--- /dev/null
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+<HEAD><TITLE>
+Shaped notes
+</TITLE></HEAD>
+<BODY>
+<P>
+ <A HREF="tabstaff.html"><-- previous page</A>
+
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+</P>
+
+<H1>
+SHAPED NOTES
+</H1>
+<P>
+If you intend to only use the usual system of note heads,
+you can skip over this section on shaped notes.
+If you wish to use less common note head shapes, like X-shaped notes,
+rather than normal note heads, or want "shaped note" music that is often used
+for "Sacred Harp" style music, sometimes also called "fasola notation,"
+then this section will explain how you can do that.
+</P>
+<H2>
+Headshapes context
+</H2>
+<P>
+<A NAME="hdshape">The headshapes context</A>
+is used in conjuction with the
+<A HREF="param.html#notehead">noteheads parameter</A>
+to determine what characters will be used when printing note heads.
+It is rarely necessary to include a headshapes context in your music,
+since Mup already has the most common values built in,
+so generally you just need to use the
+<A HREF="param.html#notehead">noteheads parameter</A>
+to access them. However, it is still important to understand
+what the headshapes context can contain,
+to understand how the builtin values work.
+</P>
+<P>
+The headshapes context defines, for
+a given head shape name, what specific note head characters
+to use for the notes of various durations.
+It contains one or more pairs of strings.
+The first string in the pair gives a name for a set of note head shapes.
+The second string contains a space-separated list of the names
+of 4 note head characters to use for that head shape name.
+The first shape in the list is used for quarter notes and shorter,
+the second for half notes,
+the third for whole notes, and the fourth for double whole notes.
+</P>
+<P>
+If an upside down version of the character is to be used for stem down notes,
+the name is prefixed by "u?" (The "u" stands for "upside-down" and the
+question mark is intended to be mnemonic for the fact
+that the upside down version
+will only be used part of the time, namely for stem-down notes.)
+</P>
+<P>
+As was mentioned above, the most common mappings are already built into Mup.
+Here is the list of the pre-defined values.
+Pay particular attention to the first string on each line,
+since those are the names you will use in the
+<A HREF="param.html#notehead">notehead parameter</A>
+and for
+<A HREF="shaped.html#chord">overriding chord</A>
+and
+<A HREF="shaped.html#note">note shapes.</A>
+<BR>
+<TABLE BORDER=4>
+<TR>
+<TD>"norm"</TD> <TD>"4n 2n 1n dblwhole"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"x"</TD> <TD>"xnote diamond diamond dwhdiamond"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"allx"</TD> <TD>"xnote xnote xnote xnote"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"diam"</TD> <TD>"filldiamond diamond diamond dwhdiamond"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"blank"</TD> <TD>"blankhead blankhead blankhead blankhead"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"righttri"</TD> <TD>"u?fillrighttriangle u?righttriangle u?righttriangle u?dwhrighttriangle"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"isostri"</TD> <TD>"fillisostriangle isostriangle isostriangle dwhisostriangle"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"rect"</TD> <TD>"fillrectangle rectangle rectangle dwhrectangle"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"pie"</TD> <TD>"fillpiewedge piewedge piewedge dwhpiewedge"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"semicirc"</TD> <TD>"fillsemicircle semicircle semicircle dwhsemicircle"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"slash"</TD> <TD>"fillslashhead slashhead slashhead dwhslashhead"</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>"allslash"</TD> <TD>"fillslashhead fillslashhead fillslashhead fillslashhead"</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+
+</P>
+<P>
+You can redefine these or define new ones if you wish.
+The name (the first of the two strings in the pair)
+can be almost anything you want.
+The four names in the second string must be taken from the list of
+valid note head characters given below:
+<BR>
+<PRE>
+4n 2n 1n dblwhole
+filldiamond diamond dwhdiamond
+fillisostriangle isostriangle dwhisostriangle
+fillpiewedge piewedge dwhpiewedge
+fillrectangle rectangle dwhrectangle
+fillrighttriangle righttriangle dwhrighttriangle
+ufillrighttriangle urighttriangle udwhrighttriangle
+fillsemicircle semicircle dwhsemicircle
+fillslashhead slashhead dwhslashhead
+xnote
+blankhead
+</PRE>
+The righttriangle shape names can be prefixed by u? when
+used in the headshapes context, to indicate the upside down version of them should
+be used when the stem is down. Note that u? cannot be used on any other
+note head characters, since none of the others have a corresponding
+upside down version.
+</P>
+<P>
+As an example of how you could use the headshapes context,
+suppose you wished to use xnote for half notes and shorter,
+and diamond for longer notes.
+That is different than either of the builtin values "x" or "allx"
+but you could override one of them:
+<BR><PRE>
+headshapes
+ "x" "xnote xnote diamond diamond"
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+The blankhead does not print any head at all, it just leaves space as if
+there were a note head. It might be used if for some reason you just want
+stems.
+</P>
+<H2>
+Noteheads parameter
+</H2>
+<P>
+<A HREF="param.html#notehead">The noteheads parameter</A>
+describes which note head shape to use for each pitch
+in the scale. It can be specified in score, staff, or voice contexts.
+If you want to use the same shape for all pitches,
+(as is the case with standard notation), only one shape name is specified.
+Thus the default value for this parameter is
+<BR><PRE>
+noteheads = "norm"
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+If you want to use different shapes for different pitches,
+the noteheads value needs to be a string containing a list of 7 shape names.
+They are listed from the "tonic" of the major key up the scale,
+with the key based on the number of sharps or flats in the
+<A HREF="param.html#key">key signature.</A>
+The shape names must be from the list of pre-defined head shapes (norm,
+xnote, diam, blank, righttri, isostri, rect, pie, semicirc, slash),
+or names that you have given as the first in a pair of strings
+in the headshapes context.
+</P>
+<P>
+You can get the most common shaped note system using 4 shapes using:
+<BR><PRE>
+noteheads = "righttri norm rect righttri norm rect diam"
+</PRE><BR>
+There are several shaped notes systems using 7 different shapes.
+One such system is specified by:
+<BR><PRE>
+noteheads = "isostri semicirc diam righttri norm rect pie"
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+Once the noteheads parameter is set,
+you specify your music just like you would for standard notation,
+but Mup will use the appropriate note heads based on your specifications.
+</P>
+<P>
+<BR><PRE>
+score
+ // Use a 7-shaped system.
+ noteheads = "isostri semicirc diam righttri norm rect pie"
+
+ // Noteheads are given in order for the major key,
+ // so we'll start out with an example in major.
+ key = d major
+
+music
+
+// Do a descending scale in D major
+1: d+;c+;b;a;
+bar
+
+1: g;f;e;d;
+dblbar
+
+score
+ // Now we switch to D minor, where the "tonic"
+ // will start at the rect and then wrap around.
+ key = d minor
+
+music
+
+// Do a descending scale in D minor
+1: d+;c+;b;a;
+bar
+
+1: g;f;e;d;
+bar
+</PRE><BR>
+<IMG SRC="mugex60.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
+</P>
+<H2>
+Overriding chord note heads
+</H2>
+<P>
+<A NAME="chord">It is possible to override what note shape to use for a chord,</A>
+by giving "hs" followed by a head shape name from the headshapes context,
+inside square brackets.
+Thus
+<BR><PRE>
+ [hs "righttri"]
+</PRE><BR>
+would use the "righttri" headshape. The specific character to use would be
+based on the group's duration. In other words, if the chord was a
+quarter note or shorter, the "fillrighttriangle" note head would be used,
+but if the chord was a half or whole note, a "righttriangle" note head would be
+used, and a "dwhrighttriangle" would be used for a double whole note.
+</P>
+<P>
+The hs specification can be used along with other things that can go in the
+square brackets. For example,
+<BR><PRE>
+ [hs "blank"; len 0]
+</PRE><BR>
+would use blankheads and no stem, resulting in no chord being printed at all!
+</P>
+<H2>
+Overriding individual note heads
+</H2>
+<P>
+<A NAME="note">If you want to override the note head shape to be used for one specific</A>
+note in a chord, you use hs followed by the head shape name
+as a string after the note.
+<BR><PRE>
+1: cg e+ hs "diam"; f a hs "x" c+; 2ge+;
+bar
+</PRE><BR>
+<IMG SRC="mugex61.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
+</P>
+<H2>
+Putting it all together to use shaped notes
+</H2>
+<P>
+In summary,
+note head shapes can be specified in five different places: per note,
+per chord, in voice context, in staff context, and in score context.
+When deciding what note head shape to use, Mup checks for specifications
+in that order, using the first it finds.
+</P>
+<P>
+Since fret numbers are used rather than note heads on
+<A HREF="tabstaff.html">tablature staffs,</A>
+the only head shape name that is allowed is "allx."
+which is used for "muffled" notes.
+</P>
+<P>
+Here is a simple example of shaped notes, using the common 4-shape system.
+<BR><PRE>
+score
+ noteheads = "righttri norm rect righttri norm rect diam"
+ staffs=4
+ key=2#
+ bracket=1-4
+
+staff 3
+ clef=treble8
+staff 4
+ clef=bass
+music
+
+1: 2c+;4d+;e+;
+2: 2e;4a;f;
+3: 2e;4f;c;
+4: 2a-;4f-;a-;
+bar
+
+1: 1d+;
+2: 1f;
+3: 1d;
+4: 1d;
+endbar
+</PRE><BR>
+<IMG SRC="mugex62.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+Here is an example of using the same note head shape for all pitches,
+illustrating how the proper version--filled or open--of the note head
+is used, based on the note's duration.
+<BR><PRE>
+score
+ time=8/4
+ beamstyle=2,2,2,2
+
+music
+1: 8cf;;4;2;1;
+bar
+
+score noteheads="isostri"
+music
+1: 4ec+;8;;2;1;
+bar
+
+score noteheads="rect"
+music
+1: 1gc+;4;2;8;;
+bar
+
+score noteheads="pie"
+music
+1: 8cf;;4;2;1;
+bar
+
+score noteheads="x"
+music
+1: 4ec+;8;;2;1;
+bar
+
+score noteheads="slash"
+music
+1: 1gc+;4;2;8;;
+bar
+</PRE><BR>
+<IMG SRC="mugex63.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+And finally, here is a somewhat silly example that demonstrates how
+you can use the various shaped notes features to get any kind of
+note head that Mup supports anywhere you want.
+<BR><PRE>
+headshapes
+ // Make some user-defined head shapes.
+ // These combinations don't really make sense;
+ // they are just to demonstrate what you can do.
+ "reg" "4n 2n 2n 2n"
+ "other" "fillrectangle diamond isostriangle dblwhole"
+
+score
+ // Set notesheads, using an arbitrary mixture of builtin
+ // and user-defined head shapes.
+ noteheads="norm reg other reg reg other righttri"
+
+music
+
+1: c;d;2e;
+bar
+
+1: 2g;f;
+bar
+
+1: {b;a;g;}3;2c+;
+bar
+
+1: 1d;
+bar
+
+// do some shape overrides, both on group and note
+1: [ hs "pie" ]2ce; [hs "isostri"] c e g hs "righttri";
+endbar
+</PRE><BR>
+<IMG SRC="mugex64.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
+</P>
+<HR><P>
+ <A HREF="tabstaff.html"><-- previous page</A> <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="textstr.html">next page --></A>
+</P>
+</BODY></HTML>
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