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16 Lyrics are specified in a somewhat similar manner to
17 <A HREF="chordinp.html">note groups.</A>
18 Lyrics for each staff are specified with the word "lyrics"
19 optionally followed by a <I>place</I>,
20 followed by the <I>staff number</I>, followed by a colon, then the timing and
24 The <I>place</I>, if specified, can be "above" or "below," to
25 indicate whether the lyrics are to be printed above or below the given
26 staff. The default is below.
29 The <I>staff number</I> can be a single number or list of ranges of numbers.
30 It can also be given as the keyword "all," which will place the lyrics
31 above the top visible staff or below the bottom visible staff.
34 The place can also be specified as "between <I>M</I><B>&</B><I>N</I>"
35 where <I>M</I> and <I>N</I> are numbers.
36 This will cause the lyrics to printed approximately halfway between staff
37 <I>M</I> and staff <I>N</I>. <I>N</I> must be exactly one greater than <I>M</I>.
41 lyrics between 1&2, 3&4:
45 If you want the same lyrics above some staffs but below others,
46 you can specify several places and list of staffs, separated by semicolons.
49 lyrics above 1,3 ; below 2,4 ; between 5&6 :
53 After the colon comes a list of
55 Time values are separated by semicolons and are specified as they are
56 for notes: "2" for half notes, "8." for dotted eight, etc.
59 If the time values for lyrics are the same as the time values for the notes
60 on the staff, the time values need not be specified. If you don't
61 specify them, Mup will derive the appropriate values from the music input.
62 If you list more than one staff, the time values will be derived from the
63 first staff you list. Usually, the time values will be derived from voice 1,
64 but if voice 1 music data doesn't exist or is invisible,
65 or if the lyrics are explicitly specified as "below"
66 and there is a visible voice 2, then voice 2 will be used.
67 Voice 3, if any, is never used for automatically
68 deriving time values for lyrics.
73 lyrics 1: "The sun will shine";
74 // The time values will be all quarter notes,
75 // as derived from the music on staff 1
79 lyrics 1: "up-on the earth.";
80 // The derived time values will be 8;4.;4;;
83 // In these examples, time values will be taken
84 // from staff 4, since it is the first one listed.
85 // In the last case, because "below" is specified explicitly,
86 // the times will be taken from voice 2
87 // if there is a visible voice 2; in all the other cases
88 // it will be taken from voice 1 if voice 1 music
89 // has been entered and is visible.
90 lyrics 4,7,9: "for-ev-er";
91 lyrics above 4-6: "nev-er-more";
92 lyrics between 4&5,6&7: "this is it";
93 lyrics below 4,2: "and so forth";
95 The line describing the music from which to derive the times
96 must appear in the input prior to the lyrics line that is deriving the times.
97 If chords in the music are tied or slurred together, Mup will
98 treat those chords as being for a single syllable.
99 However, there may be some
100 circumstances in which the rules Mup uses to derive time values may not
101 yield what you want, in which case you will have to explicitly specify the times
105 Following the time values is a list of one or more
106 verse numbers and lyric strings containing the words of the lyrics.
107 The verse number(s) are given within square brackets. If no verse is
108 specified on the first set of lyrics for a staff and
109 place, verse 1 is assumed.
110 On subsequent lyrics strings for that staff and place,
111 the verse number is assumed to be one more than the previous verse number.
112 Thus you only need to explicitly specify a verse
113 number if you want to skip over a verse or supply them out of order.
116 Verse numbers need not be consecutive.
117 The staff number and verse number can be given as lists or ranges.
120 1-2: 4.c+;8c;{4e;f;g;}3;
121 lyrics below 1-2: 4.;8;{4;;;}3; \
122 "This is some-thing else."; \
123 [4,5] "How do you like this?"; \
124 [2-3,6] "Now try this out too.";
127 <IMG SRC="mugex41.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
130 In this example, the lyrics will go below staffs 1 and 2. There are
131 5 syllables. The first is a dotted quarter in length, the second is
132 an eighth, and the last three make up a quarter note triplet. The first
133 string is for verse 1, since no verse number was specified. The second
134 string will be used for verses 4 and 5, and the last string for verses
138 <A NAME="centered">You can also specify a verse number of "c" which means the verse is</A>
139 to be centered vertically. This is useful if you have a refrain that
140 is identical for several verses, and you don't want to have it printed
144 lyrics 1: ;;2s; [1] "verse one"; [2] "verse two";
145 lyrics 1: 2s;4;; [c] "The refrain"; // centered lyrics
148 <IMG SRC="mugex42.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
151 The lyrics string is followed by a semicolon.
152 There must normally be one syllable in the lyrics string for each time value.
153 <A HREF="lyrics.html#except">(There is one exception,</A>
155 Syllables are separated in the lyrics string by white space,
156 a dash, or an underscore.
159 Sometimes a syllable is to be held out for several counts
160 or over several notes. This can be indicated by dashes or underscores.
161 If the syllable in the lyric string ends with a dash, on output the dash
162 will be placed halfway between the given syllable and the next syllable.
163 If the distance between the two syllables is long, several evenly-spaced
164 dashes will be printed.
165 If a syllable in the lyric string ends with an underscore,
166 an underscore line will be printed from the end of the
167 current syllable to the edge of the last note associated with the syllable.
170 Here are some examples:
172 // Verse 1. The first two words have the
173 // duration of a quarter note each.
174 // The last word lasts a half note.
176 lyrics 1: 4;;2; [1] "Three blind mice";
179 <IMG SRC="mugex43.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
181 // examples of above lyrics with dash and underscore
182 1: 4d<>;e;8g;b;4a;
183 lyrics above 1: "now_ or nev-er";
186 <IMG SRC="mugex44.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
189 Mup does its best to figure out where to end dashes or underscores. However,
190 if there isn't a following syllable after a dash or underscore, Mup would
191 extend the dash or underscore to the end of the piece, which may not be
192 what you want. There are a few other cases where Mup may be unable to
193 properly deduce where you had intended an underscore to end.
194 You can manually halt the dash or underscore by adding in
195 an "empty syllable," consisting of "<>". Normally, the angle brackets are
196 used inside lyrics to enclose special non-lyrics items, as will be
197 <A HREF="lyrics.html#lyrext">described a bit later.</A>
198 However, if they are used by themselves with nothing between them,
199 they essentially mean a syllable with no text.
202 lyrics 1: "last word._";
206 // add empty syllable to end the underscore
207 lyrics 1: 1; "<>";
210 <IMG SRC="mugex45.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
213 Occasionally, a single chord is used for more than one syllable.
214 If the syllables are within the same word, it is sufficient to omit the
215 dashes between syllables, so that Mup will treat them as a single syllable.
216 However, if the syllables are in separate words,
217 a "~" can be used in place of a space between the syllables.
218 On output, Mup will replace the "~"
219 with a space and a small, curved line below the space, indicating that the
220 syllables on either side are to be joined. For example:
223 lyrics 1: ;;2; "man-y~a day";
226 <IMG SRC="mugex46.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
227 If you don't want the curved line,
228 you can use the special character name "\(space)" instead of a
230 <A HREF="textstr.html#space">That special space character</A>
231 is printed like a normal space on output,
232 but is not considered a space for the purposes of determining syllable
233 boundaries. Alternately,
234 <A HREF="lyrics.html#lyrext">a technique using angle brackets,</A>
235 described later, can be used.
238 If several verses use the same time values, you can specify them all on
243 lyrics 1: [1] "this is verse one"; \
244 [2] "this is verse two";
247 <IMG SRC="mugex47.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
251 because of the \ at the end of the first line, both verses are effectively
252 on the same input line.
255 <A NAME="except">Occasionally, lyrics may occur during only part of a measure.</A>
256 This case can be handled by specifying "space"
257 by using an "s" after time values that have no
258 lyric syllable associated with them. For example:
261 lyrics 1: 2s;; [1] "Now";
264 <IMG SRC="mugex48.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
267 In this example, the first half note of the measure is a space, so there will
268 be no lyric there. The second half note of the measure will have the word "Now"
269 as its lyric. Note that the "s" does not work quite the same way with lyrics
270 as it does with notes. With notes, "2s;;" would mean two half-note spaces,
271 because the space would be used as default for the following chord where no
272 notes were specified. With lyrics, "2s;;" means a half note space, followed
273 by a half note lyric; the space is not carried forward as a default.
276 If you don't specify any time values, relying on Mup to derive the time values
277 from the corresponding music time values, any rests and spaces in the music
278 will be translated to lyric spaces. If the first note entered in a chord
279 is tied to or slurred to the following chord, that following chord
280 will also be translated to a lyric space, since you most likely want
281 a single syllable to span both chords in that case.
284 <A NAME="lyrext">Occasionally, you may want to print something within a lyric string</A>
285 which isn't really a lyric syllable.
286 The most common example of this would be
287 that you may want to print verse numbers. Other possibilities may include
288 associating a dynamic mark (e.g., "mf") with a particular verse, or
289 marking a section for a subset of the singers (e.g., "Men:" or "Solo:").
290 These extra things are specified within angle brackets. They can be placed
291 immediately before or after any syllable.
292 Mup will not consider them when lining up the syllable with notes.
293 Normally, it will assume there is enough
294 space to print them rather than reserving space for them. If you want Mup
295 to ensure there is enough space to print them, put a "^" immediately
296 after the "<".
302 lyrics 1: "<1. >This is verse one.";
305 lyrics 1: 2s;4;; "<^\f(TX)ff\f(PV) >Loud-er";
308 <IMG SRC="mugex49.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
311 The < > construct can also be used to fine-tune the placement of syllables.
312 The placement of syllables is governed in general by the
313 <A HREF="param.html#lyralign">lyricsalign parameter.</A>
314 Sometimes, however, you may want to adjust the placement of specific syllables.
315 Suppose you have a long syllable, like "strength" and would like
316 to shift it leftward somewhat. Entering it as "<str>ength" would
317 cause Mup to move the syllable farther to the left than it normally would.
320 lyrics 1: "This strength not moved."; \
321 "This <str>ength was moved.";
324 <IMG SRC="mugex50.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
327 Angle brackets may also be useful for entering
328 chant, where many words
329 are to be associated with a single note. For example:
331 lyrics 1: "All<^ these words will be treated like one syllable.>";
335 The font and size to use for lyrics is initially determined
337 <A HREF="param.html#lyrfam">"lyricsfontfamily,"</A>
338 <A HREF="param.html#lyrfont">"lyricsfont"</A>
340 <A HREF="param.html#lyrsize">"lyricssize"</A>
341 parameters for the appropriate staff.
342 If "all" is used for the staff number, the score parameters are used.
343 In the case of "between," the parameters for the staff above are used for
344 determining the font and size.
345 The usual \f and \s forms can be used to
346 <A HREF="textstr.html">change these values</A>
347 for a given verse. Lyrics fontfamily, font and size values
348 are maintained separately for each
349 combination of staff number, verse number, and place, and are carried forward
350 from one measure to the next. Thus, for example, if you want one verse to
351 be printed in roman and another in italics (perhaps one is in English and the
352 other in another language), you need only put a "\f(TI)" at the beginning of
353 the syllable string for the first measure of the second verse, and all
354 subsequent syllables for that verse will be in italics.
356 <A HREF="param.html#lyrfam">"lyricsfontfamily,"</A>
357 <A HREF="param.html#lyrfont">"lyricsfont"</A>
359 <A HREF="param.html#lyrsize">"lyricssize"</A>
360 parameters will reset the values for
361 all verses of the staff (if set in
362 <A HREF="contexts.html">staff context),</A>
363 or the entire score (if set in
364 <A HREF="contexts.html">score context).</A>
367 Another way to align a syllable in a particular way is to precede the
368 syllable with a |. If the | is preceded by a number (optionally signed),
369 the left edge of the syllable will be placed that many points from the
370 horizontal "middle" of the chord.
371 If there isn't a number before it, the value is obtained from the
372 <A HREF="param.html#sylpos">sylposition parameter.</A>
373 Negative values are to the left, and will usually be what you want.
374 This alignment method is particularly useful for lining up multiple verses,
375 either to get verse numbers to line up or to align words at the beginning
376 of a poetic line. The | goes after anything in angle brackets.
379 lyrics 1: "<1. >|\"How are you?\" -7|He asked her."; \
380 "<2. >|\"I am fine,\" -7|She re-plied.";
383 <IMG SRC="mugex51.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
386 A few more examples of lyrics:
390 lyrics between 1&2,3&4: 4;8;;4;s; "This is a test.";
391 lyrics above 2: 2s;4;; "The end.";
394 <IMG SRC="mugex52.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
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