1 /*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
4 This file is part of systemd.
6 Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
8 systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
9 under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
10 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
11 (at your option) any later version.
13 systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
14 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
15 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
16 Lesser General Public License for more details.
18 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
19 along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
22 #include <dbus/dbus.h>
28 #include <sys/types.h>
34 #include <sys/prctl.h>
35 #include <sys/mount.h>
39 #include "load-fragment.h"
42 #include "conf-parser.h"
43 #include "bus-errors.h"
51 #include "path-util.h"
52 #include "switch-root.h"
53 #include "capability.h"
56 #include "mount-setup.h"
57 #include "loopback-setup.h"
59 #include "kmod-setup.h"
61 #include "hostname-setup.h"
62 #include "machine-id-setup.h"
63 #include "locale-setup.h"
65 #include "selinux-setup.h"
66 #include "ima-setup.h"
67 #include "sd-daemon.h"
74 ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS,
76 } arg_action = ACTION_RUN;
78 static char *arg_default_unit = NULL;
79 static SystemdRunningAs arg_running_as = _SYSTEMD_RUNNING_AS_INVALID;
81 static bool arg_dump_core = true;
82 static bool arg_crash_shell = false;
83 static int arg_crash_chvt = -1;
84 static bool arg_confirm_spawn = false;
85 static bool arg_show_status = true;
86 static bool arg_switched_root = false;
87 static char **arg_default_controllers = NULL;
88 static char ***arg_join_controllers = NULL;
89 static ExecOutput arg_default_std_output = EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL;
90 static ExecOutput arg_default_std_error = EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT;
91 static usec_t arg_runtime_watchdog = 0;
92 static usec_t arg_shutdown_watchdog = 10 * USEC_PER_MINUTE;
93 static struct rlimit *arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NLIMITS] = {};
94 static uint64_t arg_capability_bounding_set_drop = 0;
95 static nsec_t arg_timer_slack_nsec = (nsec_t) -1;
97 static FILE* serialization = NULL;
99 static void nop_handler(int sig) {
102 _noreturn_ static void crash(int sig) {
105 log_error("Caught <%s>, not dumping core.", signal_to_string(sig));
110 /* We want to wait for the core process, hence let's enable SIGCHLD */
112 sa.sa_handler = nop_handler;
113 sa.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_RESTART;
114 assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
116 if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
117 log_error("Caught <%s>, cannot fork for core dump: %s", signal_to_string(sig), strerror(errno));
122 /* Enable default signal handler for core dump */
124 sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
125 assert_se(sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) == 0);
127 /* Don't limit the core dump size */
129 rl.rlim_cur = RLIM_INFINITY;
130 rl.rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY;
131 setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rl);
133 /* Just to be sure... */
134 assert_se(chdir("/") == 0);
136 /* Raise the signal again */
139 assert_not_reached("We shouldn't be here...");
146 /* Order things nicely. */
147 if ((r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status)) < 0)
148 log_error("Caught <%s>, waitpid() failed: %s", signal_to_string(sig), strerror(-r));
149 else if (status.si_code != CLD_DUMPED)
150 log_error("Caught <%s>, core dump failed.", signal_to_string(sig));
152 log_error("Caught <%s>, dumped core as pid %lu.", signal_to_string(sig), (unsigned long) pid);
157 chvt(arg_crash_chvt);
159 if (arg_crash_shell) {
163 log_info("Executing crash shell in 10s...");
166 /* Let the kernel reap children for us */
168 sa.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
169 sa.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_NOCLDWAIT|SA_RESTART;
170 assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
174 log_error("Failed to fork off crash shell: %m");
176 make_console_stdio();
177 execl("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", NULL);
179 log_error("execl() failed: %m");
183 log_info("Successfully spawned crash shell as pid %lu.", (unsigned long) pid);
186 log_info("Freezing execution.");
190 static void install_crash_handler(void) {
195 sa.sa_handler = crash;
196 sa.sa_flags = SA_NODEFER;
198 sigaction_many(&sa, SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER, -1);
201 static int console_setup(bool do_reset) {
204 /* If we are init, we connect stdin/stdout/stderr to /dev/null
205 * and make sure we don't have a controlling tty. */
212 tty_fd = open_terminal("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
214 log_error("Failed to open /dev/console: %s", strerror(-tty_fd));
218 /* We don't want to force text mode.
219 * plymouth may be showing pictures already from initrd. */
220 r = reset_terminal_fd(tty_fd, false);
222 log_error("Failed to reset /dev/console: %s", strerror(-r));
224 close_nointr_nofail(tty_fd);
228 static int set_default_unit(const char *u) {
237 free(arg_default_unit);
238 arg_default_unit = c;
243 static int parse_proc_cmdline_word(const char *word) {
245 static const char * const rlmap[] = {
246 "emergency", SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET,
247 "-b", SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET,
248 "single", SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
249 "-s", SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
250 "s", SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
251 "S", SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
252 "1", SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
253 "2", SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL2_TARGET,
254 "3", SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL3_TARGET,
255 "4", SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL4_TARGET,
256 "5", SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL5_TARGET,
261 if (startswith(word, "systemd.unit=")) {
264 return set_default_unit(word + 13);
266 } else if (startswith(word, "rd.systemd.unit=")) {
269 return set_default_unit(word + 16);
271 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_target=")) {
273 if (log_set_target_from_string(word + 19) < 0)
274 log_warning("Failed to parse log target %s. Ignoring.", word + 19);
276 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_level=")) {
278 if (log_set_max_level_from_string(word + 18) < 0)
279 log_warning("Failed to parse log level %s. Ignoring.", word + 18);
281 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_color=")) {
283 if (log_show_color_from_string(word + 18) < 0)
284 log_warning("Failed to parse log color setting %s. Ignoring.", word + 18);
286 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_location=")) {
288 if (log_show_location_from_string(word + 21) < 0)
289 log_warning("Failed to parse log location setting %s. Ignoring.", word + 21);
291 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.dump_core=")) {
294 if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 18)) < 0)
295 log_warning("Failed to parse dump core switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 18);
299 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.crash_shell=")) {
302 if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 20)) < 0)
303 log_warning("Failed to parse crash shell switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 20);
307 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.confirm_spawn=")) {
310 if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 22)) < 0)
311 log_warning("Failed to parse confirm spawn switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 22);
313 arg_confirm_spawn = r;
315 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.crash_chvt=")) {
318 if (safe_atoi(word + 19, &k) < 0)
319 log_warning("Failed to parse crash chvt switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 19);
323 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.show_status=")) {
326 if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 20)) < 0)
327 log_warning("Failed to parse show status switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 20);
330 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.default_standard_output=")) {
333 if ((r = exec_output_from_string(word + 32)) < 0)
334 log_warning("Failed to parse default standard output switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 32);
336 arg_default_std_output = r;
337 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.default_standard_error=")) {
340 if ((r = exec_output_from_string(word + 31)) < 0)
341 log_warning("Failed to parse default standard error switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 31);
343 arg_default_std_error = r;
344 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.setenv=")) {
348 cenv = strdup(word + 15);
352 eq = strchr(cenv, '=');
356 log_warning("unsetenv failed %m. Ignoring.");
359 r = setenv(cenv, eq + 1, 1);
361 log_warning("setenv failed %m. Ignoring.");
365 } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.") ||
366 (in_initrd() && startswith(word, "rd.systemd."))) {
368 log_warning("Unknown kernel switch %s. Ignoring.", word);
370 log_info("Supported kernel switches:\n"
371 "systemd.unit=UNIT Default unit to start\n"
372 "rd.systemd.unit=UNIT Default unit to start when run in initrd\n"
373 "systemd.dump_core=0|1 Dump core on crash\n"
374 "systemd.crash_shell=0|1 Run shell on crash\n"
375 "systemd.crash_chvt=N Change to VT #N on crash\n"
376 "systemd.confirm_spawn=0|1 Confirm every process spawn\n"
377 "systemd.show_status=0|1 Show status updates on the console during bootup\n"
378 "systemd.log_target=console|kmsg|journal|journal-or-kmsg|syslog|syslog-or-kmsg|null\n"
380 "systemd.log_level=LEVEL Log level\n"
381 "systemd.log_color=0|1 Highlight important log messages\n"
382 "systemd.log_location=0|1 Include code location in log messages\n"
383 "systemd.default_standard_output=null|tty|syslog|syslog+console|kmsg|kmsg+console|journal|journal+console\n"
384 " Set default log output for services\n"
385 "systemd.default_standard_error=null|tty|syslog|syslog+console|kmsg|kmsg+console|journal|journal+console\n"
386 " Set default log error output for services\n"
387 "systemd.setenv=ASSIGNMENT Set an environment variable for all spawned processes\n");
389 } else if (streq(word, "quiet"))
390 arg_show_status = false;
391 else if (!in_initrd()) {
394 /* SysV compatibility */
395 for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rlmap); i += 2)
396 if (streq(word, rlmap[i]))
397 return set_default_unit(rlmap[i+1]);
403 static int config_parse_level2(
404 const char *filename,
417 log_set_max_level_from_string(rvalue);
421 static int config_parse_target(
422 const char *filename,
435 log_set_target_from_string(rvalue);
439 static int config_parse_color(
440 const char *filename,
453 log_show_color_from_string(rvalue);
457 static int config_parse_location(
458 const char *filename,
471 log_show_location_from_string(rvalue);
475 static int config_parse_cpu_affinity2(
476 const char *filename,
495 FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
500 if (!(t = strndup(w, l)))
503 r = safe_atou(t, &cpu);
507 if (!(c = cpu_set_malloc(&ncpus)))
510 if (r < 0 || cpu >= ncpus) {
511 log_error("[%s:%u] Failed to parse CPU affinity: %s", filename, line, rvalue);
516 CPU_SET_S(cpu, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(ncpus), c);
520 if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(ncpus), c) < 0)
521 log_warning("Failed to set CPU affinity: %m");
529 static void strv_free_free(char ***l) {
541 static void free_join_controllers(void) {
542 if (!arg_join_controllers)
545 strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
546 arg_join_controllers = NULL;
549 static int config_parse_join_controllers(
550 const char *filename,
567 free_join_controllers();
569 FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, length, rvalue, state) {
572 s = strndup(w, length);
576 l = strv_split(s, ",");
581 if (strv_length(l) <= 1) {
586 if (!arg_join_controllers) {
587 arg_join_controllers = new(char**, 2);
588 if (!arg_join_controllers) {
593 arg_join_controllers[0] = l;
594 arg_join_controllers[1] = NULL;
601 t = new0(char**, n+2);
609 for (a = arg_join_controllers; *a; a++) {
611 if (strv_overlap(*a, l)) {
614 c = strv_merge(*a, l);
637 t[n++] = strv_uniq(l);
639 strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
640 arg_join_controllers = t;
647 static int parse_config_file(void) {
649 const ConfigTableItem items[] = {
650 { "Manager", "LogLevel", config_parse_level2, 0, NULL },
651 { "Manager", "LogTarget", config_parse_target, 0, NULL },
652 { "Manager", "LogColor", config_parse_color, 0, NULL },
653 { "Manager", "LogLocation", config_parse_location, 0, NULL },
654 { "Manager", "DumpCore", config_parse_bool, 0, &arg_dump_core },
655 { "Manager", "CrashShell", config_parse_bool, 0, &arg_crash_shell },
656 { "Manager", "ShowStatus", config_parse_bool, 0, &arg_show_status },
657 { "Manager", "CrashChVT", config_parse_int, 0, &arg_crash_chvt },
658 { "Manager", "CPUAffinity", config_parse_cpu_affinity2, 0, NULL },
659 { "Manager", "DefaultControllers", config_parse_strv, 0, &arg_default_controllers },
660 { "Manager", "DefaultStandardOutput", config_parse_output, 0, &arg_default_std_output },
661 { "Manager", "DefaultStandardError", config_parse_output, 0, &arg_default_std_error },
662 { "Manager", "JoinControllers", config_parse_join_controllers, 0, &arg_join_controllers },
663 { "Manager", "RuntimeWatchdogSec", config_parse_usec, 0, &arg_runtime_watchdog },
664 { "Manager", "ShutdownWatchdogSec", config_parse_usec, 0, &arg_shutdown_watchdog },
665 { "Manager", "CapabilityBoundingSet", config_parse_bounding_set, 0, &arg_capability_bounding_set_drop },
666 { "Manager", "TimerSlackNSec", config_parse_nsec, 0, &arg_timer_slack_nsec },
667 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitCPU", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]},
668 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitFSIZE", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]},
669 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitDATA", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]},
670 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitSTACK", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK]},
671 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitCORE", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE]},
672 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRSS", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_RSS]},
673 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNOFILE", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]},
674 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitAS", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_AS]},
675 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNPROC", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC]},
676 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitMEMLOCK", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK]},
677 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitLOCKS", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_LOCKS]},
678 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitSIGPENDING",config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING]},
679 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitMSGQUEUE", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE]},
680 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNICE", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]},
681 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRTPRIO", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]},
682 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRTTIME", config_parse_limit, 0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]},
683 { NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL }
690 fn = arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? SYSTEM_CONFIG_FILE : USER_CONFIG_FILE;
696 log_warning("Failed to open configuration file '%s': %m", fn);
700 r = config_parse(fn, f, "Manager\0", config_item_table_lookup, (void*) items, false, NULL);
702 log_warning("Failed to parse configuration file: %s", strerror(-r));
709 static int parse_proc_cmdline(void) {
710 char *line, *w, *state;
714 /* Don't read /proc/cmdline if we are in a container, since
715 * that is only relevant for the host system */
716 if (detect_container(NULL) > 0)
719 if ((r = read_one_line_file("/proc/cmdline", &line)) < 0) {
720 log_warning("Failed to read /proc/cmdline, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
724 FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, line, state) {
727 if (!(word = strndup(w, l))) {
732 r = parse_proc_cmdline_word(word);
734 log_error("Failed on cmdline argument %s: %s", word, strerror(-r));
749 static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
752 ARG_LOG_LEVEL = 0x100,
761 ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS,
769 ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT,
770 ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR
773 static const struct option options[] = {
774 { "log-level", required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LEVEL },
775 { "log-target", required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_TARGET },
776 { "log-color", optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_COLOR },
777 { "log-location", optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LOCATION },
778 { "unit", required_argument, NULL, ARG_UNIT },
779 { "system", no_argument, NULL, ARG_SYSTEM },
780 { "user", no_argument, NULL, ARG_USER },
781 { "test", no_argument, NULL, ARG_TEST },
782 { "help", no_argument, NULL, 'h' },
783 { "version", no_argument, NULL, ARG_VERSION },
784 { "dump-configuration-items", no_argument, NULL, ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS },
785 { "dump-core", optional_argument, NULL, ARG_DUMP_CORE },
786 { "crash-shell", optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CRASH_SHELL },
787 { "confirm-spawn", optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN },
788 { "show-status", optional_argument, NULL, ARG_SHOW_STATUS },
789 { "deserialize", required_argument, NULL, ARG_DESERIALIZE },
790 { "switched-root", no_argument, NULL, ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT },
791 { "introspect", optional_argument, NULL, ARG_INTROSPECT },
792 { "default-standard-output", required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT, },
793 { "default-standard-error", required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR, },
805 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hDbsz:", options, NULL)) >= 0)
810 if ((r = log_set_max_level_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
811 log_error("Failed to parse log level %s.", optarg);
819 if ((r = log_set_target_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
820 log_error("Failed to parse log target %s.", optarg);
829 if ((r = log_show_color_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
830 log_error("Failed to parse log color setting %s.", optarg);
834 log_show_color(true);
838 case ARG_LOG_LOCATION:
841 if ((r = log_show_location_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
842 log_error("Failed to parse log location setting %s.", optarg);
846 log_show_location(true);
850 case ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT:
852 if ((r = exec_output_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
853 log_error("Failed to parse default standard output setting %s.", optarg);
856 arg_default_std_output = r;
859 case ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR:
861 if ((r = exec_output_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
862 log_error("Failed to parse default standard error output setting %s.", optarg);
865 arg_default_std_error = r;
870 if ((r = set_default_unit(optarg)) < 0) {
871 log_error("Failed to set default unit %s: %s", optarg, strerror(-r));
878 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
882 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_USER;
886 arg_action = ACTION_TEST;
890 arg_action = ACTION_VERSION;
893 case ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS:
894 arg_action = ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS;
898 r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
900 log_error("Failed to parse dump core boolean %s.", optarg);
906 case ARG_CRASH_SHELL:
907 r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
909 log_error("Failed to parse crash shell boolean %s.", optarg);
915 case ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN:
916 r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
918 log_error("Failed to parse confirm spawn boolean %s.", optarg);
921 arg_confirm_spawn = r;
924 case ARG_SHOW_STATUS:
925 r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
927 log_error("Failed to parse show status boolean %s.", optarg);
933 case ARG_DESERIALIZE: {
937 r = safe_atoi(optarg, &fd);
938 if (r < 0 || fd < 0) {
939 log_error("Failed to parse deserialize option %s.", optarg);
940 return r < 0 ? r : -EINVAL;
943 fd_cloexec(fd, true);
947 log_error("Failed to open serialization fd: %m");
952 fclose(serialization);
959 case ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT:
960 arg_switched_root = true;
963 case ARG_INTROSPECT: {
964 const char * const * i = NULL;
966 for (i = bus_interface_table; *i; i += 2)
967 if (!optarg || streq(i[0], optarg)) {
968 fputs(DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE
971 fputs("</node>\n", stdout);
978 log_error("Unknown interface %s.", optarg);
980 arg_action = ACTION_DONE;
985 arg_action = ACTION_HELP;
989 log_set_max_level(LOG_DEBUG);
995 /* Just to eat away the sysvinit kernel
996 * cmdline args without getopt() error
997 * messages that we'll parse in
998 * parse_proc_cmdline_word() or ignore. */
1002 if (getpid() != 1) {
1003 log_error("Unknown option code %c", c);
1010 if (optind < argc && getpid() != 1) {
1011 /* Hmm, when we aren't run as init system
1012 * let's complain about excess arguments */
1014 log_error("Excess arguments.");
1018 if (detect_container(NULL) > 0) {
1021 /* All /proc/cmdline arguments the kernel didn't
1022 * understand it passed to us. We're not really
1023 * interested in that usually since /proc/cmdline is
1024 * more interesting and complete. With one exception:
1025 * if we are run in a container /proc/cmdline is not
1026 * relevant for the container, hence we rely on argv[]
1029 for (a = argv; a < argv + argc; a++)
1030 if ((r = parse_proc_cmdline_word(*a)) < 0) {
1031 log_error("Failed on cmdline argument %s: %s", *a, strerror(-r));
1039 static int help(void) {
1041 printf("%s [OPTIONS...]\n\n"
1042 "Starts up and maintains the system or user services.\n\n"
1043 " -h --help Show this help\n"
1044 " --test Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit\n"
1045 " --dump-configuration-items Dump understood unit configuration items\n"
1046 " --introspect[=INTERFACE] Extract D-Bus interface data\n"
1047 " --unit=UNIT Set default unit\n"
1048 " --system Run a system instance, even if PID != 1\n"
1049 " --user Run a user instance\n"
1050 " --dump-core[=0|1] Dump core on crash\n"
1051 " --crash-shell[=0|1] Run shell on crash\n"
1052 " --confirm-spawn[=0|1] Ask for confirmation when spawning processes\n"
1053 " --show-status[=0|1] Show status updates on the console during bootup\n"
1054 " --log-target=TARGET Set log target (console, journal, syslog, kmsg, journal-or-kmsg, syslog-or-kmsg, null)\n"
1055 " --log-level=LEVEL Set log level (debug, info, notice, warning, err, crit, alert, emerg)\n"
1056 " --log-color[=0|1] Highlight important log messages\n"
1057 " --log-location[=0|1] Include code location in log messages\n"
1058 " --default-standard-output= Set default standard output for services\n"
1059 " --default-standard-error= Set default standard error output for services\n",
1060 program_invocation_short_name);
1065 static int version(void) {
1066 puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
1068 puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
1073 static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool serialize_jobs) {
1082 /* Make sure nothing is really destructed when we shut down */
1085 r = manager_open_serialization(m, &f);
1087 log_error("Failed to create serialization file: %s", strerror(-r));
1094 log_error("Failed to allocate fd set: %s", strerror(-r));
1098 r = manager_serialize(m, f, fds, serialize_jobs);
1100 log_error("Failed to serialize state: %s", strerror(-r));
1104 if (fseeko(f, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
1105 log_error("Failed to rewind serialization fd: %m");
1109 r = fd_cloexec(fileno(f), false);
1111 log_error("Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization: %s", strerror(-r));
1115 r = fdset_cloexec(fds, false);
1117 log_error("Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization fds: %s", strerror(-r));
1135 static int bump_rlimit_nofile(struct rlimit *saved_rlimit) {
1139 assert(saved_rlimit);
1141 /* Save the original RLIMIT_NOFILE so that we can reset it
1142 * later when transitioning from the initrd to the main
1143 * systemd or suchlike. */
1144 if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, saved_rlimit) < 0) {
1145 log_error("Reading RLIMIT_NOFILE failed: %m");
1149 /* Make sure forked processes get the default kernel setting */
1150 if (!arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]) {
1153 rl = newdup(struct rlimit, saved_rlimit, 1);
1157 arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE] = rl;
1160 /* Bump up the resource limit for ourselves substantially */
1161 nl.rlim_cur = nl.rlim_max = 64*1024;
1162 r = setrlimit_closest(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &nl);
1164 log_error("Setting RLIMIT_NOFILE failed: %s", strerror(-r));
1171 static struct dual_timestamp* parse_initrd_timestamp(struct dual_timestamp *t) {
1173 unsigned long long a, b;
1177 e = getenv("RD_TIMESTAMP");
1181 if (sscanf(e, "%llu %llu", &a, &b) != 2)
1184 t->realtime = (usec_t) a;
1185 t->monotonic = (usec_t) b;
1190 static void test_mtab(void) {
1193 /* Check that /etc/mtab is a symlink */
1195 if (readlink_malloc("/etc/mtab", &p) >= 0) {
1198 b = streq(p, "/proc/self/mounts") || streq(p, "/proc/mounts");
1205 log_warning("/etc/mtab is not a symlink or not pointing to /proc/self/mounts. "
1206 "This is not supported anymore. "
1207 "Please make sure to replace this file by a symlink to avoid incorrect or misleading mount(8) output.");
1210 static void test_usr(void) {
1212 /* Check that /usr is not a separate fs */
1214 if (dir_is_empty("/usr") <= 0)
1217 log_warning("/usr appears to be on its own filesytem and is not already mounted. This is not a supported setup. "
1218 "Some things will probably break (sometimes even silently) in mysterious ways. "
1219 "Consult http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/separate-usr-is-broken for more information.");
1222 static void test_cgroups(void) {
1224 if (access("/proc/cgroups", F_OK) >= 0)
1227 log_warning("CONFIG_CGROUPS was not set when your kernel was compiled. "
1228 "Systems without control groups are not supported. "
1229 "We will now sleep for 10s, and then continue boot-up. "
1230 "Expect breakage and please do not file bugs. "
1231 "Instead fix your kernel and enable CONFIG_CGROUPS. "
1232 "Consult http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/cgroups-vs-cgroups.html for more information.");
1237 static int initialize_join_controllers(void) {
1238 /* By default, mount "cpu" + "cpuacct" together, and "net_cls"
1239 * + "net_prio". We'd like to add "cpuset" to the mix, but
1240 * "cpuset" does't really work for groups with no initialized
1243 arg_join_controllers = new(char**, 3);
1244 if (!arg_join_controllers)
1247 arg_join_controllers[0] = strv_new("cpu", "cpuacct", NULL);
1248 if (!arg_join_controllers[0])
1251 arg_join_controllers[1] = strv_new("net_cls", "net_prio", NULL);
1252 if (!arg_join_controllers[1])
1255 arg_join_controllers[2] = NULL;
1259 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
1261 int r, retval = EXIT_FAILURE;
1262 usec_t before_startup, after_startup;
1263 char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
1265 bool reexecute = false;
1266 const char *shutdown_verb = NULL;
1267 dual_timestamp initrd_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
1268 static char systemd[] = "systemd";
1269 bool skip_setup = false;
1271 bool loaded_policy = false;
1272 bool arm_reboot_watchdog = false;
1273 bool queue_default_job = false;
1274 char *switch_root_dir = NULL, *switch_root_init = NULL;
1275 static struct rlimit saved_rlimit_nofile = { 0, 0 };
1277 #ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
1278 if (getpid() != 1 && strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "init")) {
1279 /* This is compatibility support for SysV, where
1280 * calling init as a user is identical to telinit. */
1283 execv(SYSTEMCTL_BINARY_PATH, argv);
1284 log_error("Failed to exec " SYSTEMCTL_BINARY_PATH ": %m");
1289 /* Determine if this is a reexecution or normal bootup. We do
1290 * the full command line parsing much later, so let's just
1291 * have a quick peek here. */
1292 for (j = 1; j < argc; j++)
1293 if (streq(argv[j], "--deserialize")) {
1298 /* If we have switched root, do all the special setup
1300 for (j = 1; j < argc; j++)
1301 if (streq(argv[j], "--switched-root")) {
1306 /* If we get started via the /sbin/init symlink then we are
1307 called 'init'. After a subsequent reexecution we are then
1308 called 'systemd'. That is confusing, hence let's call us
1309 systemd right-away. */
1310 program_invocation_short_name = systemd;
1311 prctl(PR_SET_NAME, systemd);
1316 log_show_color(isatty(STDERR_FILENO) > 0);
1318 if (getpid() == 1 && detect_container(NULL) <= 0) {
1320 /* Running outside of a container as PID 1 */
1321 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
1323 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_KMSG);
1327 char *rd_timestamp = NULL;
1329 dual_timestamp_get(&initrd_timestamp);
1330 asprintf(&rd_timestamp, "%llu %llu",
1331 (unsigned long long) initrd_timestamp.realtime,
1332 (unsigned long long) initrd_timestamp.monotonic);
1334 setenv("RD_TIMESTAMP", rd_timestamp, 1);
1340 if (selinux_setup(&loaded_policy) < 0)
1342 if (ima_setup() < 0)
1346 if (label_init(NULL) < 0)
1350 if (hwclock_is_localtime() > 0) {
1353 /* The first-time call to settimeofday() does a time warp in the kernel */
1354 r = hwclock_set_timezone(&min);
1356 log_error("Failed to apply local time delta, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
1358 log_info("RTC configured in localtime, applying delta of %i minutes to system time.", min);
1359 } else if (!in_initrd()) {
1361 * Do dummy first-time call to seal the kernel's time warp magic
1363 * Do not call this this from inside the initrd. The initrd might not
1364 * carry /etc/adjtime with LOCAL, but the real system could be set up
1365 * that way. In such case, we need to delay the time-warp or the sealing
1366 * until we reach the real system.
1368 hwclock_reset_timezone();
1370 /* Tell the kernel our time zone */
1371 r = hwclock_set_timezone(NULL);
1373 log_error("Failed to set the kernel's time zone, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
1377 /* Set the default for later on, but don't actually
1378 * open the logs like this for now. Note that if we
1379 * are transitioning from the initrd there might still
1380 * be journal fd open, and we shouldn't attempt
1381 * opening that before we parsed /proc/cmdline which
1382 * might redirect output elsewhere. */
1383 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL_OR_KMSG);
1385 } else if (getpid() == 1) {
1387 /* Running inside a container, as PID 1 */
1388 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
1389 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE);
1392 /* For the later on, see above... */
1393 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL);
1397 /* Running as user instance */
1398 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_USER;
1399 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
1403 /* Initialize default unit */
1404 r = set_default_unit(SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
1406 log_error("Failed to set default unit %s: %s", SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET, strerror(-r));
1410 r = initialize_join_controllers();
1414 /* Mount /proc, /sys and friends, so that /proc/cmdline and
1415 * /proc/$PID/fd is available. */
1416 if (geteuid() == 0 && !getenv("SYSTEMD_SKIP_API_MOUNTS")) {
1417 r = mount_setup(loaded_policy);
1422 /* Reset all signal handlers. */
1423 assert_se(reset_all_signal_handlers() == 0);
1425 /* If we are init, we can block sigkill. Yay. */
1426 ignore_signals(SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
1428 if (parse_config_file() < 0)
1431 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
1432 if (parse_proc_cmdline() < 0)
1435 log_parse_environment();
1437 if (parse_argv(argc, argv) < 0)
1440 if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST &&
1442 log_error("Don't run test mode as root.");
1446 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_USER &&
1447 arg_action == ACTION_RUN &&
1449 log_error("Trying to run as user instance, but the system has not been booted with systemd.");
1453 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM &&
1454 arg_action == ACTION_RUN &&
1455 running_in_chroot() > 0) {
1456 log_error("Cannot be run in a chroot() environment.");
1460 if (arg_action == ACTION_HELP) {
1463 } else if (arg_action == ACTION_VERSION) {
1466 } else if (arg_action == ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS) {
1467 unit_dump_config_items(stdout);
1468 retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
1470 } else if (arg_action == ACTION_DONE) {
1471 retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
1475 assert_se(arg_action == ACTION_RUN || arg_action == ACTION_TEST);
1477 /* Close logging fds, in order not to confuse fdset below */
1480 /* Remember open file descriptors for later deserialization */
1481 r = fdset_new_fill(&fds);
1483 log_error("Failed to allocate fd set: %s", strerror(-r));
1486 fdset_cloexec(fds, true);
1489 assert_se(fdset_remove(fds, fileno(serialization)) >= 0);
1491 /* Set up PATH unless it is already set */
1493 #ifdef HAVE_SPLIT_USR
1494 "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
1496 "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin",
1498 arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM);
1500 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
1501 /* Parse the data passed to us. We leave this
1502 * variables set, but the manager later on will not
1503 * pass them on to our children. */
1505 parse_initrd_timestamp(&initrd_timestamp);
1507 /* Unset some environment variables passed in from the
1508 * kernel that don't really make sense for us. */
1512 /* When we are invoked by a shell, these might be set,
1513 * but make little sense to pass on */
1518 /* When we are invoked by a chroot-like tool such as
1519 * nspawn, these might be set, but make little sense
1522 unsetenv("LOGNAME");
1524 /* We suppress the socket activation env vars, as
1525 * we'll try to match *any* open fd to units if
1527 unsetenv("LISTEN_FDS");
1528 unsetenv("LISTEN_PID");
1530 /* All other variables are left as is, so that clients
1531 * can still read them via /proc/1/environ */
1534 /* Move out of the way, so that we won't block unmounts */
1535 assert_se(chdir("/") == 0);
1537 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
1538 /* Become a session leader if we aren't one yet. */
1541 /* Disable the umask logic */
1545 /* Make sure D-Bus doesn't fiddle with the SIGPIPE handlers */
1546 dbus_connection_set_change_sigpipe(FALSE);
1548 /* Reset the console, but only if this is really init and we
1549 * are freshly booted */
1550 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && arg_action == ACTION_RUN)
1551 console_setup(getpid() == 1 && !skip_setup);
1553 /* Open the logging devices, if possible and necessary */
1556 /* Make sure we leave a core dump without panicing the
1559 install_crash_handler();
1561 if (geteuid() == 0 && !getenv("SYSTEMD_SKIP_API_MOUNTS")) {
1562 r = mount_cgroup_controllers(arg_join_controllers);
1567 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
1568 const char *virtualization = NULL;
1570 log_info(PACKAGE_STRING " running in system mode. (" SYSTEMD_FEATURES "; " DISTRIBUTION ")");
1572 detect_virtualization(&virtualization);
1574 log_info("Detected virtualization '%s'.", virtualization);
1577 log_info("Running in initial RAM disk.");
1580 log_debug(PACKAGE_STRING " running in user mode. (" SYSTEMD_FEATURES "; " DISTRIBUTION ")");
1582 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && !skip_setup) {
1585 if (arg_show_status || plymouth_running())
1600 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && arg_runtime_watchdog > 0)
1601 watchdog_set_timeout(&arg_runtime_watchdog);
1603 if (arg_timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
1604 if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, arg_timer_slack_nsec) < 0)
1605 log_error("Failed to adjust timer slack: %m");
1607 if (arg_capability_bounding_set_drop) {
1608 r = capability_bounding_set_drop(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop, true);
1610 log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set: %s", strerror(-r));
1613 r = capability_bounding_set_drop_usermode(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop);
1615 log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set of usermode helpers: %s", strerror(-r));
1620 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_USER) {
1621 /* Become reaper of our children */
1622 if (prctl(PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER, 1) < 0) {
1623 log_warning("Failed to make us a subreaper: %m");
1624 if (errno == EINVAL)
1625 log_info("Perhaps the kernel version is too old (< 3.4?)");
1629 if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
1630 bump_rlimit_nofile(&saved_rlimit_nofile);
1632 r = manager_new(arg_running_as, &m);
1634 log_error("Failed to allocate manager object: %s", strerror(-r));
1638 m->confirm_spawn = arg_confirm_spawn;
1639 m->default_std_output = arg_default_std_output;
1640 m->default_std_error = arg_default_std_error;
1641 m->runtime_watchdog = arg_runtime_watchdog;
1642 m->shutdown_watchdog = arg_shutdown_watchdog;
1644 manager_set_default_rlimits(m, arg_default_rlimit);
1646 if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&initrd_timestamp))
1647 m->initrd_timestamp = initrd_timestamp;
1649 if (arg_default_controllers)
1650 manager_set_default_controllers(m, arg_default_controllers);
1652 manager_set_show_status(m, arg_show_status);
1654 /* Remember whether we should queue the default job */
1655 queue_default_job = !serialization || arg_switched_root;
1657 before_startup = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
1659 r = manager_startup(m, serialization, fds);
1661 log_error("Failed to fully start up daemon: %s", strerror(-r));
1663 /* This will close all file descriptors that were opened, but
1664 * not claimed by any unit. */
1667 if (serialization) {
1668 fclose(serialization);
1669 serialization = NULL;
1672 if (queue_default_job) {
1674 Unit *target = NULL;
1675 Job *default_unit_job;
1677 dbus_error_init(&error);
1679 log_debug("Activating default unit: %s", arg_default_unit);
1681 r = manager_load_unit(m, arg_default_unit, NULL, &error, &target);
1683 log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
1684 dbus_error_free(&error);
1685 } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR)
1686 log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", strerror(-target->load_error));
1687 else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED)
1688 log_error("Default target masked.");
1690 if (!target || target->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
1691 log_info("Trying to load rescue target...");
1693 r = manager_load_unit(m, SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET, NULL, &error, &target);
1695 log_error("Failed to load rescue target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
1696 dbus_error_free(&error);
1698 } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR) {
1699 log_error("Failed to load rescue target: %s", strerror(-target->load_error));
1701 } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED) {
1702 log_error("Rescue target masked.");
1707 assert(target->load_state == UNIT_LOADED);
1709 if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST) {
1710 printf("-> By units:\n");
1711 manager_dump_units(m, stdout, "\t");
1714 r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, target, JOB_REPLACE, false, &error, &default_unit_job);
1716 log_error("Failed to start default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
1717 dbus_error_free(&error);
1720 m->default_unit_job_id = default_unit_job->id;
1722 after_startup = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
1723 log_full(arg_action == ACTION_TEST ? LOG_INFO : LOG_DEBUG,
1724 "Loaded units and determined initial transaction in %s.",
1725 format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_startup - before_startup));
1727 if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST) {
1728 printf("-> By jobs:\n");
1729 manager_dump_jobs(m, stdout, "\t");
1730 retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
1736 r = manager_loop(m);
1738 log_error("Failed to run mainloop: %s", strerror(-r));
1742 switch (m->exit_code) {
1745 retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
1749 case MANAGER_RELOAD:
1750 log_info("Reloading.");
1751 r = manager_reload(m);
1753 log_error("Failed to reload: %s", strerror(-r));
1756 case MANAGER_REEXECUTE:
1758 if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, true) < 0)
1762 log_notice("Reexecuting.");
1765 case MANAGER_SWITCH_ROOT:
1766 /* Steal the switch root parameters */
1767 switch_root_dir = m->switch_root;
1768 switch_root_init = m->switch_root_init;
1769 m->switch_root = m->switch_root_init = NULL;
1771 if (!switch_root_init)
1772 if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, false) < 0)
1776 log_notice("Switching root.");
1779 case MANAGER_REBOOT:
1780 case MANAGER_POWEROFF:
1782 case MANAGER_KEXEC: {
1783 static const char * const table[_MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_MAX] = {
1784 [MANAGER_REBOOT] = "reboot",
1785 [MANAGER_POWEROFF] = "poweroff",
1786 [MANAGER_HALT] = "halt",
1787 [MANAGER_KEXEC] = "kexec"
1790 assert_se(shutdown_verb = table[m->exit_code]);
1791 arm_reboot_watchdog = m->exit_code == MANAGER_REBOOT;
1793 log_notice("Shutting down.");
1798 assert_not_reached("Unknown exit code.");
1806 for (j = 0; j < RLIMIT_NLIMITS; j++)
1807 free(arg_default_rlimit[j]);
1809 free(arg_default_unit);
1810 strv_free(arg_default_controllers);
1811 free_join_controllers();
1818 unsigned i, args_size;
1820 /* Close and disarm the watchdog, so that the new
1821 * instance can reinitialize it, but doesn't get
1822 * rebooted while we do that */
1823 watchdog_close(true);
1825 /* Reset the RLIMIT_NOFILE to the kernel default, so
1826 * that the new systemd can pass the kernel default to
1827 * its child processes */
1828 if (saved_rlimit_nofile.rlim_cur > 0)
1829 setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &saved_rlimit_nofile);
1831 if (switch_root_dir) {
1832 /* Kill all remaining processes from the
1833 * initrd, but don't wait for them, so that we
1834 * can handle the SIGCHLD for them after
1836 broadcast_signal(SIGTERM, false);
1838 /* And switch root */
1839 r = switch_root(switch_root_dir);
1841 log_error("Failed to switch root, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
1844 args_size = MAX(6, argc+1);
1845 args = newa(const char*, args_size);
1847 if (!switch_root_init) {
1850 /* First try to spawn ourselves with the right
1851 * path, and with full serialization. We do
1852 * this only if the user didn't specify an
1853 * explicit init to spawn. */
1855 assert(serialization);
1858 snprintf(sfd, sizeof(sfd), "%i", fileno(serialization));
1862 args[i++] = SYSTEMD_BINARY_PATH;
1863 if (switch_root_dir)
1864 args[i++] = "--switched-root";
1865 args[i++] = arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? "--system" : "--user";
1866 args[i++] = "--deserialize";
1870 assert(i <= args_size);
1871 execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
1874 /* Try the fallback, if there is any, without any
1875 * serialization. We pass the original argv[] and
1876 * envp[]. (Well, modulo the ordering changes due to
1877 * getopt() in argv[], and some cleanups in envp[],
1878 * but let's hope that doesn't matter.) */
1880 if (serialization) {
1881 fclose(serialization);
1882 serialization = NULL;
1890 /* Reopen the console */
1891 make_console_stdio();
1893 for (j = 1, i = 1; j < argc; j++)
1894 args[i++] = argv[j];
1896 assert(i <= args_size);
1898 if (switch_root_init) {
1899 args[0] = switch_root_init;
1900 execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
1901 log_warning("Failed to execute configured init, trying fallback: %m");
1904 args[0] = "/sbin/init";
1905 execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
1907 if (errno == ENOENT) {
1908 log_warning("No /sbin/init, trying fallback");
1910 args[0] = "/bin/sh";
1912 execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
1913 log_error("Failed to execute /bin/sh, giving up: %m");
1915 log_warning("Failed to execute /sbin/init, giving up: %m");
1919 fclose(serialization);
1924 if (shutdown_verb) {
1925 const char * command_line[] = {
1926 SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH,
1932 if (arm_reboot_watchdog && arg_shutdown_watchdog > 0) {
1935 /* If we reboot let's set the shutdown
1936 * watchdog and tell the shutdown binary to
1937 * repeatedly ping it */
1938 watchdog_set_timeout(&arg_shutdown_watchdog);
1939 watchdog_close(false);
1941 /* Tell the binary how often to ping */
1942 snprintf(e, sizeof(e), "WATCHDOG_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) arg_shutdown_watchdog);
1945 env_block = strv_append(environ, e);
1947 env_block = strv_copy(environ);
1948 watchdog_close(true);
1951 execve(SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH, (char **) command_line, env_block);
1953 log_error("Failed to execute shutdown binary, freezing: %m");