>,
 421                                 <option>syslog</option>,
 422                                 <option>lpr</option>,
 423                                 <option>news</option>,
 424                                 <option>uucp</option>,
 425                                 <option>cron</option>,
 426                                 <option>authpriv</option>,
 427                                 <option>ftp</option>,
 428                                 <option>local0</option>,
 429                                 <option>local1</option>,
 430                                 <option>local2</option>,
 431                                 <option>local3</option>,
 432                                 <option>local4</option>,
 433                                 <option>local5</option>,
 434                                 <option>local6</option> or
 435                                 <option>local7</option>. See
 436                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 437                                 for details. This option is only
 438                                 useful when
 439                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 440                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 441                                 set to <option>syslog</option>.
 442                                 Defaults to
 443                                 <option>daemon</option>.</para></listitem>
 444                         </varlistentry>
 445                         <varlistentry>
 446                                 <term><varname>SyslogLevel=</varname></term>
 447                                 <listitem><para>Default syslog level
 448                                 to use when logging to syslog or the
 449                                 kernel log buffer. One of
 450                                 <option>emerg</option>,
 451                                 <option>alert</option>,
 452                                 <option>crit</option>,
 453                                 <option>err</option>,
 454                                 <option>warning</option>,
 455                                 <option>notice</option>,
 456                                 <option>info</option>,
 457                                 <option>debug</option>. See
 458                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 459                                 for details. This option is only
 460                                 useful when
 461                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 462                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 463                                 set to <option>syslog</option> or
 464                                 <option>kmsg</option>. Note that
 465                                 individual lines output by the daemon
 466                                 might be prefixed with a different log
 467                                 level which can be used to override
 468                                 the default log level specified
 469                                 here. The interpretation of these
 470                                 prefixes may be disabled with
 471                                 <varname>SyslogNoPrefix=</varname>,
 472                                 see below. For details see
 473                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 474
 475                                 Defaults to
 476                                 <option>info</option>.</para></listitem>
 477                         </varlistentry>
 478
 479                         <varlistentry>
 480                                 <term><varname>SyslogNoPrefix=</varname></term>
 481                                 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
 482                                 argument. If false and
 483                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 484                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 485                                 set to <option>syslog</option> or
 486                                 <option>kmsg</option> log lines
 487                                 written by the executed process that
 488                                 are prefixed with a log level will be
 489                                 passed on to syslog with this log
 490                                 level set but the prefix removed. If
 491                                 set to true, the interpretation of
 492                                 these prefixes is disabled and the
 493                                 logged lines are passed on as-is. For
 494                                 details about this prefixing see
 495                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 496                                 Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
 497                         </varlistentry>
 498
 499                         <varlistentry>
 500                                 <term><varname>TimerSlackNS=</varname></term>
 501                                 <listitem><para>Sets the timer slack
 502                                 in nanoseconds for the executed
 503                                 processes The timer slack controls the accuracy
 504                                 of wake-ups triggered by timers. See
 505                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>prctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 506                                 for more information.</para></listitem>
 507                         </varlistentry>
 508
 509                         <varlistentry>
 510                                 <term><varname>LimitCPU=</varname></term>
 511                                 <term><varname>LimitFSIZE=</varname></term>
 512                                 <term><varname>LimitDATA=</varname></term>
 513                                 <term><varname>LimitSTACK=</varname></term>
 514                                 <term><varname>LimitCORE=</varname></term>
 515                                 <term><varname>LimitRSS=</varname></term>
 516                                 <term><varname>LimitNOFILE=</varname></term>
 517                                 <term><varname>LimitAS=</varname></term>
 518                                 <term><varname>LimitNPROC=</varname></term>
 519                                 <term><varname>LimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term>
 520                                 <term><varname>LimitLOCKS=</varname></term>
 521                                 <term><varname>LimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term>
 522                                 <term><varname>LimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term>
 523                                 <term><varname>LimitNICE=</varname></term>
 524                                 <term><varname>LimitRTPRIO=</varname></term>
 525                                 <term><varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname></term>
 526                                 <listitem><para>These settings control
 527                                 various resource limits for executed
 528                                 processes. See
 529                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 530                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 531                         </varlistentry>
 532
 533                         <varlistentry>
 534                                 <term><varname>PAMName=</varname></term>
 535                                 <listitem><para>Sets the PAM service
 536                                 name to set up a session as. If set
 537                                 the executed process will be
 538                                 registered as a PAM session under the
 539                                 specified service name. This is only
 540                                 useful in conjunction with the
 541                                 <varname>User=</varname> setting. If
 542                                 not set no PAM session will be opened
 543                                 for the executed processes. See
 544                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 545                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 546                         </varlistentry>
 547
 548                         <varlistentry>
 549                                 <term><varname>TCPWrapName=</varname></term>
 550                                 <listitem><para>If this is a
 551                                 socket-activated service this sets the
 552                                 tcpwrap service name to check the
 553                                 permission for the current connection
 554                                 with. This is only useful in
 555                                 conjunction with socket-activated
 556                                 services, and stream sockets (TCP) in
 557                                 particular. It has no effect on other
 558                                 socket types (e.g. datagram/UDP) and on processes
 559                                 unrelated to socket-based
 560                                 activation. If the tcpwrap
 561                                 verification fails daemon start-up
 562                                 will fail and the connection is
 563                                 terminated. See
 564                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 565                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 566                         </varlistentry>
 567
 568                         <varlistentry>
 569                                 <term><varname>Capabilities=</varname></term>
 570                                 <listitem><para>Controls the
 571                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 572                                 set for the executed process. Take a
 573                                 capability string as described in
 574                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cap_from_text</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 575                                 Note that this capability set is
 576                                 usually influenced by the capabilities
 577                                 attached to the executed
 578                                 file.</para></listitem>
 579                         </varlistentry>
 580
 581                         <varlistentry>
 582                                 <term><varname>SecureBits=</varname></term>
 583                                 <listitem><para>Controls the secure
 584                                 bits set for the executed process. See
 585                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 586                                 for details. Takes a list of strings:
 587                                 <option>keep-caps</option>,
 588                                 <option>keep-caps-locked</option>,
 589                                 <option>no-setuid-fixup</option>,
 590                                 <option>no-setuid-fixup-locked</option>,
 591                                 <option>no-setuid-noroot</option> and/or
 592                                 <option>no-setuid-noroot-locked</option>.
 593                                 </para></listitem>
 594                         </varlistentry>
 595
 596                         <varlistentry>
 597                                 <term><varname>CapabilityBoundingSetDrop=</varname></term>
 598
 599                                 <listitem><para>Controls the
 600                                 capability bounding set drop set for
 601                                 the executed process. See
 602                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 603                                 for details. Takes a list of
 604                                 capability names as read by
 605                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 606                                 </para></listitem>
 607                         </varlistentry>
 608
 609                         <varlistentry>
 610                                 <term><varname>ControlGroup=</varname></term>
 611
 612                                 <listitem><para>Controls the control
 613                                 groups the executed processes shall be
 614                                 made member of. Takes a
 615                                 space-seperated list of cgroup
 616                                 identifiers. A cgroup identifier has a
 617                                 format like
 618                                 <filename>cpu:/foo/bar</filename>,
 619                                 where "cpu" identifies the kernel
 620                                 control group controller used, and
 621                                 <filename>/foo/bar</filename> is the
 622                                 control group path. The controller name
 623                                 and ":" may be omitted in which case
 624                                 the named systemd control group
 625                                 hierarchy is implied. Alternatively,
 626                                 the path and ":" may be omitted, in
 627                                 which case the default control group
 628                                 path for this unit is implied. This
 629                                 option may be used to place executed
 630                                 processes in arbitrary groups in
 631                                 arbitrary hierachies -- which can be
 632                                 configured externally with additional execution limits. By default
 633                                 systemd will place all executed
 634                                 processes in seperate per-unit control
 635                                 groups (named after the unit) in the
 636                                 systemd named hierarchy. Since every
 637                                 process can be in one group per
 638                                 hierarchy only overriding the control group
 639                                 path in the named systemd hierarchy
 640                                 will disable automatic placement in
 641                                 the default group. For details about control
 642                                 groups see <ulink
 643                                 url="http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>.</para></listitem>
 644                         </varlistentry>
 645
 646                         <varlistentry>
 647                                 <term><varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname></term>
 648                                 <term><varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname></term>
 649                                 <term><varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname></term>
 650
 651                                 <listitem><para>Sets up a new
 652                                 file-system name space for executed
 653                                 processes. These options may be used
 654                                 to limit access a process might have
 655                                 to the main file-system
 656                                 hierarchy. Each setting takes a
 657                                 space-seperated list of absolute
 658                                 directory paths. Directories listed in
 659                                 <varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname>
 660                                 are accessible from within the
 661                                 namespace with the same access rights
 662                                 as from outside. Directories listed in
 663                                 <varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname>
 664                                 are accessible for reading only,
 665                                 writing will be refused even if the
 666                                 usual file access controls would
 667                                 permit this. Directories listed in
 668                                 <varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname>
 669                                 will be made inaccesible for processes
 670                                 inside the namespace. Note that
 671                                 restricting access with these options
 672                                 does not extend to submounts of a
 673                                 directory. You must list submounts
 674                                 seperately in these setttings to
 675                                 ensure the same limited access. These
 676                                 options may be specified more than
 677                                 once in which case all directories
 678                                 listed will have limited access from
 679                                 within the
 680                                 namespace.</para></listitem>
 681                         </varlistentry>
 682
 683                         <varlistentry>
 684                                 <term><varname>PrivateTmp=</varname></term>
 685
 686                                 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
 687                                 argument. If true sets up a new
 688                                 namespace for the executed processes
 689                                 and mounts a private
 690                                 <filename>/tmp</filename> directory
 691                                 inside it, that is not shared by
 692                                 processes outside of the
 693                                 namespace. This is useful to secure
 694                                 access to temporary files of the
 695                                 process, but makes sharing between
 696                                 processes via
 697                                 <filename>/tmp</filename>
 698                                 impossible. Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
 699                         </varlistentry>
 700
 701                         <varlistentry>
 702                                 <term><varname>MountFlags=</varname></term>
 703
 704                                 <listitem><para>Takes a mount
 705                                 propagation flag:
 706                                 <option>shared</option>,
 707                                 <option>slave</option> or
 708                                 <option>private</option>, which
 709                                 control whether namespaces set up with
 710                                 <varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname>,
 711                                 <varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname>
 712                                 and
 713                                 <varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname>
 714                                 receive or propagate new mounts
 715                                 from/to the main namespace. See
 716                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 717                                 for details. Defaults to
 718                                 <option>shared</option>, i.e. the new
 719                                 namespace will both receive new mount
 720                                 points from the main namespace as well
 721                                 as propagate new mounts to
 722                                 it.</para></listitem>
 723                         </varlistentry>
 724
 725                 </variablelist>
 726         </refsect1>
 727
 728         <refsect1>
 729                   <title>See Also</title>
 730                   <para>
 731                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 732                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 733                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 734                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 735                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 736                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 737                   </para>
 738         </refsect1>
 739
 740 </refentry>