chiark / gitweb /
shutdown: during final killing spree also send SIGHUP in addition to SIGTERM to deal...
[elogind.git] / src / core / main.c
index 05f0803b8bb81550a22d2050b426c89ec9d36e3b..dbc98db84ab97886872286c309d00b03b02dce91 100644 (file)
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <dbus/dbus.h>
-
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 
+#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_VALGRIND_H
+#include <valgrind/valgrind.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "sd-daemon.h"
+#include "sd-messages.h"
+#include "sd-bus.h"
 #include "manager.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "load-fragment.h"
 #include "fdset.h"
 #include "special.h"
 #include "conf-parser.h"
-#include "bus-errors.h"
 #include "missing.h"
 #include "label.h"
 #include "build.h"
 #include "killall.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "hwclock.h"
-#include "sd-daemon.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
 
 #include "mount-setup.h"
 #include "loopback-setup.h"
-#ifdef HAVE_KMOD
-#include "kmod-setup.h"
-#endif
 #include "hostname-setup.h"
 #include "machine-id-setup.h"
-#include "locale-setup.h"
 #include "selinux-setup.h"
 #include "ima-setup.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "smack-setup.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_KMOD
+#include "kmod-setup.h"
+#endif
 
 static enum {
         ACTION_RUN,
@@ -87,12 +92,17 @@ static int arg_crash_chvt = -1;
 static bool arg_confirm_spawn = false;
 static bool arg_show_status = true;
 static bool arg_switched_root = false;
-static char **arg_default_controllers = NULL;
 static char ***arg_join_controllers = NULL;
 static ExecOutput arg_default_std_output = EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL;
 static ExecOutput arg_default_std_error = EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT;
+static usec_t arg_default_restart_usec = DEFAULT_RESTART_USEC;
+static usec_t arg_default_timeout_start_usec = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+static usec_t arg_default_timeout_stop_usec = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+static usec_t arg_default_start_limit_interval = DEFAULT_START_LIMIT_INTERVAL;
+static unsigned arg_default_start_limit_burst = DEFAULT_START_LIMIT_BURST;
 static usec_t arg_runtime_watchdog = 0;
 static usec_t arg_shutdown_watchdog = 10 * USEC_PER_MINUTE;
+static char **arg_default_environment = NULL;
 static struct rlimit *arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NLIMITS] = {};
 static uint64_t arg_capability_bounding_set_drop = 0;
 static nsec_t arg_timer_slack_nsec = (nsec_t) -1;
@@ -104,37 +114,40 @@ static void nop_handler(int sig) {
 
 _noreturn_ static void crash(int sig) {
 
-        if (!arg_dump_core)
+        if (getpid() != 1)
+                /* Pass this on immediately, if this is not PID 1 */
+                raise(sig);
+        else if (!arg_dump_core)
                 log_error("Caught <%s>, not dumping core.", signal_to_string(sig));
         else {
-                struct sigaction sa;
+                struct sigaction sa = {
+                        .sa_handler = nop_handler,
+                        .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_RESTART,
+                };
                 pid_t pid;
 
                 /* We want to wait for the core process, hence let's enable SIGCHLD */
-                zero(sa);
-                sa.sa_handler = nop_handler;
-                sa.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_RESTART;
-                assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
+                sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL);
 
-                if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
+                pid = fork();
+                if (pid < 0)
                         log_error("Caught <%s>, cannot fork for core dump: %s", signal_to_string(sig), strerror(errno));
 
                 else if (pid == 0) {
-                        struct rlimit rl;
+                        struct rlimit rl = {};
 
                         /* Enable default signal handler for core dump */
                         zero(sa);
                         sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
-                        assert_se(sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) == 0);
+                        sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL);
 
                         /* Don't limit the core dump size */
-                        zero(rl);
                         rl.rlim_cur = RLIM_INFINITY;
                         rl.rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY;
                         setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rl);
 
                         /* Just to be sure... */
-                        assert_se(chdir("/") == 0);
+                        chdir("/");
 
                         /* Raise the signal again */
                         raise(sig);
@@ -147,7 +160,8 @@ _noreturn_ static void crash(int sig) {
                         int r;
 
                         /* Order things nicely. */
-                        if ((r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status)) < 0)
+                        r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status);
+                        if (r < 0)
                                 log_error("Caught <%s>, waitpid() failed: %s", signal_to_string(sig), strerror(-r));
                         else if (status.si_code != CLD_DUMPED)
                                 log_error("Caught <%s>, core dump failed.", signal_to_string(sig));
@@ -160,16 +174,16 @@ _noreturn_ static void crash(int sig) {
                 chvt(arg_crash_chvt);
 
         if (arg_crash_shell) {
-                struct sigaction sa;
+                struct sigaction sa = {
+                        .sa_handler = SIG_IGN,
+                        .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_NOCLDWAIT|SA_RESTART,
+                };
                 pid_t pid;
 
                 log_info("Executing crash shell in 10s...");
                 sleep(10);
 
                 /* Let the kernel reap children for us */
-                zero(sa);
-                sa.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
-                sa.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_NOCLDWAIT|SA_RESTART;
                 assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
 
                 pid = fork();
@@ -191,12 +205,10 @@ _noreturn_ static void crash(int sig) {
 }
 
 static void install_crash_handler(void) {
-        struct sigaction sa;
-
-        zero(sa);
-
-        sa.sa_handler = crash;
-        sa.sa_flags = SA_NODEFER;
+        struct sigaction sa = {
+                .sa_handler = crash,
+                .sa_flags = SA_NODEFER,
+        };
 
         sigaction_many(&sa, SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER, -1);
 }
@@ -346,32 +358,21 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_word(const char *word) {
                         arg_default_std_error = r;
         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.setenv=")) {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *cenv = NULL;
-                char *eq;
-                int r;
 
                 cenv = strdup(word + 15);
                 if (!cenv)
                         return -ENOMEM;
 
-                eq = strchr(cenv, '=');
-                if (!eq) {
-                        if (!env_name_is_valid(cenv))
-                                log_warning("Environment variable name '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", cenv);
-                        else  {
-                                r = unsetenv(cenv);
-                                if (r < 0)
-                                        log_warning("Unsetting environment variable '%s' failed, ignoring: %m", cenv);
-                        }
-                } else {
-                        if (!env_assignment_is_valid(cenv))
-                                log_warning("Environment variable assignment '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", cenv);
-                        else {
-                                *eq = 0;
-                                r = setenv(cenv, eq + 1, 1);
-                                if (r < 0)
-                                        log_warning("Setting environment variable '%s=%s' failed, ignoring: %m", cenv, eq + 1);
-                        }
-                }
+                if (env_assignment_is_valid(cenv)) {
+                        char **env;
+
+                        env = strv_env_set(arg_default_environment, cenv);
+                        if (env)
+                                arg_default_environment = env;
+                        else
+                                log_warning("Setting environment variable '%s' failed, ignoring: %m", cenv);
+                } else
+                        log_warning("Environment variable name '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", cenv);
 
         } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.") ||
                    (in_initrd() && startswith(word, "rd.systemd."))) {
@@ -410,7 +411,14 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_word(const char *word) {
 
         } else if (streq(word, "quiet"))
                 arg_show_status = false;
-        else if (!in_initrd()) {
+        else if (streq(word, "debug")) {
+                /* Log to kmsg, the journal socket will fill up before the
+                 * journal is started and tools running during that time
+                 * will block with every log message for for 60 seconds,
+                 * before they give up. */
+                log_set_max_level(LOG_DEBUG);
+                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_KMSG);
+        } else if (!in_initrd()) {
                 unsigned i;
 
                 /* SysV compatibility */
@@ -422,87 +430,49 @@ static int parse_proc_cmdline_word(const char *word) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int config_parse_level2(
-                const char *filename,
-                unsigned line,
-                const char *section,
-                const char *lvalue,
-                int ltype,
-                const char *rvalue,
-                void *data,
-                void *userdata) {
-
-        assert(filename);
-        assert(lvalue);
-        assert(rvalue);
-
-        log_set_max_level_from_string(rvalue);
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int config_parse_target(
-                const char *filename,
-                unsigned line,
-                const char *section,
-                const char *lvalue,
-                int ltype,
-                const char *rvalue,
-                void *data,
-                void *userdata) {
-
-        assert(filename);
-        assert(lvalue);
-        assert(rvalue);
-
-        log_set_target_from_string(rvalue);
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int config_parse_color(
-                const char *filename,
-                unsigned line,
-                const char *section,
-                const char *lvalue,
-                int ltype,
-                const char *rvalue,
-                void *data,
-                void *userdata) {
-
-        assert(filename);
-        assert(lvalue);
-        assert(rvalue);
-
-        log_show_color_from_string(rvalue);
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int config_parse_location(
-                const char *filename,
-                unsigned line,
-                const char *section,
-                const char *lvalue,
-                int ltype,
-                const char *rvalue,
-                void *data,
-                void *userdata) {
+#define DEFINE_SETTER(name, func, descr)                              \
+        static int name(const char *unit,                             \
+                        const char *filename,                         \
+                        unsigned line,                                \
+                        const char *section,                          \
+                        unsigned section_line,                        \
+                        const char *lvalue,                           \
+                        int ltype,                                    \
+                        const char *rvalue,                           \
+                        void *data,                                   \
+                        void *userdata) {                             \
+                                                                      \
+                int r;                                                \
+                                                                      \
+                assert(filename);                                     \
+                assert(lvalue);                                       \
+                assert(rvalue);                                       \
+                                                                      \
+                r = func(rvalue);                                     \
+                if (r < 0)                                            \
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r, \
+                                   "Invalid " descr "'%s': %s",       \
+                                   rvalue, strerror(-r));             \
+                                                                      \
+                return 0;                                             \
+        }
 
-        assert(filename);
-        assert(lvalue);
-        assert(rvalue);
+DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_level2, log_set_max_level_from_string, "log level")
+DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_target, log_set_target_from_string, "target")
+DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_color, log_show_color_from_string, "color" )
+DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_location, log_show_location_from_string, "location")
 
-        log_show_location_from_string(rvalue);
-        return 0;
-}
 
-static int config_parse_cpu_affinity2(
-                const char *filename,
-                unsigned line,
-                const char *section,
-                const char *lvalue,
-                int ltype,
-                const char *rvalue,
-                void *data,
-                void *userdata) {
+static int config_parse_cpu_affinity2(const char *unit,
+                                      const char *filename,
+                                      unsigned line,
+                                      const char *section,
+                                      unsigned section_line,
+                                      const char *lvalue,
+                                      int ltype,
+                                      const char *rvalue,
+                                      void *data,
+                                      void *userdata) {
 
         char *w;
         size_t l;
@@ -530,7 +500,8 @@ static int config_parse_cpu_affinity2(
                                 return log_oom();
 
                 if (r < 0 || cpu >= ncpus) {
-                        log_error("[%s:%u] Failed to parse CPU affinity: %s", filename, line, rvalue);
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                                   "Failed to parse CPU affinity '%s'", rvalue);
                         CPU_FREE(c);
                         return -EBADMSG;
                 }
@@ -540,7 +511,7 @@ static int config_parse_cpu_affinity2(
 
         if (c) {
                 if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(ncpus), c) < 0)
-                        log_warning("Failed to set CPU affinity: %m");
+                        log_warning_unit(unit, "Failed to set CPU affinity: %m");
 
                 CPU_FREE(c);
         }
@@ -561,22 +532,20 @@ static void strv_free_free(char ***l) {
 }
 
 static void free_join_controllers(void) {
-        if (!arg_join_controllers)
-                return;
-
         strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
         arg_join_controllers = NULL;
 }
 
-static int config_parse_join_controllers(
-                const char *filename,
-                unsigned line,
-                const char *section,
-                const char *lvalue,
-                int ltype,
-                const char *rvalue,
-                void *data,
-                void *userdata) {
+static int config_parse_join_controllers(const char *unit,
+                                         const char *filename,
+                                         unsigned line,
+                                         const char *section,
+                                         unsigned section_line,
+                                         const char *lvalue,
+                                         int ltype,
+                                         const char *rvalue,
+                                         void *data,
+                                         void *userdata) {
 
         unsigned n = 0;
         char *state, *w;
@@ -678,14 +647,19 @@ static int parse_config_file(void) {
                 { "Manager", "ShowStatus",            config_parse_bool,         0, &arg_show_status         },
                 { "Manager", "CrashChVT",             config_parse_int,          0, &arg_crash_chvt          },
                 { "Manager", "CPUAffinity",           config_parse_cpu_affinity2, 0, NULL                    },
-                { "Manager", "DefaultControllers",    config_parse_strv,         0, &arg_default_controllers },
                 { "Manager", "DefaultStandardOutput", config_parse_output,       0, &arg_default_std_output  },
                 { "Manager", "DefaultStandardError",  config_parse_output,       0, &arg_default_std_error   },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultTimeoutStartSec", config_parse_sec,         0, &arg_default_timeout_start_usec },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultTimeoutStopSec", config_parse_sec,          0, &arg_default_timeout_stop_usec  },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultRestartSec",     config_parse_sec,          0, &arg_default_restart_usec  },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultStartLimitInterval", config_parse_sec,      0, &arg_default_start_limit_interval },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultStartLimitBurst", config_parse_unsigned,    0, &arg_default_start_limit_burst },
                 { "Manager", "JoinControllers",       config_parse_join_controllers, 0, &arg_join_controllers },
-                { "Manager", "RuntimeWatchdogSec",    config_parse_usec,         0, &arg_runtime_watchdog    },
-                { "Manager", "ShutdownWatchdogSec",   config_parse_usec,         0, &arg_shutdown_watchdog   },
+                { "Manager", "RuntimeWatchdogSec",    config_parse_sec,          0, &arg_runtime_watchdog    },
+                { "Manager", "ShutdownWatchdogSec",   config_parse_sec,          0, &arg_shutdown_watchdog   },
                 { "Manager", "CapabilityBoundingSet", config_parse_bounding_set, 0, &arg_capability_bounding_set_drop },
                 { "Manager", "TimerSlackNSec",        config_parse_nsec,         0, &arg_timer_slack_nsec    },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultEnvironment",    config_parse_environ,      0, &arg_default_environment },
                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitCPU",       config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]},
                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitFSIZE",     config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]},
                 { "Manager", "DefaultLimitDATA",      config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]},
@@ -705,11 +679,11 @@ static int parse_config_file(void) {
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL }
         };
 
-        FILE *f;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f;
         const char *fn;
         int r;
 
-        fn = arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? SYSTEM_CONFIG_FILE : USER_CONFIG_FILE;
+        fn = arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? PKGSYSCONFDIR "/system.conf" : PKGSYSCONFDIR "/user.conf";
         f = fopen(fn, "re");
         if (!f) {
                 if (errno == ENOENT)
@@ -719,53 +693,40 @@ static int parse_config_file(void) {
                 return 0;
         }
 
-        r = config_parse(fn, f, "Manager\0", config_item_table_lookup, (void*) items, false, NULL);
+        r = config_parse(NULL, fn, f, "Manager\0", config_item_table_lookup, (void*) items, false, false, NULL);
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning("Failed to parse configuration file: %s", strerror(-r));
 
-        fclose(f);
-
         return 0;
 }
 
 static int parse_proc_cmdline(void) {
-        char *line, *w, *state;
-        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
+        char *w, *state;
         size_t l;
+        int r;
 
-        /* Don't read /proc/cmdline if we are in a container, since
-         * that is only relevant for the host system */
-        if (detect_container(NULL) > 0)
-                return 0;
-
-        if ((r = read_one_line_file("/proc/cmdline", &line)) < 0) {
+        r = proc_cmdline(&line);
+        if (r < 0)
                 log_warning("Failed to read /proc/cmdline, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
+        if (r <= 0)
                 return 0;
-        }
 
         FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, line, state) {
-                char *word;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word;
 
-                if (!(word = strndup(w, l))) {
-                        r = -ENOMEM;
-                        goto finish;
-                }
+                word = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!word)
+                        return log_oom();
 
                 r = parse_proc_cmdline_word(word);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         log_error("Failed on cmdline argument %s: %s", word, strerror(-r));
-                        free(word);
-                        goto finish;
+                        return r;
                 }
-
-                free(word);
         }
 
-        r = 0;
-
-finish:
-        free(line);
-        return r;
+        return 0;
 }
 
 static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
@@ -787,7 +748,6 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 ARG_SHOW_STATUS,
                 ARG_DESERIALIZE,
                 ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT,
-                ARG_INTROSPECT,
                 ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT,
                 ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR
         };
@@ -810,7 +770,6 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 { "show-status",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_SHOW_STATUS              },
                 { "deserialize",              required_argument, NULL, ARG_DESERIALIZE              },
                 { "switched-root",            no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT            },
-                { "introspect",               optional_argument, NULL, ARG_INTROSPECT               },
                 { "default-standard-output",  required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT,      },
                 { "default-standard-error",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR,       },
                 { NULL,                       0,                 NULL, 0                            }
@@ -982,27 +941,6 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         arg_switched_root = true;
                         break;
 
-                case ARG_INTROSPECT: {
-                        const char * const * i = NULL;
-
-                        for (i = bus_interface_table; *i; i += 2)
-                                if (!optarg || streq(i[0], optarg)) {
-                                        fputs(DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE
-                                              "<node>\n", stdout);
-                                        fputs(i[1], stdout);
-                                        fputs("</node>\n", stdout);
-
-                                        if (optarg)
-                                                break;
-                                }
-
-                        if (!i[0] && optarg)
-                                log_error("Unknown interface %s.", optarg);
-
-                        arg_action = ACTION_DONE;
-                        break;
-                }
-
                 case 'h':
                         arg_action = ACTION_HELP;
                         break;
@@ -1048,11 +986,13 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                  * relevant for the container, hence we rely on argv[]
                  * instead. */
 
-                for (a = argv; a < argv + argc; a++)
-                        if ((r = parse_proc_cmdline_word(*a)) < 0) {
+                for (a = argv; a < argv + argc; a++) {
+                        r = parse_proc_cmdline_word(*a);
+                        if (r < 0) {
                                 log_error("Failed on cmdline argument %s: %s", *a, strerror(-r));
                                 return r;
                         }
+                }
         }
 
         return 0;
@@ -1065,7 +1005,6 @@ static int help(void) {
                "  -h --help                      Show this help\n"
                "     --test                      Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit\n"
                "     --dump-configuration-items  Dump understood unit configuration items\n"
-               "     --introspect[=INTERFACE]    Extract D-Bus interface data\n"
                "     --unit=UNIT                 Set default unit\n"
                "     --system                    Run a system instance, even if PID != 1\n"
                "     --user                      Run a user instance\n"
@@ -1091,7 +1030,7 @@ static int version(void) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool serialize_jobs) {
+static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool switching_root) {
         FILE *f = NULL;
         FDSet *fds = NULL;
         int r;
@@ -1100,15 +1039,16 @@ static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool serialize
         assert(_f);
         assert(_fds);
 
-        /* Make sure nothing is really destructed when we shut down */
-        m->n_reloading ++;
-
         r = manager_open_serialization(m, &f);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error("Failed to create serialization file: %s", strerror(-r));
                 goto fail;
         }
 
+        /* Make sure nothing is really destructed when we shut down */
+        m->n_reloading ++;
+        bus_manager_send_reloading(m, true);
+
         fds = fdset_new();
         if (!fds) {
                 r = -ENOMEM;
@@ -1116,7 +1056,7 @@ static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool serialize
                 goto fail;
         }
 
-        r = manager_serialize(m, f, fds, serialize_jobs);
+        r = manager_serialize(m, f, fds, switching_root);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error("Failed to serialize state: %s", strerror(-r));
                 goto fail;
@@ -1189,25 +1129,6 @@ static int bump_rlimit_nofile(struct rlimit *saved_rlimit) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-static struct dual_timestamp* parse_initrd_timestamp(struct dual_timestamp *t) {
-        const char *e;
-        unsigned long long a, b;
-
-        assert(t);
-
-        e = getenv("RD_TIMESTAMP");
-        if (!e)
-                return NULL;
-
-        if (sscanf(e, "%llu %llu", &a, &b) != 2)
-                return NULL;
-
-        t->realtime = (usec_t) a;
-        t->monotonic = (usec_t) b;
-
-        return t;
-}
-
 static void test_mtab(void) {
         char *p;
 
@@ -1266,14 +1187,14 @@ static int initialize_join_controllers(void) {
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
         arg_join_controllers[0] = strv_new("cpu", "cpuacct", NULL);
-        if (!arg_join_controllers[0])
-                return -ENOMEM;
-
         arg_join_controllers[1] = strv_new("net_cls", "net_prio", NULL);
-        if (!arg_join_controllers[1])
+        arg_join_controllers[2] = NULL;
+
+        if (!arg_join_controllers[0] || !arg_join_controllers[1]) {
+                free_join_controllers();
                 return -ENOMEM;
+        }
 
-        arg_join_controllers[2] = NULL;
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1286,6 +1207,10 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         bool reexecute = false;
         const char *shutdown_verb = NULL;
         dual_timestamp initrd_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
+        dual_timestamp userspace_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
+        dual_timestamp kernel_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
+        dual_timestamp security_start_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
+        dual_timestamp security_finish_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
         static char systemd[] = "systemd";
         bool skip_setup = false;
         int j;
@@ -1307,6 +1232,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         }
 #endif
 
+        dual_timestamp_from_monotonic(&kernel_timestamp, 0);
+        dual_timestamp_get(&userspace_timestamp);
+
         /* Determine if this is a reexecution or normal bootup. We do
          * the full command line parsing much later, so let's just
          * have a quick peek here. */
@@ -1330,6 +1258,10 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         log_show_color(isatty(STDERR_FILENO) > 0);
 
+        /* Disable the umask logic */
+        if (getpid() == 1)
+                umask(0);
+
         if (getpid() == 1 && detect_container(NULL) <= 0) {
 
                 /* Running outside of a container as PID 1 */
@@ -1338,27 +1270,19 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_KMSG);
                 log_open();
 
-                if (in_initrd()) {
-                        char *rd_timestamp = NULL;
-
-                        dual_timestamp_get(&initrd_timestamp);
-                        asprintf(&rd_timestamp, "%llu %llu",
-                                 (unsigned long long) initrd_timestamp.realtime,
-                                 (unsigned long long) initrd_timestamp.monotonic);
-                        if (rd_timestamp) {
-                                setenv("RD_TIMESTAMP", rd_timestamp, 1);
-                                free(rd_timestamp);
-                        }
-                }
+                if (in_initrd())
+                        initrd_timestamp = userspace_timestamp;
 
                 if (!skip_setup) {
                         mount_setup_early();
+                        dual_timestamp_get(&security_start_timestamp);
                         if (selinux_setup(&loaded_policy) < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                         if (ima_setup() < 0)
                                 goto finish;
                         if (smack_setup() < 0)
                                 goto finish;
+                        dual_timestamp_get(&security_finish_timestamp);
                 }
 
                 if (label_init(NULL) < 0)
@@ -1385,10 +1309,10 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                                  */
                                 hwclock_reset_timezone();
 
-                                /* Tell the kernel our time zone */
+                                /* Tell the kernel our timezone */
                                 r = hwclock_set_timezone(NULL);
                                 if (r < 0)
-                                        log_error("Failed to set the kernel's time zone, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
+                                        log_error("Failed to set the kernel's timezone, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
                         }
                 }
 
@@ -1401,7 +1325,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL_OR_KMSG);
 
         } else if (getpid() == 1) {
-
                 /* Running inside a container, as PID 1 */
                 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE);
@@ -1410,12 +1333,21 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 /* For the later on, see above... */
                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL);
 
-        } else {
+                /* clear the kernel timestamp,
+                 * because we are in a container */
+                kernel_timestamp.monotonic = 0ULL;
+                kernel_timestamp.realtime = 0ULL;
 
+        } else {
                 /* Running as user instance */
                 arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_USER;
                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
                 log_open();
+
+                /* clear the kernel timestamp,
+                 * because we are not PID 1 */
+                kernel_timestamp.monotonic = 0ULL;
+                kernel_timestamp.realtime = 0ULL;
         }
 
         /* Initialize default unit */
@@ -1440,7 +1372,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         /* Reset all signal handlers. */
         assert_se(reset_all_signal_handlers() == 0);
 
-        /* If we are init, we can block sigkill. Yay. */
         ignore_signals(SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
 
         if (parse_config_file() < 0)
@@ -1490,6 +1421,12 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 goto finish;
         }
 
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_USER &&
+            !getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR")) {
+                log_error("Trying to run as user instance, but $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is not set.");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
         assert_se(arg_action == ACTION_RUN || arg_action == ACTION_TEST);
 
         /* Close logging fds, in order not to confuse fdset below */
@@ -1506,62 +1443,12 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (serialization)
                 assert_se(fdset_remove(fds, fileno(serialization)) >= 0);
 
-        /* Set up PATH unless it is already set */
-        setenv("PATH",
-#ifdef HAVE_SPLIT_USR
-               "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
-#else
-               "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin",
-#endif
-               arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM);
-
-        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
-                /* Parse the data passed to us. We leave this
-                 * variables set, but the manager later on will not
-                 * pass them on to our children. */
-                if (!in_initrd())
-                        parse_initrd_timestamp(&initrd_timestamp);
-
-                /* Unset some environment variables passed in from the
-                 * kernel that don't really make sense for us. */
-                unsetenv("HOME");
-                unsetenv("TERM");
-
-                /* When we are invoked by a shell, these might be set,
-                 * but make little sense to pass on */
-                unsetenv("PWD");
-                unsetenv("SHLVL");
-                unsetenv("_");
-
-                /* When we are invoked by a chroot-like tool such as
-                 * nspawn, these might be set, but make little sense
-                 * to pass on */
-                unsetenv("USER");
-                unsetenv("LOGNAME");
-
-                /* We suppress the socket activation env vars, as
-                 * we'll try to match *any* open fd to units if
-                 * possible. */
-                unsetenv("LISTEN_FDS");
-                unsetenv("LISTEN_PID");
-
-                /* All other variables are left as is, so that clients
-                 * can still read them via /proc/1/environ */
-        }
-
-        /* Move out of the way, so that we won't block unmounts */
-        assert_se(chdir("/")  == 0);
-
-        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
                 /* Become a session leader if we aren't one yet. */
                 setsid();
 
-                /* Disable the umask logic */
-                umask(0);
-        }
-
-        /* Make sure D-Bus doesn't fiddle with the SIGPIPE handlers */
-        dbus_connection_set_change_sigpipe(FALSE);
+        /* Move out of the way, so that we won't block unmounts */
+        assert_se(chdir("/")  == 0);
 
         /* Reset the console, but only if this is really init and we
          * are freshly booted */
@@ -1573,10 +1460,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         /* Make sure we leave a core dump without panicing the
          * kernel. */
-        if (getpid() == 1)
+        if (getpid() == 1) {
                 install_crash_handler();
 
-        if (getpid() == 1) {
                 r = mount_cgroup_controllers(arg_join_controllers);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto finish;
@@ -1598,8 +1484,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 log_debug(PACKAGE_STRING " running in user mode. (" SYSTEMD_FEATURES ")");
 
         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && !skip_setup) {
-                locale_setup();
-
                 if (arg_show_status || plymouth_running())
                         status_welcome();
 
@@ -1623,14 +1507,14 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         log_error("Failed to adjust timer slack: %m");
 
         if (arg_capability_bounding_set_drop) {
-                r = capability_bounding_set_drop(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop, true);
+                r = capability_bounding_set_drop_usermode(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop);
                 if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set of usermode helpers: %s", strerror(-r));
                         goto finish;
                 }
-                r = capability_bounding_set_drop_usermode(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop);
+                r = capability_bounding_set_drop(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop, true);
                 if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set of usermode helpers: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set: %s", strerror(-r));
                         goto finish;
                 }
         }
@@ -1647,7 +1531,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
                 bump_rlimit_nofile(&saved_rlimit_nofile);
 
-        r = manager_new(arg_running_as, &m);
+        r = manager_new(arg_running_as, !!serialization, &m);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error("Failed to allocate manager object: %s", strerror(-r));
                 goto finish;
@@ -1656,16 +1540,23 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         m->confirm_spawn = arg_confirm_spawn;
         m->default_std_output = arg_default_std_output;
         m->default_std_error = arg_default_std_error;
+        m->default_restart_usec = arg_default_restart_usec;
+        m->default_timeout_start_usec = arg_default_timeout_start_usec;
+        m->default_timeout_stop_usec = arg_default_timeout_stop_usec;
+        m->default_start_limit_interval = arg_default_start_limit_interval;
+        m->default_start_limit_burst = arg_default_start_limit_burst;
         m->runtime_watchdog = arg_runtime_watchdog;
         m->shutdown_watchdog = arg_shutdown_watchdog;
+        m->userspace_timestamp = userspace_timestamp;
+        m->kernel_timestamp = kernel_timestamp;
+        m->initrd_timestamp = initrd_timestamp;
+        m->security_start_timestamp = security_start_timestamp;
+        m->security_finish_timestamp = security_finish_timestamp;
 
         manager_set_default_rlimits(m, arg_default_rlimit);
 
-        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&initrd_timestamp))
-                m->initrd_timestamp = initrd_timestamp;
-
-        if (arg_default_controllers)
-                manager_set_default_controllers(m, arg_default_controllers);
+        if (arg_default_environment)
+                manager_environment_add(m, NULL, arg_default_environment);
 
         manager_set_show_status(m, arg_show_status);
 
@@ -1681,6 +1572,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         /* This will close all file descriptors that were opened, but
          * not claimed by any unit. */
         fdset_free(fds);
+        fds = NULL;
 
         if (serialization) {
                 fclose(serialization);
@@ -1688,19 +1580,16 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         }
 
         if (queue_default_job) {
-                DBusError error;
+                _cleanup_bus_error_free_ sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
                 Unit *target = NULL;
                 Job *default_unit_job;
 
-                dbus_error_init(&error);
-
                 log_debug("Activating default unit: %s", arg_default_unit);
 
                 r = manager_load_unit(m, arg_default_unit, NULL, &error, &target);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
-                        dbus_error_free(&error);
-                } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR)
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
+                else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR || target->load_state == UNIT_NOT_FOUND)
                         log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", strerror(-target->load_error));
                 else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED)
                         log_error("Default target masked.");
@@ -1710,10 +1599,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                         r = manager_load_unit(m, SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET, NULL, &error, &target);
                         if (r < 0) {
-                                log_error("Failed to load rescue target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
-                                dbus_error_free(&error);
+                                log_error("Failed to load rescue target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                                 goto finish;
-                        } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR) {
+                        } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR || target->load_state == UNIT_NOT_FOUND) {
                                 log_error("Failed to load rescue target: %s", strerror(-target->load_error));
                                 goto finish;
                         } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED) {
@@ -1731,18 +1619,15 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                 r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, target, JOB_ISOLATE, false, &error, &default_unit_job);
                 if (r == -EPERM) {
-                        log_error("Default target could not be isolated, starting instead: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
-                        dbus_error_free(&error);
+                        log_debug("Default target could not be isolated, starting instead: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
 
                         r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, target, JOB_REPLACE, false, &error, &default_unit_job);
                         if (r < 0) {
-                                log_error("Failed to start default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
-                                dbus_error_free(&error);
+                                log_error("Failed to start default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                                 goto finish;
                         }
                 } else if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to isolate default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
-                        dbus_error_free(&error);
+                        log_error("Failed to isolate default target: %s", bus_error_message(&error, r));
                         goto finish;
                 }
 
@@ -1751,7 +1636,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 after_startup = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
                 log_full(arg_action == ACTION_TEST ? LOG_INFO : LOG_DEBUG,
                          "Loaded units and determined initial transaction in %s.",
-                          format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_startup - before_startup));
+                         format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_startup - before_startup, 0));
 
                 if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST) {
                         printf("-> By jobs:\n");
@@ -1784,7 +1669,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                 case MANAGER_REEXECUTE:
 
-                        if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, true) < 0)
+                        if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, false) < 0)
                                 goto finish;
 
                         reexecute = true;
@@ -1798,7 +1683,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         m->switch_root = m->switch_root_init = NULL;
 
                         if (!switch_root_init)
-                                if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, false) < 0)
+                                if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, true) < 0)
                                         goto finish;
 
                         reexecute = true;
@@ -1836,10 +1721,8 @@ finish:
                 free(arg_default_rlimit[j]);
 
         free(arg_default_unit);
-        strv_free(arg_default_controllers);
         free_join_controllers();
 
-        dbus_shutdown();
         label_finish();
 
         if (reexecute) {
@@ -1862,7 +1745,7 @@ finish:
                          * initrd, but don't wait for them, so that we
                          * can handle the SIGCHLD for them after
                          * deserializing. */
-                        broadcast_signal(SIGTERM, false);
+                        broadcast_signal(SIGTERM, false, true);
 
                         /* And switch root */
                         r = switch_root(switch_root_dir);
@@ -1896,6 +1779,10 @@ finish:
                         args[i++] = sfd;
                         args[i++] = NULL;
 
+                        /* do not pass along the environment we inherit from the kernel or initrd */
+                        if (switch_root_dir)
+                                clearenv();
+
                         assert(i <= args_size);
                         execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
                 }
@@ -1950,6 +1837,15 @@ finish:
         if (fds)
                 fdset_free(fds);
 
+#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_VALGRIND_H
+        /* If we are PID 1 and running under valgrind, then let's exit
+         * here explicitly. valgrind will only generate nice output on
+         * exit(), not on exec(), hence let's do the former not the
+         * latter here. */
+        if (getpid() == 1 && RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND)
+                return 0;
+#endif
+
         if (shutdown_verb) {
                 const char * command_line[] = {
                         SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH,
@@ -1977,6 +1873,12 @@ finish:
                         watchdog_close(true);
                 }
 
+                /* Avoid the creation of new processes forked by the
+                 * kernel; at this point, we will not listen to the
+                 * signals anyway */
+                if (detect_container(NULL) <= 0)
+                        cg_uninstall_release_agent(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER);
+
                 execve(SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH, (char **) command_line, env_block);
                 free(env_block);
                 log_error("Failed to execute shutdown binary, freezing: %m");