site, transform: per-transform-instance max_start_pad

Replicate the max_start_pad value from the transform interface into
the instance interface.

Use the instance's version in site.c.

While we're at it, add an assertion to confirm that the value of
max_start_pad passed to buffer_init doesn't overrun the buffer.

Signed-off-by: Ian Jackson <ijackson@chiark.greenend.org.uk>