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+\define{by} \u00D7{x}
+
This is a collection of small one-player puzzle games.
\copyright This manual is copyright 2004 Simon Tatham. All rights
reserved. You may distribute this documentation under the MIT licence.
See \k{licence} for the licence text in full.
-\versionid $Id: puzzles.but,v 1.1 2004/08/16 12:23:56 simon Exp $
+\cfg{html-local-head}{<meta name="AppleTitle" content="Puzzles Help">}
+\versionid $Id$
\C{intro} Introduction
I wrote this collection because I thought there should be more small
desktop toys available: little games you can pop up in a window and
play for two or three minutes while you take a break from whatever
-else you were doing. And I was also annoyed that every time I found a
-good game on (say) \i{Unix}, it wasn't available the next time I was
-sitting at a \i{Windows} machine, or vice versa; so I arranged that
-everything in my personal puzzle collection will happily run on both.
-When I find (or perhaps invent) further puzzle games that I like,
-they'll be added to this collection and will immediately be available
-on both platforms. And if anyone feels like writing any other front
-ends - Mac OS, PocketPC, or whatever it might be - then all the games
-in this framework will immediately become available on another
-platform as well.
+else you were doing. And I was also annoyed that every time I found
+a good game on (say) \i{Unix}, it wasn't available the next time I
+was sitting at a \i{Windows} machine, or vice versa; so I arranged
+that everything in my personal puzzle collection will happily run on
+both, and have more recently done a port to Mac OS X as well. When I
+find (or perhaps invent) further puzzle games that I like, they'll
+be added to this collection and will immediately be available on
+both platforms. And if anyone feels like writing any other front
+ends - PocketPC, Mac OS pre-10, or whatever it might be - then all
+the games in this framework will immediately become available on
+another platform as well.
The actual games in this collection were mostly not my invention; I
saw them elsewhere, and rewrote them in a form that was more
and via \I{keys}keyboard shortcuts, in addition to any game-specific
actions.
+(On Mac OS X, to conform with local user interface standards, these
+actions are situated on the \I{File menu}\q{File} and \q{Edit
+menu}\q{Edit} menus instead.)
+
\dt \ii\e{New game} (\q{N}, Ctrl+\q{N})
\dd Starts a new game, with a random initial state.
\dd Redoes a previous undone move.
+\dt \ii\e{Copy}
+
+\dd Copies the current state of your game to the clipboard in text
+format, so that you can paste it into (say) an e-mail client or a
+web message board if you're discussing the game with someone else.
+(Not all games support this feature.)
+
+\dt \ii\e{Solve}
+
+\dd Transforms the puzzle instantly into its solved state. For some
+games (Cube) this feature is not supported at all because it is of
+no particular use. For other games (such as Pattern), the solved
+state can be used to give you information, if you can't see how a
+solution can exist at all or you want to know where you made a
+mistake. For still other games (such as Sixteen), automatic solution
+tells you nothing about how to \e{get} to the solution, but it does
+provide a useful way to get there quickly so that you can experiment
+with set-piece moves and transformations.
+
+\lcont{
+
+Some games (such as Solo) are capable of solving a game ID you have
+typed in from elsewhere. Other games (such as Rectangles) cannot
+solve a game ID they didn't invent themself, but when they did
+invent the game ID they know what the solution is already. Still
+other games (Pattern) can solve \e{some} external game IDs, but only
+if they aren't too difficult.
+
+}
+
\dt \I{exit}\ii\e{Quit} (\q{Q}, Ctrl+\q{Q})
\dd Closes the application entirely.
\H{common-id} Recreating games with the \ii{game ID}
The \q{\i{Specific...}} option from the \I{Game menu}\q{Game} menu
-lets you see a short string (the \q{game ID}) that captures the
-initial state of the current game.
+(or the \q{File} menu, on Mac OS X) lets you see a short string (the
+\q{game ID}) that captures the initial state of the current game.
The precise \I{ID format}format of the ID is specific to each game.
It consists of two parts delimited by a colon (e.g., \c{c4x4:4F01,0});
\H{common-cmdline} Specifying game parameters on the \i{command line}
+(This section does not apply to the Mac OS X version.)
+
The games in this collection deliberately do not ever save
information on to the computer they run on: they have no high score
tables and no saved preferences. (This is because I expect at least
The easiest way to do this is to set up the parameters you want
using the \q{Type} menu (see \k{common-type}), and then to select
-\q{Specific} from the \q{Game} menu (see \k{common-id}). The text in
-the \q{Game ID} box will be composed of two parts, separated by a
-colon. The first of these parts represents the game parameters (the
-size of the playing area, for example, and anything else you set
-using the \q{Type} menu).
+\q{Specific} from the \q{Game} or \q{File} menu (see \k{common-id}).
+The text in the \q{Game ID} box will be composed of two parts,
+separated by a colon. The first of these parts represents the game
+parameters (the size of the playing area, for example, and anything
+else you set using the \q{Type} menu).
If you run the game with just that parameter text on the command
line, it will start up with the settings you specified.
also unlock it again, but while it's locked you can't accidentally
turn it.
+\dt \e{Jumble tiles}: \q{J} key
+
+\dd This key turns all tiles that are not locked to random
+orientations.
+
(All the actions described in \k{common-actions} are also available.)
\H{net-params} \I{parameters, for Net}Net parameters
\cfg{winhelp-topic}{games.fifteen}
-The old ones are the best: this is the good old \q{\i{15-puzzle}} with
-sliding tiles. You have a 4x4 square grid; 15 squares contain numbered
-tiles, and the sixteenth is empty. Your move is to choose a tile next
-to the empty space, and slide it into the space. The aim is to end up
-with the tiles in numerical order, with the space in the bottom right
-(so that the top row reads 1,2,3,4 and the bottom row reads
-13,14,15,\e{space}).
+The old ones are the best: this is the good old \q{\i{15-puzzle}}
+with sliding tiles. You have a 4\by\.4 square grid; 15 squares
+contain numbered tiles, and the sixteenth is empty. Your move is to
+choose a tile next to the empty space, and slide it into the space.
+The aim is to end up with the tiles in numerical order, with the
+space in the bottom right (so that the top row reads 1,2,3,4 and the
+bottom row reads 13,14,15,\e{space}).
\H{fifteen-controls} \i{Fifteen controls}
self-explanatory.
+\C{twiddle} \i{Twiddle}
+
+\cfg{winhelp-topic}{games.twiddle}
+
+Twiddle is a tile-rearrangement puzzle, visually similar to Sixteen
+(see \k{sixteen}): you are given a grid of square tiles, each
+containing a number, and your aim is to arrange the numbers into
+ascending order.
+
+In basic Twiddle, your move is to rotate a square group of four
+tiles about their common centre. (Orientation is not significant in
+the basic puzzle, although you can select it.) On more advanced
+settings, you can rotate a larger square group of tiles.
+
+I first saw this type of puzzle in the GameCube game \q{Metroid
+Prime 2}. In the Main Gyro Chamber in that game, there is a puzzle
+you solve to unlock a door, which is a special case of Twiddle. I
+developed this game as a generalisation of that puzzle.
+
+\H{twiddle-controls} \I{controls, for Twiddle}Twiddle controls
+
+To play Twiddle, click the mouse in the centre of the square group
+you wish to rotate. In the basic mode, you rotate a 2\by\.2 square,
+which means you have to click at a corner point where four tiles
+meet.
+
+In more advanced modes you might be rotating 3\by\.3 or even more at
+a time; if the size of the square is odd then you simply click in
+the centre tile of the square you want to rotate.
+
+Clicking with the left mouse button rotates the group anticlockwise.
+Clicking with the right button rotates it clockwise.
+
+(All the actions described in \k{common-actions} are also available.)
+
+\H{twiddle-parameters} \I{parameters, for Twiddle}Twiddle parameters
+
+Twiddle provides several configuration options via the \q{Custom}
+option on the \q{Type} menu:
+
+\b You can configure the width and height of the puzzle grid.
+
+\b You can configure the size of square block that rotates at a time.
+
+\b You can ask for every square in the grid to be distinguishable
+(the default), or you can ask for a simplified puzzle in which there
+are groups of identical numbers. In the simplified puzzle your aim
+is just to arrange all the 1s into the first row, all the 2s into
+the second row, and so on.
+
+\b You can configure whether the orientation of tiles matters. If
+you ask for an orientable puzzle, each tile will have a triangle
+drawn in it. All the triangles must be pointing upwards to complete
+the puzzle.
+
+
\C{rectangles} \i{Rectangles}
\cfg{winhelp-topic}{games.rectangles}
number written in its numbered square.
Credit for this game goes to the Japanese puzzle magazine \i{Nikoli}
-\k{nikoli}; I've also seen a Palm implementation at \i{Puzzle Palace}
-\k{puzzle-palace}. Unlike Puzzle Palace's implementation, my version
+\k{nikoli-rect}; I've also seen a Palm implementation at \i{Puzzle Palace}
+\k{puzzle-palace-rect}. Unlike Puzzle Palace's implementation, my version
automatically generates random grids of any size you like. The quality
of puzzle design is therefore not quite as good as hand-crafted
puzzles would be (in particular, a unique solution cannot be
guaranteed), but on the plus side you get an inexhaustible supply of
puzzles tailored to your own specification.
-\B{nikoli} \W{http://www.nikoli.co.jp/puzzles/7/index_text-e.htm}\cw{http://www.nikoli.co.jp/puzzles/7/index_text-e.htm}
+\B{nikoli-rect} \W{http://www.nikoli.co.jp/puzzles/7/index_text-e.htm}\cw{http://www.nikoli.co.jp/puzzles/7/index_text-e.htm}
-\B{puzzle-palace} \W{http://www.puzzle.gr.jp/puzzle/sikaku/palm/index.html.en}\cw{http://www.puzzle.gr.jp/puzzle/sikaku/palm/index.html.en}
+\B{puzzle-palace-rect} \W{http://www.puzzle.gr.jp/puzzle/sikaku/palm/index.html.en}\cw{http://www.puzzle.gr.jp/puzzle/sikaku/palm/index.html.en}
\H{rectangles-controls} \I{controls, for Rectangles}Rectangles controls
\H{rectangles-params} \I{parameters, for Rectangles}Rectangles parameters
-The only parameters available from the \q{Custom...} option on the
-\q{Type} menu are \e{Width} and \e{Height}, which are
-self-explanatory.
+The \q{Custom...} option on the \q{Type} menu offers you \e{Width}
+and \e{Height} parameters, which are self-explanatory.
+
+\q{Expansion factor} is a mechanism for changing the type of grids
+generated by the program. Some people prefer a grid containing a few
+large rectangles to one containing many small ones. So you can ask
+Rectangles to essentially generate a \e{smaller} grid than the size
+you specified, and then to expand it by adding rows and columns.
+
+The default expansion factor of zero means that Rectangles will
+simply generate a grid of the size you ask for, and do nothing
+further. If you set an expansion factor of (say) 0.5, it means that
+each dimension of the grid will be expanded to half again as big
+after generation. In other words, the initial grid will be 2/3 the
+size in each dimension, and will be expanded to its full size
+without adding any more rectangles.
+
+Setting an expansion factor of around 0.5 tends to make the game
+more difficult, and also (in my experience) rewards a less deductive
+and more intuitive playing style. If you set it \e{too} high,
+though, the game simply cannot generate more than a few rectangles
+to cover the entire grid, and the game becomes trivial.
+
+\H{rectangles-cmdline} \I{command line, for Rectangles}Additional
+command-line configuration
+
+The expansion factor parameter, described in \k{rectangles-params},
+is not mentioned by default in the game ID (see \k{common-id}). So
+if you set your expansion factor to (say) 0.75, and then you
+generate an 11\by\.11 grid, then the game ID will simply say
+\c{11x11:}\e{numbers}. This means that if you send the game ID to
+another player and they paste it into their copy of Rectangles,
+their game will not be automatically configured to use the same
+expansion factor in any subsequent grids it generates. (I don't
+think the average person examining a single grid sent to them by
+another player would want their configuration modified to that
+extent.)
+
+If you are specifying a game ID or game parameters on the command
+line (see \k{common-cmdline}) and you do want to configure the
+expansion factor, you can do it by suffixing the letter \cq{e} to
+the parameters, followed by the expansion factor as a decimal
+number. For example:
+
+\b \cq{rect 11x11e0.75} starts Rectangles with a grid size of
+11\u00d7{x}11 and an expansion factor of 0.75.
+
+\b \cq{rect 11x11e0.75:g11c6e5e4a2_4e9c3b3d3b5g2b6c4k4g30a8n3j1g6a2}
+starts Rectangles with a grid size of 11\u00d7{x}11, an expansion
+factor of 0.75, \e{and} a specific game selected.
\C{netslide} \i{Netslide}
into place you have to slide them into place by moving a whole row at
a time.
-
As in Sixteen, \I{controls, for Netslide}control is with the mouse.
See \k{sixteen-controls}.
(see \k{net-params}).
+\C{pattern} \i{Pattern}
+
+\cfg{winhelp-topic}{games.pattern}
+
+You have a grid of squares, which must all be filled in either black
+or white. Beside each row of the grid are listed the lengths of the
+runs of black squares on that row; above each column are listed the
+lengths of the runs of black squares in that column. Your aim is to
+fill in the entire grid black or white.
+
+I first saw this puzzle form around 1995, under the name
+\q{\i{nonograms}}. I've seen it in various places since then, under
+different names.
+
+Normally, puzzles of this type turn out to be a meaningful picture
+of something once you've solved them. However, since this version
+generates the puzzles automatically, they will just look like random
+groupings of squares. (One user has suggested that this is actually
+a \e{good} thing, since it prevents you from guessing the colour of
+squares based on the picture, and forces you to use logic instead.)
+The advantage, though, is that you never run out of them.
+
+\H{pattern-controls} \I{controls, for Pattern}Pattern controls
+
+This game is played with the mouse.
+
+Left-click in a square to colour it black. Right-click to colour it
+white. If you make a mistake, you can middle-click, or hold down
+Shift while clicking with any button, to colour the square in the
+default grey (meaning \q{undecided}) again.
+
+You can click and drag with the left or right mouse button to colour
+a vertical or horizontal line of squares black or white at a time
+(respectively). If you click and drag with the middle button, or
+with Shift held down, you can colour a whole rectangle of squares
+grey.
+
+(All the actions described in \k{common-actions} are also available.)
+
+\H{pattern-parameters} \I{parameters, for Pattern}Pattern parameters
+
+The only options available from the \q{Custom...} option on the \q{Type}
+menu are \e{Width} and \e{Height}, which are self-explanatory.
+
+
+\C{solo} \i{Solo}
+
+\cfg{winhelp-topic}{games.solo}
+
+You have a square grid, which is divided into square or rectangular
+blocks. Each square must be filled in with a digit from 1 to the
+size of the grid, in such a way that
+
+\b every row contains only one occurrence of each digit
+
+\b every column contains only one occurrence of each digit
+
+\b every block contains only one occurrence of each digit.
+
+You are given some of the numbers as clues; your aim is to place the
+rest of the numbers correctly.
+
+The default puzzle size is 3\by\.3 (a 9\by\.9 actual grid, divided
+into nine 3\by\.3 blocks). You can also select sizes with
+rectangular blocks instead of square ones, such as 2\by\.3 (a
+6\by\.6 grid divided into six 3\by\.2 blocks).
+
+If you select a puzzle size which requires more than 9 digits, the
+additional digits will be letters of the alphabet. For example, if
+you select 3\by\.4 then the digits which go in your grid will be 1
+to 9, plus \cq{a}, \cq{b} and \cq{c}.
+
+I first saw this puzzle in \i{Nikoli} \k{nikoli-solo}, although it's also
+been popularised by various newspapers under the name \q{Sudoku} or
+\q{Su Doku}.
+
+\B{nikoli-solo} \W{http://www.nikoli.co.jp/puzzles/1/index_text-e.htm}\cw{http://www.nikoli.co.jp/puzzles/1/index_text-e.htm}
+
+\H{solo-controls} \I{controls, for Solo}Solo controls
+
+To play Solo, simply click the mouse in any empty square and then
+type a digit or letter on the keyboard to fill that square. If you
+make a mistake, click the mouse in the incorrect square and press
+Space to clear it again (or use the Undo feature).
+
+(All the actions described in \k{common-actions} are also available.)
+
+\H{solo-parameters} \I{parameters, for Solo}Solo parameters
+
+Solo allows you to configure two separate dimensions of the puzzle
+grid on the \q{Type} menu: the number of columns, and the number of
+rows, into which the main grid is divided. (The size of a block is
+the inverse of this: for example, if you select 2 columns and 3 rows,
+each actual block will have 3 columns and 2 rows.)
+
+You can also configure the type of symmetry shown in the generated
+puzzles. More symmetry makes the puzzles look prettier but may also
+make them easier, since the symmetry constraints can force more
+clues than necessary to be present. Completely asymmetric puzzles
+have the freedom to contain as few clues as possible.
+
+Finally, you can configure the difficulty of the generated puzzles.
+Difficulty levels are judged by the complexity of the techniques of
+deduction required to solve the puzzle: each level requires a mode
+of reasoning which was not necessary in the previous one. In
+particular, on difficulty levels \q{Trivial} and \q{Basic} there
+will be a square you can fill in with a single number at all times,
+whereas at \q{Intermediate} level and beyond you will have to make
+partial deductions about the \e{set} of squares a number could be in
+(or the set of numbers that could be in a square). None of the
+difficulty levels generated by this program ever requires making a
+guess and backtracking if it turns out to be wrong.
+
+Generating difficult puzzles is itself difficult: if you select
+\q{Intermediate} or \q{Advanced} difficulty, Solo may have to make
+many attempts at generating a puzzle before it finds one hard enough
+for you. Be prepared to wait, especially if you have also configured
+a large puzzle size.
+
+\H{solo-cmdline} \I{command line, for Solo}Additional command-line
+configuration
+
+The symmetry and difficulty parameters (described in
+\k{solo-parameters}) are not mentioned by default in the game ID
+(see \k{common-id}). So if (for example) you set your symmetry to
+4-way rotational and your difficulty to \q{Advanced}, and then you
+generate a 3\by\.4 grid, then the game ID will simply say
+\c{3x4:}\e{numbers}. This means that if you send the game ID to
+another player and they paste it into their copy of Solo, their game
+will not be automatically configured to use the same symmetry and
+difficulty settings in any subsequent grids it generates. (I don't
+think the average person examining a single grid sent to them by
+another player would want their configuration modified to that
+extent.)
+
+If you are specifying a game ID or game parameters on the command
+line (see \k{common-cmdline}) and you do want to configure the
+symmetry, you can do it by suffixing additional text to the
+parameters:
+
+\b \cq{m4} for 4-way mirror symmetry
+
+\b \cq{r4} for 4-way rotational symmetry
+
+\b \cq{r2} for 2-way rotational symmetry
+
+\b \cq{a} for no symmetry at all (stands for \q{asymmetric})
+
+\b \cq{dt} for Trivial difficulty level
+
+\b \cq{db} for Basic difficulty level
+
+\b \cq{di} for Intermediate difficulty level
+
+\b \cq{da} for Advanced difficulty level
+
+So, for example, you can make Solo generate asymmetric 3x4 grids by
+running \cq{solo 3x4a}, or 4-way rotationally symmetric 2x3 grids by
+running \cq{solo 2x3r4}, or \q{Advanced}-level 2x3 grids by running
+\cq{solo 2x3da}.
+
+
\A{licence} \I{MIT licence}\ii{Licence}
-This software is \i{copyright} 2004 Simon Tatham.
+This software is \i{copyright} 2004-2005 Simon Tatham.
Portions copyright Richard Boulton.
~ian / sgt-puzzles.git / blobdiff