+/* --- @EMPTY@ --- *
+ *
+ * Arguments: ---
+ *
+ * Returns: The empty token sequence.
+ */
+
+#define EMPTY
+
+/* --- @COMMA@ --- *
+ *
+ * Arguments: ---
+ *
+ * Returns: A `%|,|%' token, which can be usefully passed to macros to
+ * avoid argument splitting.
+ */
+
+#define COMMA ,
+
+/*----- String and character hacks ----------------------------------------*/
+
+/* --- @IS...@ --- *
+ *
+ * Arguments: @int ch@ = a character code, but not @EOF@
+ *
+ * Returns: Nonzero if @ch@ is in the relevant @<ctype.h>@ category.
+ *
+ * Use: Classifies characters, but safely even if characters are
+ * signed.
+ *
+ * There is a macro for each of the @<ctype.h>@ @is...@
+ * functions.
+ */
+
+#define CTYPE_HACK(func, ch) (func((unsigned char)(ch)))
+
+#define ISALNUM(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isalnum, ch)
+#define ISALPHA(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isalpha, ch)
+#define ISASCII(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isascii, ch)
+#define ISBLANK(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isblank, ch)
+#define ISCNTRL(ch) CTYPE_HACK(iscntrl, ch)
+#define ISDIGIT(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isdigit, ch)
+#define ISGRAPH(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isgraph, ch)
+#define ISLOWER(ch) CTYPE_HACK(islower, ch)
+#define ISPRINT(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isprint, ch)
+#define ISPUNCT(ch) CTYPE_HACK(ispunct, ch)
+#define ISSPACE(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isspace, ch)
+#define ISUPPER(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isupper, ch)
+#define ISXDIGIT(ch) CTYPE_HACK(isxdigit, ch)
+
+/* --- @TO...@ --- *
+ *
+ * Arguments: @int ch@ = a character code, but not @EOF@
+ *
+ * Returns: The converted character code.
+ *
+ * Use: Converts characters, but safely even if characters are
+ * signed.
+ *
+ * There is a macro for each of the @<ctype.h>@ @to...@
+ * functions.
+ */
+
+#define TOASCII(ch) CTYPE_HACK(toascii, ch)
+#define TOLOWER(ch) CTYPE_HACK(tolower, ch)
+#define TOUPPER(ch) CTYPE_HACK(toupper, ch)
+
+/* --- @MEMCMP@, @STRCMP@, @STRNCMP@ --- *
+ *
+ * Arguments: @const type *x, *y@ = pointers to strings
+ * @op@ = a relational operator symbol
+ * @size_t n@ = length of the strings
+ *
+ * Returns: Nonzero if the relationship between the strings satisfies the
+ * operator @op@, otherwise zero.
+ *
+ * Use: These macros mitigate the author's frequent error of failing
+ * to compare the result of the underlying standard functions
+ * against zero, effectively reversing the sense of an intended
+ * test for equality.
+ */
+
+#define MEMCMP(x, op, y, n) (memcmp((x), (y), (n)) op 0)
+#define STRCMP(x, op, y) (strcmp((x), (y)) op 0)
+#define STRNCMP(x, op, y, n) (strncmp((x), (y), (n)) op 0)
+
+/*----- Compiler-specific definitions -------------------------------------*/
+
+/* The descriptions of these are given below, with the fallback
+ * definitions.
+ */