--- /dev/null
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+<HEAD><TITLE>
+"Tempo, dynamic marks, ornaments, etc."
+</TITLE></HEAD>
+<BODY>
+<P>
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+
+<H1>
+TEMPO, DYNAMIC MARKS, ORNAMENTS, ETC.
+</H1>
+<H2>
+General information
+</H2>
+<P>
+There are a number of symbols and other markings that appear frequently
+in music, which are normally associated with a particular time or place in the
+composition. There are several classes of such symbols, all of which are
+handled by Mup in a somewhat similar fashion. The general format of these
+statements is:
+<BR><PRE>
+<I>mark_type place staff(s) distance : begintime text duration;</I>
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+The <I>mark_type</I> can be any of the following:
+<PRE>
+Mark_type Meaning
+
+rom text in roman font
+ital text in italic font
+bold text in bold font
+boldital text in bold-italic font
+mussym music symbol (fermata, coda sign, etc.)
+phrase phrase mark
+< crescendo "hairpin"
+> decrescendo "hairpin"
+octave play 1 or more octaves higher or lower
+pedal piano pedal marks
+</PRE>
+</P>
+<P>
+The <I>place</I> is as for
+<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics:</A>
+above, below, or between.
+There are some restrictions, as summarized below:
+<PRE>
+ place allowed
+mark_type above below between default
+
+rom yes yes yes above
+bold yes yes yes above
+ital yes yes yes above
+boldital yes yes yes above
+mussym yes yes yes above
+phrase yes yes no varies
+< yes yes yes above
+> yes yes yes above
+octave yes yes no none
+pedal no yes no below
+</PRE>
+</P>
+<P>
+<A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A>
+must include a <I>place</I> of above or below.
+For all the other mark_types, the <I>place</I> is optional. For
+<A HREF="phrase.html">phrase,</A>
+if <I>place</I> is not specified, Mup determines it
+on a case-by-case basis depending on the location of the notes.
+</P>
+<P>
+As with musical data or lyrics, the <I>staff</I> can be a single
+number or may include lists and ranges. In the case of "between",
+staff numbers must be in pairs, separated by an "&", with the second
+staff number one greater than the first.
+</P>
+<P>
+The <I>staff</I> can also be specified by the keyword "all," in which
+case the mark will be placed above the top visible staff or below the
+bottom visible staff.
+</P>
+<P>
+Here are some examples:
+<BR><PRE>
+rom 3:
+boldital below 1:
+< between 3&4:
+pedal below 2:
+octave above 3:
+phrase 3,4:
+mussym above 2-3, 5:
+ital between 1&2, 3&4:
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+<A NAME="dist">The</A>
+<I>distance</I> is optional. It is specified by the keyword "dist" followed
+by a number. This number overrides the
+<A HREF="param.html#dist">dist,</A>
+<A HREF="param.html#chdist">chorddist,</A>
+or
+<A HREF="param.html#dyndist">dyndist</A>
+parameter value that would normally apply, and is given in stepsizes.
+If the number is followed by a ! the items will be placed at exactly that
+distance from the edge of the staff,
+without regard for anything they might overwrite.
+Otherwise the normal rules apply: the dist is a minimum value, and items
+may be placed farther away than this to avoid colliding with other things.
+If the ! is used, the number is allowed to be negative,
+which allows you to place items inside the staff.
+A dist cannot be specified with pedal, phrase, or between.
+<BR><PRE>
+score
+ dist=2
+music
+
+rom above 1: 1 "normal dist";
+rom above 1 dist 4: 2 "dist 4"; // higher than usual
+rom above 1 dist 0! : 3 "forced 0"; // lower than normal
+mussym above 1 dist -2! : 4.5 "rr"; // forced down into staff
+1: c;;;;
+endbar
+</PRE><BR>
+<IMG SRC="mugex67.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+After the colon comes one or more items to be printed. Each item contains
+at least a begintime specification. Some may also contain a
+<A HREF="textstr.html">text string</A>
+and/or
+a duration. Each item ends with a semicolon. A newline ends the list of items.
+</P>
+<P>
+The begintime describes where in time the item should be printed. It is
+a number ranging from 0 to the numerator (top number)
+of the
+<A HREF="param.html#time">time signature</A>
+plus one.
+0 refers to the bar line at the beginning of the current measure, 1 refers
+to the first beat of the measure, 2 to the second beat, etc., with the
+maximum value referring to the bar line which ends the measure. A "beat"
+is whatever time value is given by the denominator (bottom number)
+of the time signature.
+For example, in 4/4 or 3/4 time, a beat is a quarter note, whereas in 6/8
+or 9/8 time, a beat is an eighth note. Fractional values can be specified
+using a decimal number. Thus 1.5 is halfway between beats 1 and 2,
+while 2.66 is about 2/3 of the way between beats 2 and 3.
+For
+<A HREF="param.html#time">time signatures</A>
+that are the addition of two or more fractions, like 4/4 + 3/8,
+a "beat" is given by the largest denominator.
+</P>
+<P>
+Since grace notes effectively take zero time, special notation is used
+to place something relative to a grace note. The <I>begintime</I> can be
+followed by a number of grace notes to "back up" from the beat.
+The number is a negative number enclosed in parentheses.
+</P>
+<P>
+The beat time value can optionally be followed by
+<A NAME="stepoff">an offset, in stepsizes.</A>
+This offset is a number in square brackets.
+The number must begin with a + or - sign.
+It can optionally include a decimal point and fractional part.
+A negative offset will cause the item to
+be moved to the left, while a positive offset will cause it
+to be moved to the right.
+This offset is used as a final adjustment after all the other placement
+has been done. A common use for this would be if you want to place something
+slightly before the beginning of the first measure of a song. You could
+then specify something like:
+<BR><PRE>
+rom above all: 0 [-3.5] "Allegro";
+</PRE><BR>
+which would place the "Allegro" 3.5 stepsizes left of the beginning
+of the measure.
+</P>
+<P>
+The grace note back up, if any, must occur before the
+stepsize offset, if any.
+For example:
+<BR><PRE>
+1: c; [grace] 8d; []e; []f; 2.g;
+ital above 1: 2(-3)[+1] "cresc.";
+bar
+</PRE><BR>
+<IMG SRC="mugex68.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
+would find the chord at or closest to count 2,
+and back up 3 grace notes from there, then move right by 1 stepsize.
+</P>
+<P>
+For items that include a duration, the duration tells the ending point of
+the item. A duration is specified by:
+<BR><PRE>
+<B>til</B> <I>M</I><B>m</B> + <I>N</I>
+</PRE><BR>
+where <I>M</I> is a number of
+<A HREF="bars.html">bar lines</A>
+to cross, and <I>N</I> is a number of additional beats.
+If either of them is 0, it can be omitted,
+but at least one of them must be non-zero.
+Here are some examples:
+<BR><PRE>
+til 3 // until beat 3 of current measure
+til 1m+2 // until beat 2 of next measure
+til 1m // until next bar line
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+Whether the text and duration are allowed or required depends on the mark_type,
+as summarized below:
+<PRE>
+mark_type text duration
+
+rom required optional
+bold required optional
+ital required optional
+boldital required optional
+mussym required allowed on tr only
+phrase not allowed required
+< not allowed required
+> not allowed required
+octave required optional
+pedal * or nothing not allowed
+</PRE>
+</P>
+<P>
+If there are several items, such that they have to be stacked on top
+of each other, all items of a particular class are placed from top to bottom
+according to input order. The classes are done in the order
+shown in the table below, unless the order is overridden by
+the
+<A HREF="param.html#aboveord">aboveorder,</A>
+<A HREF="param.html#beloword">beloworder,</A>
+or
+<A HREF="param.html#betwnord">betweenorder</A>
+parameters.
+<PRE>
+above (from bottom up)
+ phrase
+ mussym
+ octave
+ rom bold ital boldital < >
+ lyrics
+ endings
+ rehearsal marks
+
+below (from top down)
+ phrase
+ mussym
+ octave
+ rom bold ital boldital < >
+ lyrics
+ pedal
+
+between (from bottom up)
+ mussym
+ rom bold ital boldital < >
+ lyrics
+</PRE>
+</P>
+<P>
+For example, for the above items, all phrases will be placed as close to the
+staff as possible, then mussym items above them, then octave marks above
+them, etc. However, if there are several mussym items that belong at the
+same horizontal position, the first one entered in the input will be printed
+above the second, the second one entered will be printed above the third, etc.
+All of the "above all" items of a given class will be above the
+items of that class for the top visible staff,
+and all "below all" items of a given class will be below the
+items of that class for the bottom visible staff.
+<BR>
+<A HREF="textmark.html">Text</A>
+<BR>
+<A HREF="mussym.html">Music symbols</A>
+<BR>
+<A HREF="phrase.html">Phrase marks</A>
+<BR>
+<A HREF="cres.html">Crescendo and decrescendo marks</A>
+<BR>
+<A HREF="octave.html">Octave marks</A>
+<BR>
+<A HREF="pedal.html">Piano pedal marks</A>
+<BR>
+<A HREF="roll.html">Rolls</A>
+</P>
+<HR><P>
+ <A HREF="textstr.html"><-- previous page</A> <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="textmark.html">next page --></A>
+</P>
+</BODY></HTML>
~mdw / mup / blobdiff