1 GPL vs LGPL, in the context of adns
2 -----------------------------------
4 Several people have asked me to release adns under the GNU Lesser
5 General Public Licence (LGPL, formerly the Library GPL) instead of the
6 `stronger' GPL. This file is intended to answer most of these
7 questions. If you still have questions or comments, please mail me at
8 <adns-maint@chiark.greenend.org.uk>.
10 Typically there are two or three kinds of situation where people make
11 this request: the first is where someone is developing a proprietary
12 program and wishes to make use of adns but doesn't wish to make their
13 program free software. The second case is where a free software
14 project is currently using an MIT-like licence and fear `GPL
15 infection'. The third case, which often overlaps with the second, is
16 where another free software project currently using a GPL-incompatible
17 licence, wishes to use adns.
20 1. Proprietary applications of adns
21 -----------------------------------
23 So, let me get this straight. You're writing a proprietary
24 program, by which I mean that you will not be distributing source code
25 and not allowing users to modify and share your software; most likely
26 you are doing this for your own (personal or corporate) financial
29 However, you want to take advantage of adns, software which I have
30 spent my time and effort on, and which I release as free software so
31 that everyone can improve, share and use it.
33 Don't you think that is a little hypocritical ? I'm sorry, but I
34 don't want you to just take my nice convenient software, without
35 giving something back to the free software community or giving the
36 same rights to your users as I do to you.
38 If you really aren't the nasty kind of person I've described here, for
39 example if you have a good reason other than your own selfishness for
40 wanting to restrict distribution of your program, then perhaps you
41 should contact me to discuss it.
44 2. GPL-avoiding projects (MIT licence, et al)
45 ---------------------------------------------
47 Some free software projects prefer to avoid the GPL and other licences
48 which force the software always to be free. Instead they use
49 something like the MIT X licence, which allows proprietary versions of
50 their software. I have to say that I don't understand why they do
51 this, and think they are misguided, but that doesn't mean that they
52 don't have a perfect right to.
54 Some of these people think that merely writing to an interface
55 provided by GPL'd software will cause their program to become GPL'd
56 too, even if they don't distribute the GPL'd software. I don't think
57 this is the case. I'm perfectly happy for non-GPL'd software to refer
58 to adns in its source code or executables (eg, dynamic linking).
59 However, if you distribute adns yourself then whether a program which
60 uses it needs also to be GPL'd depends on the interpretation of the
61 `work as a whole' and `mere aggregation' parts of the GPL.
63 Whether you are distributing a `work as a whole' might depend on many
64 things, but they key one to me is what the appearance is to a user.
65 If the user knows that they are getting a collection of software
66 rather than a single product, then it's probably an aggregation which
67 works together. So, you can distribute both your (i) non-GPLd program
68 source and/or binaries and (ii) adns source code or even binaries
69 (provided the adns source is available as per the GPL), eg from your
70 website, provided the user can tell that these are separate works and
71 can tell which parts are which.
73 But, if you package your program and adns together so that the user is
74 no longer aware of adns as a separate work, then I think you are
75 distributing a `work as a whole', and the whole work including adns
76 and your software which depends on it must be GPL'd. This is of
77 course not a problem if your non-GPL licence is GPL-compatible (see
78 the next section): it just means that _when the whole lot is shipped
79 together as one work_ it is covered by the GPL. People who wish to
80 make proprietary works based on just your code can do so, provided
81 they (or you) arrange for something to fill the hole left by the lack
85 3. GPL-incompatible free software licences
86 ------------------------------------------
88 Regrettably, there are a number of free software licences (and
89 semi-free licences) in existence which are not compatible with the
90 GPL. That is, they impose restrictions which are not present in the
91 GPL, and therefore distributing a whole work which contains such a
92 program and a GPL'd program is not possible: either the work would
93 have to be distributed under the GPL (violating the restrictions made
94 by the original author), or under the GPL-incompatible licence
97 I may be prepared to make exceptions for such a licence. Please
98 contact me at <adns-maint@chiark.greenend.org.uk> with the full text
99 of the GPL-incompatible licence. However, I would prefer it if you
100 could use a GPL-compatible licence for your project instead.
102 There are a couple of common extra restrictions, and I make some
103 specific extensions to my licence for adns below.
106 3.1. BSD advertising clause, endorsement restriction, etc.
108 The most notable and common extra restriction found in free software
109 licences is the `obnoxious BSD advertising clause' (see Richard
110 Stallman's article on the subject, available from www.gnu.org) and the
111 endorsement restriction.
113 The problem with the advertising clause isn't that the sentence
114 required, referring the the Regents of the UC Berkeley, is awkward.
115 The problem is that if everyone contributing to a large project gets
116 such a mention the number of sentences required becomes very large;
117 however, it is unfair for some people to get credit and others not to.
119 I disapprove of these clause, but I recognise that it may be difficult
120 for some people to get them removed from particular programs. The
121 other clauses are also arguable.
123 So, I hereby make an extension to my licence for adns (`the
124 GPL'd Work' in the text below).
126 The GNU GPL version 2, section 2b, and the later parts of section 2,
127 require that certain works be licenced to all third parties under the
130 As special relaxations of this requirement, described in detail
131 below, the terms of this onward licence to third parties need not be
132 (though they may be) exactly the terms of the GPLv2.
134 These relaxations can apply when there is a work otherwise licenced
135 under the GPLv2, as identified by authors of the work (the `Original
136 Work'). They can also apply when there is a derived works of that
137 work also licenced under the GPLv2, provided that the additional
138 copyright holders also agree. Such an Original Work or derivative
139 work is called `the GPL'd work'.
141 The relaxations only apply when the GPL'd Work is combined with
142 another work (the Other Work) to make a `work as a whole' (the Whole
143 Work), so that usually the Whole Work would need to be GPL'd, but
144 where the Other Work's licence has provisions incompatible with the
145 GPLv2, so that without the relaxation you would not be able to
146 distribute the Whole Work at all (the `Extra Provisions').
148 The relaxations only apply if all parts of the Whole Work which are
149 the GPL'd Work or derived from the GPL'd Work can be easily separated
150 out again from the Whole Work's source code, to form once more the
151 GPL'd Work. The resulting re-separated GPL'd Work must be similar or
152 superior in completeness, functionality, etc. to the unmodified
153 Original Work as distributed by the person who originally grants
154 these licence extensions, and the re-separated GPL'd Work must be
155 licenced to all third parties under terms identical to the GPL
156 version 2 (either with or without these extensions, at their option).
158 The relaxations only apply if in copyright licences which would
159 appear to the reader to cover the Whole Work contain the following
160 statement or an equivalent:
161 Different parts of this software may be covered by different
162 copying conditions. See individual source code files or copyright
163 statements for details.
165 Each relaxation below will state the kind of Extra Provisions in the
166 Other Work's licence which may also be applied to the Whole Work, and
167 what other conditions besides those above must be satisfied for the
170 Relaxation I `Obnoxious advertising clause':
172 The Extra Provisions are those of the form:
174 All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
175 must display the following acknowledgement:
176 This product includes software developed by DEVELOPERS.
178 and re-wordings with similar effect, where DEVELOPERS is a person or
179 group associated with the development of the Other Work.
181 For the relaxation to apply, all advertising materials mentioning
182 features or use of the Whole Work must display a similar
183 acknowledgement for every natural person who contributed to the
184 Whole Work, even those whose names do not appear in the Extra
185 Provisions. No acknowledgement is required for people who have
186 explictly stated that they do not wish such acknowledgements to be
187 displayed, or for people whose identity or proper form of
188 acknowledgement it is not reasonably possible to determine by
189 inspection of notices, acknowledgements, etc., in the source code
190 and attached licences and copyright notices in the Whole Work.
192 Relaxation II `Endorsement restriction':
194 The Extra Provisions are ones which restrict the use of the
195 authors', copyright holders' and/or contributors' names for
196 endorsement or promotion of products.
198 For the relaxation to apply the endorsement restriction(s) must
199 benefit all of the natural persons and organisations with an
200 interest in the Whole Work, unless those people wish otherwise.
202 Relaxation III `Liability limitation':
204 The Extra Provisions are ones which claim to exclude or limit in any
205 way the liability, for malfunctions, failures etc. of the Whole Work
206 or parts thereof, of any contributors, distributors, copyright
207 holders, authors, etc. of the software. Provisions which seek to
208 deny warranties, even implied warranties, or which otherwise seek to
209 limit similar exposure(s) to risk(s), count.
211 For the relaxation to apply the extra protections of these licence
212 provisions must be extended to all of the authors and distributors
215 Relaxation IV `Pointless restatements':
217 The extra licence provisions are ones which require distributions of
218 the Whole Work to contain notices in source and/or binary
219 distributions, and/or in the documentation and/or other materials
220 provided with the distributions.
222 For the relaxation to apply the required notices must be simple
223 truths, or restatements of licence provisions which actually apply
226 (The author of these GPL extensions believes that `pointless
227 restatement requirements' are compatible with the GPLv2, since they
228 seem to fall under the heading of an `appropriate copyright notice
229 and disclaimer of warranty', which is already required by the
230 GPLv2. However, this relaxation is provided in case of doubt.)
232 --- Ian Jackson 10.5.1999