1 systemd System and Service Manager
5 * The DHCP implementation of systemd-networkd gained a set of
8 - The DHCP server now supports emitting DNS and NTP
9 information. It may be enabled and configured via
10 EmitDNS=, DNS=, EmitNTP=, and NTP=. If transmission of DNS
11 and NTP information is enabled, but no servers are
12 configured, the corresponding uplink information (if there
13 is any) is propagated.
15 - Server and client now support transmission and reception
16 of timezone information. It can be configured via the
17 newly introduced network options UseTimezone=,
18 EmitTimezone=, and Timezone=. Transmission of timezone
19 information is enabled between host and containers by
20 default now: the container will change its local timezone
21 to what the host has set.
23 - Lease timeouts can now be configured via
24 MaxLeaseTimeSec= and DefaultLeaseTimeSec=.
26 - The DHCP server improved on the stability of
27 leases. Clients are more likely to get the same lease
28 information back, even if the server loses state.
30 - The DHCP server supports two new configuration options to
31 control the lease address pool metrics, PoolOffset= and
34 * The encapsulation limit of tunnels in systemd-networkd may
35 now be configured via 'EncapsulationLimit='. It allows
36 modifying the maximum additional levels of encapsulation
37 that are permitted to be prepended to a packet.
39 * systemd now supports the concept of user buses replacing
40 session buses, if used with dbus-1.10 (and enabled via dbus
41 --enable-user-session). It previously only supported this on
42 kdbus-enabled systems, and this release expands this to
43 'dbus-daemon' systems.
45 * systemd-networkd now supports predictable interface names
48 * systemd now optionally supports the new Linux kernel
49 "unified" control group hierarchy. If enabled via the kernel
50 command-line option 'systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1',
51 systemd will try to mount the unified cgroup hierarchy
52 directly on /sys/fs/cgroup. If not enabled, or not
53 available, systemd will fall back to the legacy cgroup
54 hierarchy setup, as before. Host system and containers can
55 mix and match legacy and unified hierarchies as they
56 wish. nspawn understands the $UNIFIED_CROUP_HIERARCHY
57 environment variable to individually select the hierarchy to
58 use for executed containers. By default, nspawn will use the
59 unified hierarchy for the containers if the host uses the
60 unified hierarchy, and the legacy hierarchy otherwise.
61 Please note that at this point the unified hierarchy is an
62 experimental kernel feature and is likely to change in one
63 of the next kernel releases. Therefore, it should not be
64 enabled by default in downstream distributions yet. The
65 minimum required kernel version for the unified hierarchy to
66 work is 4.2. Note that when the unified hierarchy is used
67 for the first time delegated access to controllers is
68 safe. Because of this systemd-nspawn containers will get
69 access to controllers now, as will systemd user
70 sessions. This means containers and user sessions may now
71 manage their own resources, partitioning up what the system
74 * A new special scope unit "init.scope" has been introduced
75 that encapsulates PID 1 of the system. It may be used to
76 determine resource usage and enforce resource limits on PID
77 1 itself. PID 1 hence moved out of the root of the control
80 * The cgtop tool gained support for filtering out kernel
81 threads when counting tasks in a control group. Also, the
82 count of processes is now recursively summed up by
83 default. Two options -k and --recursive= have been added to
84 revert to old behaviour. The tool has also been updated to
85 work correctly in containers now.
87 * systemd-nspawn's --bind= and --bind-ro= options have been
88 extended to allow creation of non-recursive bind mounts.
90 * libsystemd gained two new calls sd_pid_get_cgroup() and
91 sd_peer_get_cgroup() which return the control group path of
92 a process or peer of a connected AF_UNIX socket. This
93 function call is particularly useful when implementing
94 delegated subtrees support in the control group hierarchy.
96 * The "sd-event" event loop API of libsystemd now supports
97 correct dequeuing of real-time signals, without losing
100 * When systemd requests a PolicyKit decision when managing
101 units it will now add additional fields to the request,
102 including unit name and desired operation. This enables more
103 powerful PolicyKit policies, that make decisions depending
106 * nspawn learnt support for .nspawn settings files, that may
107 accompany the image files or directories of containers, and
108 may contain additional settings for the container. This is
109 an alternative to configuring container parameters via the
112 Contributions from: Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Mack, David
113 Herrmann, Eugene Yakubovich, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Filipe
114 Brandenburger, Hans de Goede, Jan Alexander Steffens, Jan
115 Synacek, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mangix, Marcel
116 Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Chapman, Michal
117 Sekletar, Peter Hutterer, Piotr Drąg, reverendhomer, Robin
118 Hack, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Pasche, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
119 Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø
121 -- Berlin, 2015-09-08
125 * machinectl gained a new verb 'shell' which opens a fresh
126 shell on the target container or the host. It is similar to
127 the existing 'login' command of machinectl, but spawns the
128 shell directly without prompting for username or
129 password. The pseudo machine '.host' now refers to the local
130 host and is used by default. Hence, 'machinectl shell' can
131 be used as replacement for 'su -' which spawns a session as
132 a fresh systemd unit in a way that is fully isolated from
133 the originating session.
135 * systemd-networkd learned to cope with private-zone DHCP
136 options and allows other programs to query the values.
138 * SELinux access control when enabling/disabling units is no
139 longer enforced with this release. The previous
140 implementation was incorrect, and a new corrected
141 implementation is not yet available. As unit file operations
142 are still protected via PolicyKit and D-Bus policy this is
143 not a security problem. Yet, distributions which care about
144 optimal SELinux support should probably not stabilize on
147 * sd-bus gained support for matches of type "arg0has=", that
148 test for membership of strings in string arrays sent in bus
151 * systemd-resolved now dumps the contents of its DNS and LLMNR
152 caches to the logs on reception of the SIGUSR1 signal. This
153 is useful to debug DNS behaviour.
155 * The coredumpctl tool gained a new --directory= option to
156 operate on journal files in a specific directory.
158 * "systemctl reboot" and related commands gained a new
159 "--message=" option which may be used to set a free-text
160 wall message when shutting down or rebooting the
161 system. This message is also logged, which is useful for
162 figuring out the reason for a reboot or shutdown a
165 * The "systemd-resolve-host" tool's -i switch now takes
166 network interface numbers as alternative to interface names.
168 * A new unit file setting for services has been introduced:
169 UtmpMode= allows configuration of how precisely systemd
170 handles utmp and wtmp entries for the service if this is
171 enabled. This allows writing services that appear similar to
172 user sessions in the output of the "w", "who", "last" and
175 * systemd-resolved will now locally synthesize DNS resource
176 records for the "localhost" and "gateway" domains as well as
177 the local hostname. This should ensure that clients querying
178 RRs via resolved will get similar results as those going via
179 NSS, if nss-myhostname is enabled.
181 Contributions from: Alastair Hughes, Alex Crawford, Daniel
182 Mack, David Herrmann, Dimitri John Ledkov, Eric Kostrowski,
183 Evgeny Vereshchagin, Felipe Sateler, HATAYAMA Daisuke, Jan
184 Pokorný, Jan Synacek, Johnny Robeson, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers,
185 Kefeng Wang, Lennart Poettering, Major Hayden, Marcel
186 Holtmann, Markus Elfring, Martin Mikkelsen, Martin Pitt, Matt
187 Turner, Maxim Mikityanskiy, Michael Biebl, Namhyung Kim,
188 Nicolas Cornu, Owen W. Taylor, Patrik Flykt, Peter Hutterer,
189 reverendhomer, Richard Maw, Ronny Chevalier, Seth Jennings,
190 Stef Walter, Susant Sahani, Thomas Blume, Thomas Hindoe
191 Paaboel Andersen, Thomas Meyer, Tom Gundersen, Vincent Batts,
192 WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
194 -- Berlin, 2015-08-27
198 * The systemd-efi-boot-generator functionality was merged into
199 systemd-gpt-auto-generator.
201 * systemd-networkd now supports Group Policy for vxlan
202 devices. It can be enabled via the new boolean configuration
203 option called 'GroupPolicyExtension='.
205 Contributions from: Andreas Kempf, Christian Hesse, Daniel Mack, David
206 Herrmann, Herman Fries, Johannes Nixdorf, Kay Sievers, Lennart
207 Poettering, Peter Hutterer, Susant Sahani, Tom Gundersen
209 -- Berlin, 2015-07-31
213 * The python-systemd code has been removed from the systemd repository.
214 A new repository has been created which accommodates the code from
215 now on, and we kindly ask distributions to create a separate package
216 for this: https://github.com/systemd/python-systemd
218 * The systemd daemon will now reload its main configuration
219 (/etc/systemd/system.conf) on daemon-reload.
221 * sd-dhcp now exposes vendor specific extensions via
222 sd_dhcp_lease_get_vendor_specific().
224 * systemd-networkd gained a number of new configuration options.
226 - A new boolean configuration option for TAP devices called
227 'VNetHeader='. If set, the IFF_VNET_HDR flag is set for the
228 device, thus allowing to send and receive GSO packets.
230 - A new tunnel configuration option called 'CopyDSCP='.
231 If enabled, the DSCP field of ip6 tunnels is copied into the
234 - A set of boolean bridge configuration options were added.
235 'UseBPDU=', 'HairPin=', 'FastLeave=', 'AllowPortToBeRoot=',
236 and 'UnicastFlood=' are now parsed by networkd and applied to the
237 respective bridge link device via the respective IFLA_BRPORT_*
240 - A new string configuration option to override the hostname sent
241 to a DHCP server, called 'Hostname='. If set and 'SendHostname='
242 is true, networkd will use the configured hostname instead of the
243 system hostname when sending DHCP requests.
245 - A new tunnel configuration option called 'IPv6FlowLabel='. If set,
246 networkd will configure the IPv6 flow-label of the tunnel device
247 according to RFC2460.
249 - The 'macvtap' virtual network devices are now supported, similar to
250 the already supported 'macvlan' devices.
252 * systemd-resolved now implements RFC5452 to improve resilience against
253 cache poisoning. Additionally, source port randomization is enabled
254 by default to further protect against DNS spoofing attacks.
256 * nss-mymachines now supports translating UIDs and GIDs of running
257 containers with user-namespaces enabled. If a container 'foo'
258 translates a host uid 'UID' to the container uid 'TUID', then
259 nss-mymachines will also map uid 'UID' to/from username 'vu-foo-TUID'
260 (with 'foo' and 'TUID' replaced accordingly). Similarly, groups are
261 mapped as 'vg-foo-TGID'.
263 Contributions from: Beniamino Galvani, cee1, Christian Hesse, Daniel
264 Buch, Daniel Mack, daurnimator, David Herrmann, Dimitri John Ledkov,
265 HATAYAMA Daisuke, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig),
266 Johan Ouwerkerk, Jose Carlos Venegas Munoz, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers,
267 Lennart Poettering, Lidong Zhong, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael
268 Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Namhyung Kim,
269 Nick Owens, Peter Hutterer, Richard Maw, Steven Allen, Sungbae Yoo,
270 Susant Sahani, Thomas Blume, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom
271 Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vito Caputo,
272 Vivenzio Pagliari, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
274 -- Berlin, 2015-07-29
278 * udev does not longer support the WAIT_FOR_SYSFS= key in udev rules.
279 There are no known issues with current sysfs, and udev does not need
280 or should be used to work around such bugs.
282 * udev does no longer enable USB HID power management. Several reports
283 indicate, that some devices cannot handle that setting.
285 * The udev accelerometer helper was removed. The functionality
286 is now fully included in iio-sensor-proxy. But this means,
287 older iio-sensor-proxy versions will no longer provide
288 accelerometer/orientation data with this systemd version.
289 Please upgrade iio-sensor-proxy to version 1.0.
291 * networkd gained a new configuration option IPv6PrivacyExtensions=
292 which enables IPv6 privacy extensions (RFC 4941, "Privacy Extensions
293 for Stateless Address") on selected networks.
295 * For the sake of fewer build-time dependencies and less code in the
296 main repository, the python bindings are about to be removed in the
297 next release. A new repository has been created which accommodates
298 the code from now on, and we kindly ask distributions to create a
299 separate package for this. The removal will take place in v223.
301 https://github.com/systemd/python-systemd
303 Contributions from: Abdo Roig-Maranges, Andrew Eikum, Bastien Nocera,
304 Cédric Delmas, Christian Hesse, Christos Trochalakis, Daniel Mack,
305 daurnimator, David Herrmann, Dimitri John Ledkov, Eric Biggers, Eric
306 Cook, Felipe Sateler, Geert Jansen, Gerd Hoffmann, Gianpaolo Macario,
307 Greg Kroah-Hartman, Iago López Galeiras, Jan Alexander Steffens
308 (heftig), Jan Engelhardt, Jay Strict, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
309 Markus Knetschke, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Marineau, Michal
310 Sekletar, Miguel Bernal Marin, Peter Hutterer, Richard Maw, rinrinne,
311 Susant Sahani, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein
312 Husebø, Vedran Miletić, WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
314 -- Berlin, 2015-07-07
318 * The sd-bus.h and sd-event.h APIs have now been declared
319 stable and have been added to the official interface of
320 libsystemd.so. sd-bus implements an alternative D-Bus client
321 library, that is relatively easy to use, very efficient and
322 supports both classic D-Bus as well as kdbus as transport
323 backend. sd-event is a generic event loop abstraction that
324 is built around Linux epoll, but adds features such as event
325 prioritization or efficient timer handling. Both APIs are good
326 choices for C programs looking for a bus and/or event loop
327 implementation that is minimal and does not have to be
328 portable to other kernels.
330 * kdbus support is no longer compile-time optional. It is now
331 always built-in. However, it can still be disabled at
332 runtime using the kdbus=0 kernel command line setting, and
333 that setting may be changed to default to off, by specifying
334 --disable-kdbus at build-time. Note though that the kernel
335 command line setting has no effect if the kdbus.ko kernel
336 module is not installed, in which case kdbus is (obviously)
337 also disabled. We encourage all downstream distributions to
338 begin testing kdbus by adding it to the kernel images in the
339 development distributions, and leaving kdbus support in
342 * The minimal required util-linux version has been bumped to
345 * Support for chkconfig (--enable-chkconfig) was removed in
346 favor of calling an abstraction tool
347 /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install. This needs to be
348 implemented for your distribution. See "SYSV INIT.D SCRIPTS"
349 in README for details.
351 * If there's a systemd unit and a SysV init script for the
352 same service name, and the user executes "systemctl enable"
353 for it (or a related call), then this will now enable both
354 (or execute the related operation on both), not just the
357 * The libudev API documentation has been converted from gtkdoc
360 * gudev has been removed from the systemd tree, it is now an
363 * The systemd-cgtop tool learnt a new --raw switch to generate
364 "raw" (machine parsable) output.
366 * networkd's IPForwarding= .network file setting learnt the
367 new setting "kernel", which ensures that networkd does not
368 change the IP forwarding sysctl from the default kernel
371 * The systemd-logind bus API now exposes a new boolean
372 property "Docked" that reports whether logind considers the
373 system "docked", i.e. connected to a docking station or not.
375 Contributions from: Alex Crawford, Andreas Pokorny, Andrei
376 Borzenkov, Charles Duffy, Colin Guthrie, Cristian Rodríguez,
377 Daniele Medri, Daniel Hahler, Daniel Mack, David Herrmann,
378 David Mohr, Dimitri John Ledkov, Djalal Harouni, dslul, Ed
379 Swierk, Eric Cook, Filipe Brandenburger, Gianpaolo Macario,
380 Harald Hoyer, Iago López Galeiras, Igor Vuk, Jan Synacek,
381 Jason Pleau, Jason S. McMullan, Jean Delvare, Jeff Huang,
382 Jonathan Boulle, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, kloun, Lennart
383 Poettering, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcel Holtmann, Mario
384 Limonciello, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich,
385 Michal Schmidt, Mike Gilbert, Nick Owens, Pablo Lezaeta Reyes,
386 Patrick Donnelly, Pavel Odvody, Peter Hutterer, Philip
387 Withnall, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie, Susant Sahani,
388 Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein
389 Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Viktar Vauchkevich, Werner
390 Fink, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
392 -- Berlin, 2015-06-19
396 * The gudev library has been extracted into a separate repository
397 available at: https://git.gnome.org/browse/libgudev/
398 It is now managed as part of the Gnome project. Distributions
399 are recommended to pass --disable-gudev to systemd and use
400 gudev from the Gnome project instead. gudev is still included
401 in systemd, for now. It will be removed soon, though. Please
402 also see the announcement-thread on systemd-devel:
403 http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2015-May/032070.html
405 * systemd now exposes a CPUUsageNSec= property for each
406 service unit on the bus, that contains the overall consumed
407 CPU time of a service (the sum of what each process of the
408 service consumed). This value is only available if
409 CPUAccounting= is turned on for a service, and is then shown
410 in the "systemctl status" output.
412 * Support for configuring alternative mappings of the old SysV
413 runlevels to systemd targets has been removed. They are now
414 hardcoded in a way that runlevels 2, 3, 4 all map to
415 multi-user.target and 5 to graphical.target (which
416 previously was already the default behaviour).
418 * The auto-mounter logic gained support for mount point
419 expiry, using a new TimeoutIdleSec= setting in .automount
420 units. (Also available as x-systemd.idle-timeout= in /etc/fstab).
422 * The EFI System Partition (ESP) as mounted to /boot by
423 systemd-efi-boot-generator will now be unmounted
424 automatically after 2 minutes of not being used. This should
425 minimize the risk of ESP corruptions.
427 * New /etc/fstab options x-systemd.requires= and
428 x-systemd.requires-mounts-for= are now supported to express
429 additional dependencies for mounts. This is useful for
430 journalling file systems that support external journal
431 devices or overlay file systems that require underlying file
432 systems to be mounted.
434 * systemd does not support direct live-upgrades (via systemctl
435 daemon-reexec) from versions older than v44 anymore. As no
436 distribution we are aware of shipped such old versions in a
437 stable release this should not be problematic.
439 * When systemd forks off a new per-connection service instance
440 it will now set the $REMOTE_ADDR environment variable to the
441 remote IP address, and $REMOTE_PORT environment variable to
442 the remote IP port. This behaviour is similar to the
443 corresponding environment variables defined by CGI.
445 * systemd-networkd gained support for uplink failure
446 detection. The BindCarrier= option allows binding interface
447 configuration dynamically to the link sense of other
448 interfaces. This is useful to achieve behaviour like in
451 * systemd-networkd gained support for configuring the DHCP
452 client identifier to use when requesting leases.
454 * systemd-networkd now has a per-network UseNTP= option to
455 configure whether NTP server information acquired via DHCP
456 is passed on to services like systemd-timesyncd.
458 * systemd-networkd gained support for vti6 tunnels.
460 * Note that systemd-networkd manages the sysctl variable
461 /proc/sys/net/ipv[46]/conf/*/forwarding for each interface
462 it is configured for since v219. The variable controls IP
463 forwarding, and is a per-interface alternative to the global
464 /proc/sys/net/ipv[46]/ip_forward. This setting is
465 configurable in the IPForward= option, which defaults to
466 "no". This means if networkd is used for an interface it is
467 no longer sufficient to set the global sysctl option to turn
468 on IP forwarding! Instead, the .network file option
469 IPForward= needs to be turned on! Note that the
470 implementation of this behaviour was broken in v219 and has
473 * Many bonding and vxlan options are now configurable in
476 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --property= setting to set unit
477 properties for the container scope. This is useful for
478 setting resource parameters (e.g "CPUShares=500") on
479 containers started from the command line.
481 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --private-users= switch to make
482 use of user namespacing available on recent Linux kernels.
484 * systemd-nspawn may now be called as part of a shell pipeline
485 in which case the pipes used for stdin and stdout are passed
486 directly to the process invoked in the container, without
487 indirection via a pseudo tty.
489 * systemd-nspawn gained a new switch to control the UNIX
490 signal to use when killing the init process of the container
493 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --overlay= switch for mounting
494 overlay file systems into the container using the new kernel
497 * When a container image is imported via systemd-importd and
498 the host file system is not btrfs, a loopback block device
499 file is created in /var/lib/machines.raw with a btrfs file
500 system inside. It is then mounted to /var/lib/machines to
501 enable btrfs features for container management. The loopback
502 file and btrfs file system is grown as needed when container
503 images are imported via systemd-importd.
505 * systemd-machined/systemd-importd gained support for btrfs
506 quota, to enforce container disk space limits on disk. This
507 is exposed in "machinectl set-limit".
509 * systemd-importd now can import containers from local .tar,
510 .raw and .qcow2 images, and export them to .tar and .raw. It
511 can also import dkr v2 images now from the network (on top
514 * systemd-importd gained support for verifying downloaded
515 images with gpg2 (previously only gpg1 was supported).
517 * systemd-machined, systemd-logind, systemd: most bus calls
518 are now accessible to unprivileged processes via
519 PolicyKit. Also, systemd-logind will now allow users to kill
520 their own sessions without further privileges or
523 * systemd-shutdownd has been removed. This service was
524 previously responsible for implementing scheduled shutdowns
525 as exposed in /usr/bin/shutdown's time parameter. This
526 functionality has now been moved into systemd-logind and is
527 accessible via a bus interface.
529 * "systemctl reboot" gained a new switch --firmware-setup that
530 can be used to reboot into the EFI firmware setup, if that
531 is available. systemd-logind now exposes an API on the bus
532 to trigger such reboots, in case graphical desktop UIs want
533 to cover this functionality.
535 * "systemctl enable", "systemctl disable" and "systemctl mask"
536 now support a new "--now" switch. If specified the units
537 that are enabled will also be started, and the ones
538 disabled/masked also stopped.
540 * The Gummiboot EFI boot loader tool has been merged into
541 systemd, and renamed to "systemd-boot". The bootctl tool has been
542 updated to support systemd-boot.
544 * An EFI kernel stub has been added that may be used to create
545 kernel EFI binaries that contain not only the actual kernel,
546 but also an initrd, boot splash, command line and OS release
547 information. This combined binary can then be signed as a
548 single image, so that the firmware can verify it all in one
549 step. systemd-boot has special support for EFI binaries created
550 like this and can extract OS release information from them
551 and show them in the boot menu. This functionality is useful
552 to implement cryptographically verified boot schemes.
554 * Optional support has been added to systemd-fsck to pass
555 fsck's progress report to an AF_UNIX socket in the file
558 * udev will no longer create device symlinks for all block
559 devices by default. A blacklist for excluding special block
560 devices from this logic has been turned into a whitelist
561 that requires picking block devices explicitly that require
564 * A new (currently still internal) API sd-device.h has been
565 added to libsystemd. This modernized API is supposed to
566 replace libudev eventually. In fact, already much of libudev
567 is now just a wrapper around sd-device.h.
569 * A new hwdb database for storing metadata about pointing
570 stick devices has been added.
572 * systemd-tmpfiles gained support for setting file attributes
573 similar to the "chattr" tool with new 'h' and 'H' lines.
575 * systemd-journald will no longer unconditionally set the
576 btrfs NOCOW flag on new journal files. This is instead done
577 with tmpfiles snippet using the new 'h' line type. This
578 allows easy disabling of this logic, by masking the
579 journal-nocow.conf tmpfiles file.
581 * systemd-journald will now translate audit message types to
582 human readable identifiers when writing them to the
583 journal. This should improve readability of audit messages.
585 * The LUKS logic gained support for the offset= and skip=
586 options in /etc/crypttab, as previously implemented by
589 * /usr/lib/os-release gained a new optional field VARIANT= for
590 distributions that support multiple variants (such as a
591 desktop edition, a server edition, ...)
593 Contributions from: Aaro Koskinen, Adam Goode, Alban Crequy,
594 Alberto Fanjul Alonso, Alexander Sverdlin, Alex Puchades, Alin
595 Rauta, Alison Chaiken, Andrew Jones, Arend van Spriel,
596 Benedikt Morbach, Benjamin Franzke, Benjamin Tissoires, Blaž
597 Tomažič, Chris Morgan, Chris Morin, Colin Walters, Cristian
598 Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Daniel Drake, Daniele Medri, Daniel
599 Mack, Daniel Mustieles, daurnimator, Davide Bettio, David
600 Herrmann, David Strauss, Didier Roche, Dimitri John Ledkov,
601 Eric Cook, Gavin Li, Goffredo Baroncelli, Hannes Reinecke,
602 Hans de Goede, Hans-Peter Deifel, Harald Hoyer, Iago López
603 Galeiras, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jan
604 Pazdziora, Jan Synacek, Jasper St. Pierre, Jay Faulkner, John
605 Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jonathon Gilbert, Karel Zak, Kay
606 Sievers, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir Rintel, Lucas
607 De Marchi, Lukas Nykryn, Lukas Rusak, Lukasz Skalski, Łukasz
608 Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcel
609 Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Mathieu Chevrier, Matthew Garrett,
610 Michael Biebl, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal
611 Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Mirco Tischler, Nir Soffer, Patrik
612 Flykt, Pavel Odvody, Peter Hutterer, Peter Lemenkov, Peter
613 Waller, Piotr Drąg, Raul Gutierrez S, Richard Maw, Ronny
614 Chevalier, Ross Burton, Sebastian Rasmussen, Sergey Ptashnick,
615 Seth Jennings, Shawn Landden, Simon Farnsworth, Stefan Junker,
616 Stephen Gallagher, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas
617 Haller, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tobias Hunger, Tom
618 Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Will
619 Woods, Zachary Cook, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
621 -- Berlin, 2015-05-22
625 * Introduce a new API "sd-hwdb.h" for querying the hardware
626 metadata database. With this minimal interface one can query
627 and enumerate the udev hwdb, decoupled from the old libudev
628 library. libudev's interface for this is now only a wrapper
629 around sd-hwdb. A new tool systemd-hwdb has been added to
630 interface with and update the database.
632 * When any of systemd's tools copies files (for example due to
633 tmpfiles' C lines) a btrfs reflink will attempted first,
634 before bytewise copying is done.
636 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --ephemeral switch. When
637 specified a btrfs snapshot is taken of the container's root
638 directory, and immediately removed when the container
639 terminates again. Thus, a container can be started whose
640 changes never alter the container's root directory, and are
641 lost on container termination. This switch can also be used
642 for starting a container off the root file system of the
643 host without affecting the host OS. This switch is only
644 available on btrfs file systems.
646 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --template= switch. It takes the
647 path to a container tree to use as template for the tree
648 specified via --directory=, should that directory be
649 missing. This allows instantiating containers dynamically,
650 on first run. This switch is only available on btrfs file
653 * When a .mount unit refers to a mount point on which multiple
654 mounts are stacked, and the .mount unit is stopped all of
655 the stacked mount points will now be unmounted until no
658 * systemd now has an explicit notion of supported and
659 unsupported unit types. Jobs enqueued for unsupported unit
660 types will now fail with an "unsupported" error code. More
661 specifically .swap, .automount and .device units are not
662 supported in containers, .busname units are not supported on
663 non-kdbus systems. .swap and .automount are also not
664 supported if their respective kernel compile time options
667 * machinectl gained support for two new "copy-from" and
668 "copy-to" commands for copying files from a running
669 container to the host or vice versa.
671 * machinectl gained support for a new "bind" command to bind
672 mount host directories into local containers. This is
673 currently only supported for nspawn containers.
675 * networkd gained support for configuring bridge forwarding
676 database entries (fdb) from .network files.
678 * A new tiny daemon "systemd-importd" has been added that can
679 download container images in tar, raw, qcow2 or dkr formats,
680 and make them available locally in /var/lib/machines, so
681 that they can run as nspawn containers. The daemon can GPG
682 verify the downloads (not supported for dkr, since it has no
683 provisions for verifying downloads). It will transparently
684 decompress bz2, xz, gzip compressed downloads if necessary,
685 and restore sparse files on disk. The daemon uses privilege
686 separation to ensure the actual download logic runs with
687 fewer privileges than the daemon itself. machinectl has
688 gained new commands "pull-tar", "pull-raw" and "pull-dkr" to
689 make the functionality of importd available to the
690 user. With this in place the Fedora and Ubuntu "Cloud"
691 images can be downloaded and booted as containers unmodified
692 (the Fedora images lack the appropriate GPG signature files
693 currently, so they cannot be verified, but this will change
694 soon, hopefully). Note that downloading images is currently
695 only fully supported on btrfs.
697 * machinectl is now able to list container images found in
698 /var/lib/machines, along with some metadata about sizes of
699 disk and similar. If the directory is located on btrfs and
700 quota is enabled, this includes quota display. A new command
701 "image-status" has been added that shows additional
702 information about images.
704 * machinectl is now able to clone container images
705 efficiently, if the underlying file system (btrfs) supports
706 it, with the new "machinectl list-images" command. It also
707 gained commands for renaming and removing images, as well as
708 marking them read-only or read-write (supported also on
709 legacy file systems).
711 * networkd gained support for collecting LLDP network
712 announcements, from hardware that supports this. This is
713 shown in networkctl output.
715 * systemd-run gained support for a new -t (--pty) switch for
716 invoking a binary on a pty whose input and output is
717 connected to the invoking terminal. This allows executing
718 processes as system services while interactively
719 communicating with them via the terminal. Most interestingly
720 this is supported across container boundaries. Invoking
721 "systemd-run -t /bin/bash" is an alternative to running a
722 full login session, the difference being that the former
723 will not register a session, nor go through the PAM session
726 * tmpfiles gained support for a new "v" line type for creating
727 btrfs subvolumes. If the underlying file system is a legacy
728 file system, this automatically degrades to creating a
729 normal directory. Among others /var/lib/machines is now
730 created like this at boot, should it be missing.
732 * The directory /var/lib/containers/ has been deprecated and
733 been replaced by /var/lib/machines. The term "machines" has
734 been used in the systemd context as generic term for both
735 VMs and containers, and hence appears more appropriate for
736 this, as the directory can also contain raw images bootable
739 * systemd-nspawn when invoked with -M but without --directory=
740 or --image= is now capable of searching for the container
741 root directory, subvolume or disk image automatically, in
742 /var/lib/machines. systemd-nspawn@.service has been updated
743 to make use of this, thus allowing it to be used for raw
746 * A new machines.target unit has been introduced that is
747 supposed to group all containers/VMs invoked as services on
748 the system. systemd-nspawn@.service has been updated to
751 * machinectl gained a new "start" command, for invoking a
752 container as a service. "machinectl start foo" is mostly
753 equivalent to "systemctl start systemd-nspawn@foo.service",
754 but handles escaping in a nicer way.
756 * systemd-nspawn will now mount most of the cgroupfs tree
757 read-only into each container, with the exception of the
758 container's own subtree in the name=systemd hierarchy.
760 * journald now sets the special FS_NOCOW file flag for its
761 journal files. This should improve performance on btrfs, by
762 avoiding heavy fragmentation when journald's write-pattern
763 is used on COW file systems. It degrades btrfs' data
764 integrity guarantees for the files to the same levels as for
765 ext3/ext4 however. This should be OK though as journald does
766 its own data integrity checks and all its objects are
767 checksummed on disk. Also, journald should handle btrfs disk
768 full events a lot more gracefully now, by processing SIGBUS
769 errors, and not relying on fallocate() anymore.
771 * When journald detects that journal files it is writing to
772 have been deleted it will immediately start new journal
775 * systemd now provides a way to store file descriptors
776 per-service in PID 1.This is useful for daemons to ensure
777 that fds they require are not lost during a daemon
778 restart. The fds are passed to the daemon on the next
779 invocation in the same way socket activation fds are
780 passed. This is now used by journald to ensure that the
781 various sockets connected to all the system's stdout/stderr
782 are not lost when journald is restarted. File descriptors
783 may be stored in PID 1 via the sd_pid_notify_with_fds() API,
784 an extension to sd_notify(). Note that a limit is enforced
785 on the number of fds a service can store in PID 1, and it
786 defaults to 0, so that no fds may be stored, unless this is
787 explicitly turned on.
789 * The default TERM variable to use for units connected to a
790 terminal, when no other value is explicitly is set is now
791 vt220 rather than vt102. This should be fairly safe still,
792 but allows PgUp/PgDn work.
794 * The /etc/crypttab option header= as known from Debian is now
797 * "loginctl user-status" and "loginctl session-status" will
798 now show the last 10 lines of log messages of the
799 user/session following the status output. Similar,
800 "machinectl status" will show the last 10 log lines
801 associated with a virtual machine or container
802 service. (Note that this is usually not the log messages
803 done in the VM/container itself, but simply what the
804 container manager logs. For nspawn this includes all console
807 * "loginctl session-status" without further argument will now
808 show the status of the session of the caller. Similar,
809 "lock-session", "unlock-session", "activate",
810 "enable-linger", "disable-linger" may now be called without
811 session/user parameter in which case they apply to the
812 caller's session/user.
814 * An X11 session scriptlet is now shipped that uploads
815 $DISPLAY and $XAUTHORITY into the environment of the systemd
816 --user daemon if a session begins. This should improve
817 compatibility with X11 enabled applications run as systemd
820 * Generators are now subject to masking via /etc and /run, the
821 same way as unit files.
823 * networkd .network files gained support for configuring
824 per-link IPv4/IPv6 packet forwarding as well as IPv4
825 masquerading. This is by default turned on for veth links to
826 containers, as registered by systemd-nspawn. This means that
827 nspawn containers run with --network-veth will now get
828 automatic routed access to the host's networks without any
829 further configuration or setup, as long as networkd runs on
832 * systemd-nspawn gained the --port= (-p) switch to expose TCP
833 or UDP posts of a container on the host. With this in place
834 it is possible to run containers with private veth links
835 (--network-veth), and have their functionality exposed on
836 the host as if their services were running directly on the
839 * systemd-nspawn's --network-veth switch now gained a short
840 version "-n", since with the changes above it is now truly
841 useful out-of-the-box. The systemd-nspawn@.service has been
842 updated to make use of it too by default.
844 * systemd-nspawn will now maintain a per-image R/W lock, to
845 ensure that the same image is not started more than once
846 writable. (It's OK to run an image multiple times
847 simultaneously in read-only mode.)
849 * systemd-nspawn's --image= option is now capable of
850 dissecting and booting MBR and GPT disk images that contain
851 only a single active Linux partition. Previously it
852 supported only GPT disk images with proper GPT type
853 IDs. This allows running cloud images from major
854 distributions directly with systemd-nspawn, without
857 * In addition to collecting mouse dpi data in the udev
858 hardware database, there's now support for collecting angle
859 information for mouse scroll wheels. The database is
860 supposed to guarantee similar scrolling behavior on mice
861 that it knows about. There's also support for collecting
862 information about Touchpad types.
864 * udev's input_id built-in will now also collect touch screen
865 dimension data and attach it to probed devices.
867 * /etc/os-release gained support for a Distribution Privacy
870 * networkd gained support for creating "ipvlan", "gretap",
871 "ip6gre", "ip6gretap" and "ip6tnl" network devices.
873 * systemd-tmpfiles gained support for "a" lines for setting
876 * systemd-nspawn will now mount /tmp in the container to
877 tmpfs, automatically.
879 * systemd now exposes the memory.usage_in_bytes cgroup
880 attribute and shows it for each service in the "systemctl
881 status" output, if available.
883 * When the user presses Ctrl-Alt-Del more than 7x within 2s an
884 immediate reboot is triggered. This useful if shutdown is
885 hung and is unable to complete, to expedite the
886 operation. Note that this kind of reboot will still unmount
887 all file systems, and hence should not result in fsck being
890 * A .device unit for an optical block device will now be
891 considered active only when a medium is in the drive. Also,
892 mount units are now bound to their backing devices thus
893 triggering automatic unmounting when devices become
894 unavailable. With this in place systemd will now
895 automatically unmount left-over mounts when a CD-ROM is
896 ejected or an USB stick is yanked from the system.
898 * networkd-wait-online now has support for waiting for
899 specific interfaces only (with globbing), and for giving up
900 after a configurable timeout.
902 * networkd now exits when idle. It will be automatically
903 restarted as soon as interfaces show up, are removed or
904 change state. networkd will stay around as long as there is
905 at least one DHCP state machine or similar around, that keep
908 * networkd may now configure IPv6 link-local addressing in
909 addition to IPv4 link-local addressing.
911 * The IPv6 "token" for use in SLAAC may now be configured for
912 each .network interface in networkd.
914 * Routes configured with networkd may now be assigned a scope
917 * networkd's [Match] sections now support globbing and lists
918 of multiple space-separated matches per item.
920 Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alin Rauta, Andrey Chaser,
921 Bastien Nocera, Bruno Bottazzini, Carlos Garnacho, Carlos
922 Morata Castillo, Chris Atkinson, Chris J. Arges, Christian
923 Kirbach, Christian Seiler, Christoph Brill, Colin Guthrie,
924 Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack,
925 Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Djalal Harouni, Erik Auerswald,
926 Filipe Brandenburger, Frank Theile, Gabor Kelemen, Gabriel de
927 Perthuis, Harald Hoyer, Hui Wang, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan
928 Engelhardt, Jan Synacek, Jay Faulkner, Johannes Hölzl, Jonas
929 Ådahl, Jonathan Boulle, Josef Andersson, Kay Sievers, Ken
930 Werner, Lennart Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Lukas Märdian,
931 Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz Skalski, Luke Shumaker, Mantas Mikulėnas,
932 Manuel Mendez, Marcel Holtmann, Marc Schmitzer, Marko
933 Myllynen, Martin Pitt, Maxim Mikityanskiy, Michael Biebl,
934 Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Mindaugas
935 Baranauskas, Moez Bouhlel, Naveen Kumar, Patrik Flykt, Paul
936 Martin, Peter Hutterer, Peter Mattern, Philippe De Swert,
937 Piotr Drąg, Rafael Ferreira, Rami Rosen, Robert Milasan, Ronny
938 Chevalier, Sangjung Woo, Sebastien Bacher, Sergey Ptashnick,
939 Shawn Landden, Stéphane Graber, Susant Sahani, Sylvain
940 Plantefève, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tim JP, Tom
941 Gundersen, Topi Miettinen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar
942 Lindskog, Veres Lajos, Vincent Batts, WaLyong Cho, Wieland
943 Hoffmann, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
945 -- Berlin, 2015-02-16
949 * When querying unit file enablement status (for example via
950 "systemctl is-enabled"), a new state "indirect" is now known
951 which indicates that a unit might not be enabled itself, but
952 another unit listed in its Also= setting might be.
954 * Similar to the various existing ConditionXYZ= settings for
955 units there are now matching AssertXYZ= settings. While
956 failing conditions cause a unit to be skipped, but its job
957 to succeed, failing assertions declared like this will cause
958 a unit start operation and its job to fail.
960 * hostnamed now knows a new chassis type "embedded".
962 * systemctl gained a new "edit" command. When used on a unit
963 file this allows extending unit files with .d/ drop-in
964 configuration snippets or editing the full file (after
965 copying it from /usr/lib to /etc). This will invoke the
966 user's editor (as configured with $EDITOR), and reload the
967 modified configuration after editing.
969 * "systemctl status" now shows the suggested enablement state
970 for a unit, as declared in the (usually vendor-supplied)
973 * nss-myhostname will now resolve the single-label host name
974 "gateway" to the locally configured default IP routing
975 gateways, ordered by their metrics. This assigns a stable
976 name to the used gateways, regardless which ones are
977 currently configured. Note that the name will only be
978 resolved after all other name sources (if nss-myhostname is
979 configured properly) and should hence not negatively impact
980 systems that use the single-label host name "gateway" in
983 * systemd-inhibit now allows filtering by mode when listing
986 * Scope and service units gained a new "Delegate" boolean
987 property, which when set allows processes running inside the
988 unit to further partition resources. This is primarily
989 useful for systemd user instances as well as container
992 * journald will now pick up audit messages directly from
993 the kernel, and log them like any other log message. The
994 audit fields are split up and fully indexed. This means that
995 journalctl in many ways is now a (nicer!) alternative to
996 ausearch, the traditional audit client. Note that this
997 implements only a minimal audit client, if you want the
998 special audit modes like reboot-on-log-overflow, please use
999 the traditional auditd instead, which can be used in
1000 parallel to journald.
1002 * The ConditionSecurity= unit file option now understands the
1003 special string "audit" to check whether auditing is
1006 * journalctl gained two new commands --vacuum-size= and
1007 --vacuum-time= to delete old journal files until the
1008 remaining ones take up no more the specified size on disk,
1009 or are not older than the specified time.
1011 * A new, native PPPoE library has been added to sd-network,
1012 systemd's library of light-weight networking protocols. This
1013 library will be used in a future version of networkd to
1014 enable PPPoE communication without an external pppd daemon.
1016 * The busctl tool now understands a new "capture" verb that
1017 works similar to "monitor", but writes a packet capture
1018 trace to STDOUT that can be redirected to a file which is
1019 compatible with libcap's capture file format. This can then
1020 be loaded in Wireshark and similar tools to inspect bus
1023 * The busctl tool now understands a new "tree" verb that shows
1024 the object trees of a specific service on the bus, or of all
1027 * The busctl tool now understands a new "introspect" verb that
1028 shows all interfaces and members of objects on the bus,
1029 including their signature and values. This is particularly
1030 useful to get more information about bus objects shown by
1031 the new "busctl tree" command.
1033 * The busctl tool now understands new verbs "call",
1034 "set-property" and "get-property" for invoking bus method
1035 calls, setting and getting bus object properties in a
1038 * busctl gained a new --augment-creds= argument that controls
1039 whether the tool shall augment credential information it
1040 gets from the bus with data from /proc, in a possibly
1043 * nspawn's --link-journal= switch gained two new values
1044 "try-guest" and "try-host" that work like "guest" and
1045 "host", but do not fail if the host has no persistent
1046 journalling enabled. -j is now equivalent to
1047 --link-journal=try-guest.
1049 * macvlan network devices created by nspawn will now have
1050 stable MAC addresses.
1052 * A new SmackProcessLabel= unit setting has been added, which
1053 controls the SMACK security label processes forked off by
1054 the respective unit shall use.
1056 * If compiled with --enable-xkbcommon, systemd-localed will
1057 verify x11 keymap settings by compiling the given keymap. It
1058 will spew out warnings if the compilation fails. This
1059 requires libxkbcommon to be installed.
1061 * When a coredump is collected a larger number of metadata
1062 fields is now collected and included in the journal records
1063 created for it. More specifically control group membership,
1064 environment variables, memory maps, working directory,
1065 chroot directory, /proc/$PID/status, and a list of open file
1066 descriptors is now stored in the log entry.
1068 * The udev hwdb now contains DPI information for mice. For
1071 http://who-t.blogspot.de/2014/12/building-a-dpi-database-for-mice.html
1073 * All systemd programs that read standalone configuration
1074 files in /etc now also support a corresponding series of
1075 .conf.d configuration directories in /etc/, /run/,
1076 /usr/local/lib/, /usr/lib/, and (if configured with
1077 --enable-split-usr) /lib/. In particular, the following
1078 configuration files now have corresponding configuration
1079 directories: system.conf user.conf, logind.conf,
1080 journald.conf, sleep.conf, bootchart.conf, coredump.conf,
1081 resolved.conf, timesyncd.conf, journal-remote.conf, and
1082 journal-upload.conf. Note that distributions should use the
1083 configuration directories in /usr/lib/; the directories in
1084 /etc/ are reserved for the system administrator.
1086 * systemd-rfkill will no longer take the rfkill device name
1087 into account when storing rfkill state on disk, as the name
1088 might be dynamically assigned and not stable. Instead, the
1089 ID_PATH udev variable combined with the rfkill type (wlan,
1090 bluetooth, ...) is used.
1092 * A new service systemd-machine-id-commit.service has been
1093 added. When used on systems where /etc is read-only during
1094 boot, and /etc/machine-id is not initialized (but an empty
1095 file), this service will copy the temporary machine ID
1096 created as replacement into /etc after the system is fully
1097 booted up. This is useful for systems that are freshly
1098 installed with a non-initialized machine ID, but should get
1099 a fixed machine ID for subsequent boots.
1101 * networkd's .netdev files now provide a large set of
1102 configuration parameters for VXLAN devices. Similar, the
1103 bridge port cost parameter is now configurable in .network
1104 files. There's also new support for configuring IP source
1105 routing. networkd .link files gained support for a new
1106 OriginalName= match that is useful to match against the
1107 original interface name the kernel assigned. .network files
1108 may include MTU= and MACAddress= fields for altering the MTU
1109 and MAC address while being connected to a specific network
1112 * The LUKS logic gained supported for configuring
1113 UUID-specific key files. There's also new support for naming
1114 LUKS device from the kernel command line, using the new
1115 luks.name= argument.
1117 * Timer units may now be transiently created via the bus API
1118 (this was previously already available for scope and service
1119 units). In addition it is now possible to create multiple
1120 transient units at the same time with a single bus call. The
1121 "systemd-run" tool has been updated to make use of this for
1122 running commands on a specified time, in at(1)-style.
1124 * tmpfiles gained support for "t" lines, for assigning
1125 extended attributes to files. Among other uses this may be
1126 used to assign SMACK labels to files.
1128 Contributions from: Alin Rauta, Alison Chaiken, Andrej
1129 Manduch, Bastien Nocera, Chris Atkinson, Chris Leech, Chris
1130 Mayo, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez,
1131 Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dan Williams, Dan Winship, Dave
1132 Reisner, David Herrmann, Didier Roche, Felipe Sateler, Gavin
1133 Li, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Iago López Galeiras, Ivan
1134 Shapovalov, Jakub Filak, Jan Janssen, Jan Synacek, Joe
1135 Lawrence, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
1136 Lukas Nykryn, Łukasz Stelmach, Maciej Wereski, Mantas
1137 Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Maurizio Lombardi,
1138 Michael Biebl, Michael Chapman, Michael Marineau, Michal
1139 Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Olivier Brunel, Patrik Flykt, Peter
1140 Hutterer, Przemyslaw Kedzierski, Rami Rosen, Ray Strode,
1141 Richard Schütz, Richard W.M. Jones, Ronny Chevalier, Ross
1142 Lagerwall, Sean Young, Stanisław Pitucha, Susant Sahani,
1143 Thomas Haller, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen,
1144 Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vicente Olivert
1145 Riera, WaLyong Cho, Wesley Dawson, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
1147 -- Berlin, 2014-12-10
1151 * journalctl gained the new options -t/--identifier= to match
1152 on the syslog identifier (aka "tag"), as well as --utc to
1153 show log timestamps in the UTC timezone. journalctl now also
1154 accepts -n/--lines=all to disable line capping in a pager.
1156 * journalctl gained a new switch, --flush, that synchronously
1157 flushes logs from /run/log/journal to /var/log/journal if
1158 persistent storage is enabled. systemd-journal-flush.service
1159 now waits until the operation is complete.
1161 * Services can notify the manager before they start a reload
1162 (by sending RELOADING=1) or shutdown (by sending
1163 STOPPING=1). This allows the manager to track and show the
1164 internal state of daemons and closes a race condition when
1165 the process is still running but has closed its D-Bus
1168 * Services with Type=oneshot do not have to have any ExecStart
1171 * User units are now loaded also from
1172 $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user/. This is similar to the
1173 /run/systemd/user directory that was already previously
1174 supported, but is under the control of the user.
1176 * Job timeouts (i.e. time-outs on the time a job that is
1177 queued stays in the run queue) can now optionally result in
1178 immediate reboot or power-off actions (JobTimeoutAction= and
1179 JobTimeoutRebootArgument=). This is useful on ".target"
1180 units, to limit the maximum time a target remains
1181 undispatched in the run queue, and to trigger an emergency
1182 operation in such a case. This is now used by default to
1183 turn off the system if boot-up (as defined by everything in
1184 basic.target) hangs and does not complete for at least
1185 15min. Also, if power-off or reboot hang for at least 30min
1186 an immediate power-off/reboot operation is triggered. This
1187 functionality is particularly useful to increase reliability
1188 on embedded devices, but also on laptops which might
1189 accidentally get powered on when carried in a backpack and
1190 whose boot stays stuck in a hard disk encryption passphrase
1193 * systemd-logind can be configured to also handle lid switch
1194 events even when the machine is docked or multiple displays
1195 are attached (HandleLidSwitchDocked= option).
1197 * A helper binary and a service have been added which can be
1198 used to resume from hibernation in the initramfs. A
1199 generator will parse the resume= option on the kernel
1200 command line to trigger resume.
1202 * A user console daemon systemd-consoled has been
1203 added. Currently, it is a preview, and will so far open a
1204 single terminal on each session of the user marked as
1205 Desktop=systemd-console.
1207 * Route metrics can be specified for DHCP routes added by
1210 * The SELinux context of socket-activated services can be set
1211 from the information provided by the networking stack
1212 (SELinuxContextFromNet= option).
1214 * Userspace firmware loading support has been removed and
1215 the minimum supported kernel version is thus bumped to 3.7.
1217 * Timeout for udev workers has been increased from 1 to 3
1218 minutes, but a warning will be printed after 1 minute to
1219 help diagnose kernel modules that take a long time to load.
1221 * Udev rules can now remove tags on devices with TAG-="foobar".
1223 * systemd's readahead implementation has been removed. In many
1224 circumstances it didn't give expected benefits even for
1225 rotational disk drives and was becoming less relevant in the
1226 age of SSDs. As none of the developers has been using
1227 rotating media anymore, and nobody stepped up to actively
1228 maintain this component of systemd it has now been removed.
1230 * Swap units can use Options= to specify discard options.
1231 Discard options specified for swaps in /etc/fstab are now
1234 * Docker containers are now detected as a separate type of
1237 * The Password Agent protocol gained support for queries where
1238 the user input is shown, useful e.g. for user names.
1239 systemd-ask-password gained a new --echo option to turn that
1242 * The default sysctl.d/ snippets will now set:
1244 net.core.default_qdisc = fq_codel
1246 This selects Fair Queuing Controlled Delay as the default
1247 queuing discipline for network interfaces. fq_codel helps
1248 fight the network bufferbloat problem. It is believed to be
1249 a good default with no tuning required for most workloads.
1250 Downstream distributions may override this choice. On 10Gbit
1251 servers that do not do forwarding, "fq" may perform better.
1252 Systems without a good clocksource should use "pfifo_fast".
1254 * If kdbus is enabled during build a new option BusPolicy= is
1255 available for service units, that allows locking all service
1256 processes into a stricter bus policy, in order to limit
1257 access to various bus services, or even hide most of them
1258 from the service's view entirely.
1260 * networkctl will now show the .network and .link file
1261 networkd has applied to a specific interface.
1263 * sd-login gained a new API call sd_session_get_desktop() to
1264 query which desktop environment has been selected for a
1267 * UNIX utmp support is now compile-time optional to support
1268 legacy-free systems.
1270 * systemctl gained two new commands "add-wants" and
1271 "add-requires" for pulling in units from specific targets
1274 * If the word "rescue" is specified on the kernel command line
1275 the system will now boot into rescue mode (aka
1276 rescue.target), which was previously available only by
1277 specifying "1" or "systemd.unit=rescue.target" on the kernel
1278 command line. This new kernel command line option nicely
1279 mirrors the already existing "emergency" kernel command line
1282 * New kernel command line options mount.usr=, mount.usrflags=,
1283 mount.usrfstype= have been added that match root=, rootflags=,
1284 rootfstype= but allow mounting a specific file system to
1287 * The $NOTIFY_SOCKET is now also passed to control processes of
1288 services, not only the main process.
1290 * This version reenables support for fsck's -l switch. This
1291 means at least version v2.25 of util-linux is required for
1292 operation, otherwise dead-locks on device nodes may
1293 occur. Again: you need to update util-linux to at least
1294 v2.25 when updating systemd to v217.
1296 * The "multi-seat-x" tool has been removed from systemd, as
1297 its functionality has been integrated into X servers 1.16,
1298 and the tool is hence redundant. It is recommended to update
1299 display managers invoking this tool to simply invoke X
1300 directly from now on, again.
1302 * Support for the new ALLOW_INTERACTIVE_AUTHORIZATION D-Bus
1303 message flag has been added for all of systemd's PolicyKit
1304 authenticated method calls has been added. In particular
1305 this now allows optional interactive authorization via
1306 PolicyKit for many of PID1's privileged operations such as
1307 unit file enabling and disabling.
1309 * "udevadm hwdb --update" learnt a new switch "--usr" for
1310 placing the rebuilt hardware database in /usr instead of
1311 /etc. When used only hardware database entries stored in
1312 /usr will be used, and any user database entries in /etc are
1313 ignored. This functionality is useful for vendors to ship a
1314 pre-built database on systems where local configuration is
1315 unnecessary or unlikely.
1317 * Calendar time specifications in .timer units now also
1318 understand the strings "semi-annually", "quarterly" and
1319 "minutely" as shortcuts (in addition to the preexisting
1320 "anually", "hourly", ...).
1322 * systemd-tmpfiles will now correctly create files in /dev
1323 at boot which are marked for creation only at boot. It is
1324 recommended to always create static device nodes with 'c!'
1325 and 'b!', so that they are created only at boot and not
1326 overwritten at runtime.
1328 * When the watchdog logic is used for a service (WatchdogSec=)
1329 and the watchdog timeout is hit the service will now be
1330 terminated with SIGABRT (instead of just SIGTERM), in order
1331 to make sure a proper coredump and backtrace is
1332 generated. This ensures that hanging services will result in
1333 similar coredump/backtrace behaviour as services that hit a
1336 Contributions from: Andreas Henriksson, Andrei Borzenkov,
1337 Angus Gibson, Ansgar Burchardt, Ben Wolsieffer, Brandon L.
1338 Black, Christian Hesse, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch,
1339 Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dan Williams, Dave Reisner, David
1340 Herrmann, David Sommerseth, David Strauss, Emil Renner
1341 Berthing, Eric Cook, Evangelos Foutras, Filipe Brandenburger,
1342 Gustavo Sverzut Barbieri, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Hristo
1343 Venev, Hugo Grostabussiat, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan Janssen, Jan
1344 Synacek, Jonathan Liu, Juho Son, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Klaus
1345 Purer, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz
1346 Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann,
1347 Marius Tessmann, Marko Myllynen, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl,
1348 Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michael Scherer, Michal
1349 Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miroslav Lichvar, Patrik Flykt,
1350 Philippe De Swert, Piotr Drąg, Rahul Sundaram, Richard
1351 Weinberger, Robert Milasan, Ronny Chevalier, Ruben Kerkhof,
1352 Santiago Vila, Sergey Ptashnick, Simon McVittie, Sjoerd
1353 Simons, Stefan Brüns, Steven Allen, Steven Noonan, Susant
1354 Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen,
1355 Timofey Titovets, Tobias Hunger, Tom Gundersen, Torstein
1356 Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew
1359 -- Berlin, 2014-10-28
1363 * timedated no longer reads NTP implementation unit names from
1364 /usr/lib/systemd/ntp-units.d/*.list. Alternative NTP
1365 implementations should add a
1367 Conflicts=systemd-timesyncd.service
1369 to their unit files to take over and replace systemd's NTP
1370 default functionality.
1372 * systemd-sysusers gained a new line type "r" for configuring
1373 which UID/GID ranges to allocate system users/groups
1374 from. Lines of type "u" may now add an additional column
1375 that specifies the home directory for the system user to be
1376 created. Also, systemd-sysusers may now optionally read user
1377 information from STDIN instead of a file. This is useful for
1378 invoking it from RPM preinst scriptlets that need to create
1379 users before the first RPM file is installed since these
1380 files might need to be owned by them. A new
1381 %sysusers_create_inline RPM macro has been introduced to do
1382 just that. systemd-sysusers now updates the shadow files as
1383 well as the user/group databases, which should enhance
1384 compatibility with certain tools like grpck.
1386 * A number of bus APIs of PID 1 now optionally consult
1387 PolicyKit to permit access for otherwise unprivileged
1388 clients under certain conditions. Note that this currently
1389 doesn't support interactive authentication yet, but this is
1390 expected to be added eventually, too.
1392 * /etc/machine-info now has new fields for configuring the
1393 deployment environment of the machine, as well as the
1394 location of the machine. hostnamectl has been updated with
1395 new command to update these fields.
1397 * systemd-timesyncd has been updated to automatically acquire
1398 NTP server information from systemd-networkd, which might
1399 have been discovered via DHCP.
1401 * systemd-resolved now includes a caching DNS stub resolver
1402 and a complete LLMNR name resolution implementation. A new
1403 NSS module "nss-resolve" has been added which can be used
1404 instead of glibc's own "nss-dns" to resolve hostnames via
1405 systemd-resolved. Hostnames, addresses and arbitrary RRs may
1406 be resolved via systemd-resolved D-Bus APIs. In contrast to
1407 the glibc internal resolver systemd-resolved is aware of
1408 multi-homed system, and keeps DNS server and caches separate
1409 and per-interface. Queries are sent simultaneously on all
1410 interfaces that have DNS servers configured, in order to
1411 properly handle VPNs and local LANs which might resolve
1412 separate sets of domain names. systemd-resolved may acquire
1413 DNS server information from systemd-networkd automatically,
1414 which in turn might have discovered them via DHCP. A tool
1415 "systemd-resolve-host" has been added that may be used to
1416 query the DNS logic in resolved. systemd-resolved implements
1417 IDNA and automatically uses IDNA or UTF-8 encoding depending
1418 on whether classic DNS or LLMNR is used as transport. In the
1419 next releases we intend to add a DNSSEC and mDNS/DNS-SD
1420 implementation to systemd-resolved.
1422 * A new NSS module nss-mymachines has been added, that
1423 automatically resolves the names of all local registered
1424 containers to their respective IP addresses.
1426 * A new client tool "networkctl" for systemd-networkd has been
1427 added. It currently is entirely passive and will query
1428 networking configuration from udev, rtnetlink and networkd,
1429 and present it to the user in a very friendly
1430 way. Eventually, we hope to extend it to become a full
1431 control utility for networkd.
1433 * .socket units gained a new DeferAcceptSec= setting that
1434 controls the kernels' TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT sockopt for
1435 TCP. Similar, support for controlling TCP keep-alive
1436 settings has been added (KeepAliveTimeSec=,
1437 KeepAliveIntervalSec=, KeepAliveProbes=). Also, support for
1438 turning off Nagle's algorithm on TCP has been added
1441 * logind learned a new session type "web", for use in projects
1442 like Cockpit which register web clients as PAM sessions.
1444 * timer units with at least one OnCalendar= setting will now
1445 be started only after timer-sync.target has been
1446 reached. This way they will not elapse before the system
1447 clock has been corrected by a local NTP client or
1448 similar. This is particular useful on RTC-less embedded
1449 machines, that come up with an invalid system clock.
1451 * systemd-nspawn's --network-veth= switch should now result in
1452 stable MAC addresses for both the outer and the inner side
1455 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --volatile= switch for running
1456 container instances with /etc or /var unpopulated.
1458 * The kdbus client code has been updated to use the new Linux
1459 3.17 memfd subsystem instead of the old kdbus-specific one.
1461 * systemd-networkd's DHCP client and server now support
1462 FORCERENEW. There are also new configuration options to
1463 configure the vendor client identifier and broadcast mode
1466 * systemd will no longer inform the kernel about the current
1467 timezone, as this is necessarily incorrect and racy as the
1468 kernel has no understanding of DST and similar
1469 concepts. This hence means FAT timestamps will be always
1470 considered UTC, similar to what Android is already
1471 doing. Also, when the RTC is configured to the local time
1472 (rather than UTC) systemd will never synchronize back to it,
1473 as this might confuse Windows at a later boot.
1475 * systemd-analyze gained a new command "verify" for offline
1476 validation of unit files.
1478 * systemd-networkd gained support for a couple of additional
1479 settings for bonding networking setups. Also, the metric for
1480 statically configured routes may now be configured. For
1481 network interfaces where this is appropriate the peer IP
1482 address may now be configured.
1484 * systemd-networkd's DHCP client will no longer request
1485 broadcasting by default, as this tripped up some networks.
1486 For hardware where broadcast is required the feature should
1487 be switched back on using RequestBroadcast=yes.
1489 * systemd-networkd will now set up IPv4LL addresses (when
1490 enabled) even if DHCP is configured successfully.
1492 * udev will now default to respect network device names given
1493 by the kernel when the kernel indicates that these are
1494 predictable. This behavior can be tweaked by changing
1495 NamePolicy= in the relevant .link file.
1497 * A new library systemd-terminal has been added that
1498 implements full TTY stream parsing and rendering. This
1499 library is supposed to be used later on for implementing a
1500 full userspace VT subsystem, replacing the current kernel
1503 * A new tool systemd-journal-upload has been added to push
1504 journal data to a remote system running
1505 systemd-journal-remote.
1507 * journald will no longer forward all local data to another
1508 running syslog daemon. This change has been made because
1509 rsyslog (which appears to be the most commonly used syslog
1510 implementation these days) no longer makes use of this, and
1511 instead pulls the data out of the journal on its own. Since
1512 forwarding the messages to a non-existent syslog server is
1513 more expensive than we assumed we have now turned this
1514 off. If you run a syslog server that is not a recent rsyslog
1515 version, you have to turn this option on again
1516 (ForwardToSyslog= in journald.conf).
1518 * journald now optionally supports the LZ4 compressor for
1519 larger journal fields. This compressor should perform much
1520 better than XZ which was the previous default.
1522 * machinectl now shows the IP addresses of local containers,
1523 if it knows them, plus the interface name of the container.
1525 * A new tool "systemd-escape" has been added that makes it
1526 easy to escape strings to build unit names and similar.
1528 * sd_notify() messages may now include a new ERRNO= field
1529 which is parsed and collected by systemd and shown among the
1530 "systemctl status" output for a service.
1532 * A new component "systemd-firstboot" has been added that
1533 queries the most basic systemd information (timezone,
1534 hostname, root password) interactively on first
1535 boot. Alternatively it may also be used to provision these
1536 things offline on OS images installed into directories.
1538 * The default sysctl.d/ snippets will now set
1540 net.ipv4.conf.default.promote_secondaries=1
1542 This has the benefit of no flushing secondary IP addresses
1543 when primary addresses are removed.
1545 Contributions from: Ansgar Burchardt, Bastien Nocera, Colin
1546 Walters, Dan Dedrick, Daniel Buch, Daniel Korostil, Daniel
1547 Mack, Dan Williams, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Denis
1548 Kenzior, Eelco Dolstra, Eric Cook, Hannes Reinecke, Harald
1549 Hoyer, Hong Shick Pak, Hui Wang, Jean-André Santoni, Jóhann
1550 B. Guðmundsson, Jon Severinsson, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Kevin
1551 Wells, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas,
1552 Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael
1553 Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar,
1554 Miguel Angel Ajo, Mike Gilbert, Olivier Brunel, Robert
1555 Schiele, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie, Sjoerd Simons, Stef
1556 Walter, Steven Noonan, Susant Sahani, Tanu Kaskinen, Thomas
1557 Blume, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Timofey Titovets,
1558 Tobias Geerinckx-Rice, Tomasz Torcz, Tom Gundersen, Umut
1559 Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
1561 -- Berlin, 2014-08-19
1565 * A new tool systemd-sysusers has been added. This tool
1566 creates system users and groups in /etc/passwd and
1567 /etc/group, based on static declarative system user/group
1568 definitions in /usr/lib/sysusers.d/. This is useful to
1569 enable factory resets and volatile systems that boot up with
1570 an empty /etc directory, and thus need system users and
1571 groups created during early boot. systemd now also ships
1572 with two default sysusers.d/ files for the most basic
1573 users and groups systemd and the core operating system
1576 * A new tmpfiles snippet has been added that rebuilds the
1577 essential files in /etc on boot, should they be missing.
1579 * A directive for ensuring automatic clean-up of
1580 /var/cache/man/ has been removed from the default
1581 configuration. This line should now be shipped by the man
1582 implementation. The necessary change has been made to the
1583 man-db implementation. Note that you need to update your man
1584 implementation to one that ships this line, otherwise no
1585 automatic clean-up of /var/cache/man will take place.
1587 * A new condition ConditionNeedsUpdate= has been added that
1588 may conditionalize services to only run when /etc or /var
1589 are "older" than the vendor operating system resources in
1590 /usr. This is useful for reconstructing or updating /etc
1591 after an offline update of /usr or a factory reset, on the
1592 next reboot. Services that want to run once after such an
1593 update or reset should use this condition and order
1594 themselves before the new systemd-update-done.service, which
1595 will mark the two directories as fully updated. A number of
1596 service files have been added making use of this, to rebuild
1597 the udev hardware database, the journald message catalog and
1598 dynamic loader cache (ldconfig). The systemd-sysusers tool
1599 described above also makes use of this now. With this in
1600 place it is now possible to start up a minimal operating
1601 system with /etc empty cleanly. For more information on the
1602 concepts involved see this recent blog story:
1604 http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/stateless.html
1606 * A new system group "input" has been introduced, and all
1607 input device nodes get this group assigned. This is useful
1608 for system-level software to get access to input devices. It
1609 complements what is already done for "audio" and "video".
1611 * systemd-networkd learnt minimal DHCPv4 server support in
1612 addition to the existing DHCPv4 client support. It also
1613 learnt DHCPv6 client and IPv6 Router Solicitation client
1614 support. The DHCPv4 client gained support for static routes
1615 passed in from the server. Note that the [DHCPv4] section
1616 known in older systemd-networkd versions has been renamed to
1617 [DHCP] and is now also used by the DHCPv6 client. Existing
1618 .network files using settings of this section should be
1619 updated, though compatibility is maintained. Optionally, the
1620 client hostname may now be sent to the DHCP server.
1622 * networkd gained support for vxlan virtual networks as well
1623 as tun/tap and dummy devices.
1625 * networkd gained support for automatic allocation of address
1626 ranges for interfaces from a system-wide pool of
1627 addresses. This is useful for dynamically managing a large
1628 number of interfaces with a single network configuration
1629 file. In particular this is useful to easily assign
1630 appropriate IP addresses to the veth links of a large number
1631 of nspawn instances.
1633 * RPM macros for processing sysusers, sysctl and binfmt
1634 drop-in snippets at package installation time have been
1637 * The /etc/os-release file should now be placed in
1638 /usr/lib/os-release. The old location is automatically
1639 created as symlink. /usr/lib is the more appropriate
1640 location of this file, since it shall actually describe the
1641 vendor operating system shipped in /usr, and not the
1642 configuration stored in /etc.
1644 * .mount units gained a new boolean SloppyOptions= setting
1645 that maps to mount(8)'s -s option which enables permissive
1646 parsing of unknown mount options.
1648 * tmpfiles learnt a new "L+" directive which creates a symlink
1649 but (unlike "L") deletes a pre-existing file first, should
1650 it already exist and not already be the correct
1651 symlink. Similar, "b+", "c+" and "p+" directives have been
1652 added as well, which create block and character devices, as
1653 well as fifos in the filesystem, possibly removing any
1654 pre-existing files of different types.
1656 * For tmpfiles' "L", "L+", "C" and "C+" directives the final
1657 'argument' field (which so far specified the source to
1658 symlink/copy the files from) is now optional. If omitted the
1659 same file os copied from /usr/share/factory/ suffixed by the
1660 full destination path. This is useful for populating /etc
1661 with essential files, by copying them from vendor defaults
1662 shipped in /usr/share/factory/etc.
1664 * A new command "systemctl preset-all" has been added that
1665 applies the service preset settings to all installed unit
1666 files. A new switch --preset-mode= has been added that
1667 controls whether only enable or only disable operations
1670 * A new command "systemctl is-system-running" has been added
1671 that allows checking the overall state of the system, for
1672 example whether it is fully up and running.
1674 * When the system boots up with an empty /etc, the equivalent
1675 to "systemctl preset-all" is executed during early boot, to
1676 make sure all default services are enabled after a factory
1679 * systemd now contains a minimal preset file that enables the
1680 most basic services systemd ships by default.
1682 * Unit files' [Install] section gained a new DefaultInstance=
1683 field for defining the default instance to create if a
1684 template unit is enabled with no instance specified.
1686 * A new passive target cryptsetup-pre.target has been added
1687 that may be used by services that need to make they run and
1688 finish before the first LUKS cryptographic device is set up.
1690 * The /dev/loop-control and /dev/btrfs-control device nodes
1691 are now owned by the "disk" group by default, opening up
1692 access to this group.
1694 * systemd-coredump will now automatically generate a
1695 stack trace of all core dumps taking place on the system,
1696 based on elfutils' libdw library. This stack trace is logged
1699 * systemd-coredump may now optionally store coredumps directly
1700 on disk (in /var/lib/systemd/coredump, possibly compressed),
1701 instead of storing them unconditionally in the journal. This
1702 mode is the new default. A new configuration file
1703 /etc/systemd/coredump.conf has been added to configure this
1704 and other parameters of systemd-coredump.
1706 * coredumpctl gained a new "info" verb to show details about a
1707 specific coredump. A new switch "-1" has also been added
1708 that makes sure to only show information about the most
1709 recent entry instead of all entries. Also, as the tool is
1710 generally useful now the "systemd-" prefix of the binary
1711 name has been removed. Distributions that want to maintain
1712 compatibility with the old name should add a symlink from
1713 the old name to the new name.
1715 * journald's SplitMode= now defaults to "uid". This makes sure
1716 that unprivileged users can access their own coredumps with
1717 coredumpctl without restrictions.
1719 * New kernel command line options "systemd.wants=" (for
1720 pulling an additional unit during boot), "systemd.mask="
1721 (for masking a specific unit for the boot), and
1722 "systemd.debug-shell" (for enabling the debug shell on tty9)
1723 have been added. This is implemented in the new generator
1724 "systemd-debug-generator".
1726 * systemd-nspawn will now by default filter a couple of
1727 syscalls for containers, among them those required for
1728 kernel module loading, direct x86 IO port access, swap
1729 management, and kexec. Most importantly though
1730 open_by_handle_at() is now prohibited for containers,
1731 closing a hole similar to a recently discussed vulnerability
1732 in docker regarding access to files on file hierarchies the
1733 container should normally not have access to. Note that for
1734 nspawn we generally make no security claims anyway (and
1735 this is explicitly documented in the man page), so this is
1736 just a fix for one of the most obvious problems.
1738 * A new man page file-hierarchy(7) has been added that
1739 contains a minimized, modernized version of the file system
1740 layout systemd expects, similar in style to the FHS
1741 specification or hier(5). A new tool systemd-path(1) has
1742 been added to query many of these paths for the local
1745 * Automatic time-based clean-up of $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is no
1746 longer done. Since the directory now has a per-user size
1747 limit, and is cleaned on logout this appears unnecessary,
1748 in particular since this now brings the lifecycle of this
1749 directory closer in line with how IPC objects are handled.
1751 * systemd.pc now exports a number of additional directories,
1752 including $libdir (which is useful to identify the library
1753 path for the primary architecture of the system), and a
1754 couple of drop-in directories.
1756 * udev's predictable network interface names now use the dev_port
1757 sysfs attribute, introduced in linux 3.15 instead of dev_id to
1758 distinguish between ports of the same PCI function. dev_id should
1759 only be used for ports using the same HW address, hence the need
1762 * machined has been updated to export the OS version of a
1763 container (read from /etc/os-release and
1764 /usr/lib/os-release) on the bus. This is now shown in
1765 "machinectl status" for a machine.
1767 * A new service setting RestartForceExitStatus= has been
1768 added. If configured to a set of exit signals or process
1769 return values, the service will be restarted when the main
1770 daemon process exits with any of them, regardless of the
1773 * systemctl's -H switch for connecting to remote systemd
1774 machines has been extended so that it may be used to
1775 directly connect to a specific container on the
1776 host. "systemctl -H root@foobar:waldi" will now connect as
1777 user "root" to host "foobar", and then proceed directly to
1778 the container named "waldi". Note that currently you have to
1779 authenticate as user "root" for this to work, as entering
1780 containers is a privileged operation.
1782 Contributions from: Andreas Henriksson, Benjamin Steinwender,
1783 Carl Schaefer, Christian Hesse, Colin Ian King, Cristian
1784 Rodríguez, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Eugene
1785 Yakubovich, Filipe Brandenburger, Frederic Crozat, Hristo
1786 Venev, Jan Engelhardt, Jonathan Boulle, Kay Sievers, Lennart
1787 Poettering, Luke Shumaker, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine
1788 Perennou, Marcel Holtmann, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich,
1789 Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Michal Sekletar, Patrik Flykt, Ronan Le
1790 Martret, Ronny Chevalier, Ruediger Oertel, Steven Noonan,
1791 Susant Sahani, Thadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo, Thomas Hindoe
1792 Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tom Hirst, Umut Tezduyar
1793 Lindskog, Uoti Urpala, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
1795 -- Berlin, 2014-07-03
1799 * As an experimental feature, udev now tries to lock the
1800 disk device node (flock(LOCK_SH|LOCK_NB)) while it
1801 executes events for the disk or any of its partitions.
1802 Applications like partitioning programs can lock the
1803 disk device node (flock(LOCK_EX)) and claim temporary
1804 device ownership that way; udev will entirely skip all event
1805 handling for this disk and its partitions. If the disk
1806 was opened for writing, the close will trigger a partition
1807 table rescan in udev's "watch" facility, and if needed
1808 synthesize "change" events for the disk and all its partitions.
1809 This is now unconditionally enabled, and if it turns out to
1810 cause major problems, we might turn it on only for specific
1811 devices, or might need to disable it entirely. Device Mapper
1812 devices are excluded from this logic.
1814 * We temporarily dropped the "-l" switch for fsck invocations,
1815 since they collide with the flock() logic above. util-linux
1816 upstream has been changed already to avoid this conflict,
1817 and we will readd "-l" as soon as util-linux with this
1818 change has been released.
1820 * The dependency on libattr has been removed. Since a long
1821 time, the extended attribute calls have moved to glibc, and
1822 libattr is thus unnecessary.
1824 * Virtualization detection works without priviliges now. This
1825 means the systemd-detect-virt binary no longer requires
1826 CAP_SYS_PTRACE file capabilities, and our daemons can run
1827 with fewer privileges.
1829 * systemd-networkd now runs under its own "systemd-network"
1830 user. It retains the CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE,
1831 CAP_NET_BROADCAST, CAP_NET_RAW capabilities though, but
1832 loses the ability to write to files owned by root this way.
1834 * Similar, systemd-resolved now runs under its own
1835 "systemd-resolve" user with no capabilities remaining.
1837 * Similar, systemd-bus-proxyd now runs under its own
1838 "systemd-bus-proxy" user with only CAP_IPC_OWNER remaining.
1840 * systemd-networkd gained support for setting up "veth"
1841 virtual ethernet devices for container connectivity, as well
1842 as GRE and VTI tunnels.
1844 * systemd-networkd will no longer automatically attempt to
1845 manually load kernel modules necessary for certain tunnel
1846 transports. Instead, it is assumed the kernel loads them
1847 automatically when required. This only works correctly on
1848 very new kernels. On older kernels, please consider adding
1849 the kernel modules to /etc/modules-load.d/ as a work-around.
1851 * The resolv.conf file systemd-resolved generates has been
1852 moved to /run/systemd/resolve/. If you have a symlink from
1853 /etc/resolv.conf, it might be necessary to correct it.
1855 * Two new service settings, ProtectHome= and ProtectSystem=,
1856 have been added. When enabled, they will make the user data
1857 (such as /home) inaccessible or read-only and the system
1858 (such as /usr) read-only, for specific services. This allows
1859 very light-weight per-service sandboxing to avoid
1860 modifications of user data or system files from
1861 services. These two new switches have been enabled for all
1862 of systemd's long-running services, where appropriate.
1864 * Socket units gained new SocketUser= and SocketGroup=
1865 settings to set the owner user and group of AF_UNIX sockets
1866 and FIFOs in the file system.
1868 * Socket units gained a new RemoveOnStop= setting. If enabled,
1869 all FIFOS and sockets in the file system will be removed
1870 when the specific socket unit is stopped.
1872 * Socket units gained a new Symlinks= setting. It takes a list
1873 of symlinks to create to file system sockets or FIFOs
1874 created by the specific Unix sockets. This is useful to
1875 manage symlinks to socket nodes with the same life-cycle as
1878 * The /dev/log socket and /dev/initctl FIFO have been moved to
1879 /run, and have been replaced by symlinks. This allows
1880 connecting to these facilities even if PrivateDevices=yes is
1881 used for a service (which makes /dev/log itself unavailable,
1882 but /run is left). This also has the benefit of ensuring
1883 that /dev only contains device nodes, directories and
1884 symlinks, and nothing else.
1886 * sd-daemon gained two new calls sd_pid_notify() and
1887 sd_pid_notifyf(). They are similar to sd_notify() and
1888 sd_notifyf(), but allow overriding of the source PID of
1889 notification messages if permissions permit this. This is
1890 useful to send notify messages on behalf of a different
1891 process (for example, the parent process). The
1892 systemd-notify tool has been updated to make use of this
1893 when sending messages (so that notification messages now
1894 originate from the shell script invoking systemd-notify and
1895 not the systemd-notify process itself. This should minimize
1896 a race where systemd fails to associate notification
1897 messages to services when the originating process already
1900 * A new "on-abnormal" setting for Restart= has been added. If
1901 set, it will result in automatic restarts on all "abnormal"
1902 reasons for a process to exit, which includes unclean
1903 signals, core dumps, timeouts and watchdog timeouts, but
1904 does not include clean and unclean exit codes or clean
1905 signals. Restart=on-abnormal is an alternative for
1906 Restart=on-failure for services that shall be able to
1907 terminate and avoid restarts on certain errors, by
1908 indicating so with an unclean exit code. Restart=on-failure
1909 or Restart=on-abnormal is now the recommended setting for
1910 all long-running services.
1912 * If the InaccessibleDirectories= service setting points to a
1913 mount point (or if there are any submounts contained within
1914 it), it is now attempted to completely unmount it, to make
1915 the file systems truly unavailable for the respective
1918 * The ReadOnlyDirectories= service setting and
1919 systemd-nspawn's --read-only parameter are now recursively
1920 applied to all submounts, too.
1922 * Mount units may now be created transiently via the bus APIs.
1924 * The support for SysV and LSB init scripts has been removed
1925 from the systemd daemon itself. Instead, it is now
1926 implemented as a generator that creates native systemd units
1927 from these scripts when needed. This enables us to remove a
1928 substantial amount of legacy code from PID 1, following the
1929 fact that many distributions only ship a very small number
1930 of LSB/SysV init scripts nowadays.
1932 * Privileged Xen (dom0) domains are not considered
1933 virtualization anymore by the virtualization detection
1934 logic. After all, they generally have unrestricted access to
1935 the hardware and usually are used to manage the unprivileged
1938 * systemd-tmpfiles gained a new "C" line type, for copying
1939 files or entire directories.
1941 * systemd-tmpfiles "m" lines are now fully equivalent to "z"
1942 lines. So far, they have been non-globbing versions of the
1943 latter, and have thus been redundant. In future, it is
1944 recommended to only use "z". "m" has hence been removed
1945 from the documentation, even though it stays supported.
1947 * A tmpfiles snippet to recreate the most basic structure in
1948 /var has been added. This is enough to create the /var/run →
1949 /run symlink and create a couple of structural
1950 directories. This allows systems to boot up with an empty or
1951 volatile /var. Of course, while with this change, the core OS
1952 now is capable with dealing with a volatile /var, not all
1953 user services are ready for it. However, we hope that sooner
1954 or later, many service daemons will be changed upstream so
1955 that they are able to automatically create their necessary
1956 directories in /var at boot, should they be missing. This is
1957 the first step to allow state-less systems that only require
1958 the vendor image for /usr to boot.
1960 * systemd-nspawn has gained a new --tmpfs= switch to mount an
1961 empty tmpfs instance to a specific directory. This is
1962 particularly useful for making use of the automatic
1963 reconstruction of /var (see above), by passing --tmpfs=/var.
1965 * Access modes specified in tmpfiles snippets may now be
1966 prefixed with "~", which indicates that they shall be masked
1967 by whether the existing file or directory is currently
1968 writable, readable or executable at all. Also, if specified,
1969 the sgid/suid/sticky bits will be masked for all
1972 * A new passive target unit "network-pre.target" has been
1973 added which is useful for services that shall run before any
1974 network is configured, for example firewall scripts.
1976 * The "floppy" group that previously owned the /dev/fd*
1977 devices is no longer used. The "disk" group is now used
1978 instead. Distributions should probably deprecate usage of
1981 Contributions from: Camilo Aguilar, Christian Hesse, Colin Ian
1982 King, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Dave Reisner, David
1983 Strauss, Denis Tikhomirov, John, Jonathan Liu, Kay Sievers,
1984 Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas, Mark Eichin, Ronny
1985 Chevalier, Susant Sahani, Thomas Blume, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
1986 Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew
1989 -- Berlin, 2014-06-11
1993 * A new "systemd-timesyncd" daemon has been added for
1994 synchronizing the system clock across the network. It
1995 implements an SNTP client. In contrast to NTP
1996 implementations such as chrony or the NTP reference server,
1997 this only implements a client side, and does not bother with
1998 the full NTP complexity, focusing only on querying time from
1999 one remote server and synchronizing the local clock to
2000 it. Unless you intend to serve NTP to networked clients or
2001 want to connect to local hardware clocks, this simple NTP
2002 client should be more than appropriate for most
2003 installations. The daemon runs with minimal privileges, and
2004 has been hooked up with networkd to only operate when
2005 network connectivity is available. The daemon saves the
2006 current clock to disk every time a new NTP sync has been
2007 acquired, and uses this to possibly correct the system clock
2008 early at bootup, in order to accommodate for systems that
2009 lack an RTC such as the Raspberry Pi and embedded devices,
2010 and to make sure that time monotonically progresses on these
2011 systems, even if it is not always correct. To make use of
2012 this daemon, a new system user and group "systemd-timesync"
2013 needs to be created on installation of systemd.
2015 * The queue "seqnum" interface of libudev has been disabled, as
2016 it was generally incompatible with device namespacing as
2017 sequence numbers of devices go "missing" if the devices are
2018 part of a different namespace.
2020 * "systemctl list-timers" and "systemctl list-sockets" gained
2021 a --recursive switch for showing units of these types also
2022 for all local containers, similar in style to the already
2023 supported --recursive switch for "systemctl list-units".
2025 * A new RebootArgument= setting has been added for service
2026 units, which may be used to specify a kernel reboot argument
2027 to use when triggering reboots with StartLimitAction=.
2029 * A new FailureAction= setting has been added for service
2030 units which may be used to specify an operation to trigger
2031 when a service fails. This works similarly to
2032 StartLimitAction=, but unlike it, controls what is done
2033 immediately rather than only after several attempts to
2034 restart the service in question.
2036 * hostnamed got updated to also expose the kernel name,
2037 release, and version on the bus. This is useful for
2038 executing commands like hostnamectl with the -H switch.
2039 systemd-analyze makes use of this to properly display
2040 details when running non-locally.
2042 * The bootchart tool can now show cgroup information in the
2043 graphs it generates.
2045 * The CFS CPU quota cgroup attribute is now exposed for
2046 services. The new CPUQuota= switch has been added for this
2047 which takes a percentage value. Setting this will have the
2048 result that a service may never get more CPU time than the
2049 specified percentage, even if the machine is otherwise idle.
2051 * systemd-networkd learned IPIP and SIT tunnel support.
2053 * LSB init scripts exposing a dependency on $network will now
2054 get a dependency on network-online.target rather than simply
2055 network.target. This should bring LSB handling closer to
2056 what it was on SysV systems.
2058 * A new fsck.repair= kernel option has been added to control
2059 how fsck shall deal with unclean file systems at boot.
2061 * The (.ini) configuration file parser will now silently
2062 ignore sections whose name begins with "X-". This may be
2063 used to maintain application-specific extension sections in unit
2066 * machined gained a new API to query the IP addresses of
2067 registered containers. "machinectl status" has been updated
2068 to show these addresses in its output.
2070 * A new call sd_uid_get_display() has been added to the
2071 sd-login APIs for querying the "primary" session of a
2072 user. The "primary" session of the user is elected from the
2073 user's sessions and generally a graphical session is
2074 preferred over a text one.
2076 * A minimal systemd-resolved daemon has been added. It
2077 currently simply acts as a companion to systemd-networkd and
2078 manages resolv.conf based on per-interface DNS
2079 configuration, possibly supplied via DHCP. In the long run
2080 we hope to extend this into a local DNSSEC enabled DNS and
2083 * The systemd-networkd-wait-online tool is now enabled by
2084 default. It will delay network-online.target until a network
2085 connection has been configured. The tool primarily integrates
2086 with networkd, but will also make a best effort to make sense
2087 of network configuration performed in some other way.
2089 * Two new service options StartupCPUShares= and
2090 StartupBlockIOWeight= have been added that work similarly to
2091 CPUShares= and BlockIOWeight= however only apply during
2092 system startup. This is useful to prioritize certain services
2093 differently during bootup than during normal runtime.
2095 * hostnamed has been changed to prefer the statically
2096 configured hostname in /etc/hostname (unless set to
2097 'localhost' or empty) over any dynamic one supplied by
2098 dhcp. With this change, the rules for picking the hostname
2099 match more closely the rules of other configuration settings
2100 where the local administrator's configuration in /etc always
2101 overrides any other settings.
2103 Contributions fron: Ali H. Caliskan, Alison Chaiken, Bas van
2104 den Berg, Brandon Philips, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch,
2105 Dan Kilman, Dave Reisner, David Härdeman, David Herrmann,
2106 David Strauss, Dimitris Spingos, Djalal Harouni, Eelco
2107 Dolstra, Evan Nemerson, Florian Albrechtskirchinger, Greg
2108 Kroah-Hartman, Harald Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Jan
2109 Engelhardt, Jani Nikula, Jason St. John, Jeffrey Clark,
2110 Jonathan Boulle, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas
2111 Nykryn, Lukasz Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas,
2112 Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael
2113 Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Nis
2114 Martensen, Patrik Flykt, Philip Lorenz, poma, Ray Strode,
2115 Reyad Attiyat, Robert Milasan, Scott Thrasher, Stef Walter,
2116 Steven Siloti, Susant Sahani, Tanu Kaskinen, Thomas Bächler,
2117 Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar
2118 Lindskog, WaLyong Cho, Will Woods, Zbigniew
2121 -- Beijing, 2014-05-28
2125 * When restoring the screen brightness at boot, stay away from
2126 the darkest setting or from the lowest 5% of the available
2127 range, depending on which is the larger value of both. This
2128 should effectively protect the user from rebooting into a
2129 black screen, should the brightness have been set to minimum
2132 * sd-login gained a new sd_machine_get_class() call to
2133 determine the class ("vm" or "container") of a machine
2134 registered with machined.
2136 * sd-login gained new calls
2137 sd_peer_get_{session,owner_uid,unit,user_unit,slice,machine_name}(),
2138 to query the identity of the peer of a local AF_UNIX
2139 connection. They operate similarly to their sd_pid_get_xyz()
2142 * PID 1 will now maintain a system-wide system state engine
2143 with the states "starting", "running", "degraded",
2144 "maintenance", "stopping". These states are bound to system
2145 startup, normal runtime, runtime with at least one failed
2146 service, rescue/emergency mode and system shutdown. This
2147 state is shown in the "systemctl status" output when no unit
2148 name is passed. It is useful to determine system state, in
2149 particularly when doing so for many systems or containers at
2152 * A new command "list-machines" has been added to "systemctl"
2153 that lists all local OS containers and shows their system
2154 state (see above), if systemd runs inside of them.
2156 * systemctl gained a new "-r" switch to recursively enumerate
2157 units on all local containers, when used with the
2158 "list-unit" command (which is the default one that is
2159 executed when no parameters are specified).
2161 * The GPT automatic partition discovery logic will now honour
2162 two GPT partition flags: one may be set on a partition to
2163 cause it to be mounted read-only, and the other may be set
2164 on a partition to ignore it during automatic discovery.
2166 * Two new GPT type UUIDs have been added for automatic root
2167 partition discovery, for 32-bit and 64-bit ARM. This is not
2168 particularly useful for discovering the root directory on
2169 these architectures during bare-metal boots (since UEFI is
2170 not common there), but still very useful to allow booting of
2171 ARM disk images in nspawn with the -i option.
2173 * MAC addresses of interfaces created with nspawn's
2174 --network-interface= switch will now be generated from the
2175 machine name, and thus be stable between multiple invocations
2178 * logind will now automatically remove all IPC objects owned
2179 by a user if she or he fully logs out. This makes sure that
2180 users who are logged out cannot continue to consume IPC
2181 resources. This covers SysV memory, semaphores and message
2182 queues as well as POSIX shared memory and message
2183 queues. Traditionally, SysV and POSIX IPC had no life-cycle
2184 limits. With this functionality, that is corrected. This may
2185 be turned off by using the RemoveIPC= switch of logind.conf.
2187 * The systemd-machine-id-setup and tmpfiles tools gained a
2188 --root= switch to operate on a specific root directory,
2191 * journald can now forward logged messages to the TTYs of all
2192 logged in users ("wall"). This is the default for all
2193 emergency messages now.
2195 * A new tool systemd-journal-remote has been added to stream
2196 journal log messages across the network.
2198 * /sys/fs/cgroup/ is now mounted read-only after all cgroup
2199 controller trees are mounted into it. Note that the
2200 directories mounted beneath it are not read-only. This is a
2201 security measure and is particularly useful because glibc
2202 actually includes a search logic to pick any tmpfs it can
2203 find to implement shm_open() if /dev/shm is not available
2204 (which it might very well be in namespaced setups).
2206 * machinectl gained a new "poweroff" command to cleanly power
2207 down a local OS container.
2209 * The PrivateDevices= unit file setting will now also drop the
2210 CAP_MKNOD capability from the capability bound set, and
2211 imply DevicePolicy=closed.
2213 * PrivateDevices=, PrivateNetwork= and PrivateTmp= is now used
2214 comprehensively on all long-running systemd services where
2215 this is appropriate.
2217 * systemd-udevd will now run in a disassociated mount
2218 namespace. To mount directories from udev rules, make sure to
2219 pull in mount units via SYSTEMD_WANTS properties.
2221 * The kdbus support gained support for uploading policy into
2222 the kernel. sd-bus gained support for creating "monitoring"
2223 connections that can eavesdrop into all bus communication
2224 for debugging purposes.
2226 * Timestamps may now be specified in seconds since the UNIX
2227 epoch Jan 1st, 1970 by specifying "@" followed by the value
2230 * Native tcpwrap support in systemd has been removed. tcpwrap
2231 is old code, not really maintained anymore and has serious
2232 shortcomings, and better options such as firewalls
2233 exist. For setups that require tcpwrap usage, please
2234 consider invoking your socket-activated service via tcpd,
2235 like on traditional inetd.
2237 * A new system.conf configuration option
2238 DefaultTimerAccuracySec= has been added that controls the
2239 default AccuracySec= setting of .timer units.
2241 * Timer units gained a new WakeSystem= switch. If enabled,
2242 timers configured this way will cause the system to resume
2243 from system suspend (if the system supports that, which most
2246 * Timer units gained a new Persistent= switch. If enabled,
2247 timers configured this way will save to disk when they have
2248 been last triggered. This information is then used on next
2249 reboot to possible execute overdue timer events, that
2250 could not take place because the system was powered off.
2251 This enables simple anacron-like behaviour for timer units.
2253 * systemctl's "list-timers" will now also list the time a
2254 timer unit was last triggered in addition to the next time
2255 it will be triggered.
2257 * systemd-networkd will now assign predictable IPv4LL
2258 addresses to its local interfaces.
2260 Contributions from: Brandon Philips, Daniel Buch, Daniel Mack,
2261 Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Gerd Hoffmann, Greg
2262 Kroah-Hartman, Hendrik Brueckner, Jason St. John, Josh
2263 Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Marc-Antoine
2264 Perennou, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Miklos Vajna,
2265 Patrik Flykt, poma, Sebastian Thorarensen, Thomas Bächler,
2266 Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tomasz Torcz, Tom Gundersen,
2267 Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Wieland Hoffmann, Zbigniew
2270 -- Berlin, 2014-03-25
2274 * A new unit file setting RestrictAddressFamilies= has been
2275 added to restrict which socket address families unit
2276 processes gain access to. This takes address family names
2277 like "AF_INET" or "AF_UNIX", and is useful to minimize the
2278 attack surface of services via exotic protocol stacks. This
2279 is built on seccomp system call filters.
2281 * Two new unit file settings RuntimeDirectory= and
2282 RuntimeDirectoryMode= have been added that may be used to
2283 manage a per-daemon runtime directories below /run. This is
2284 an alternative for setting up directory permissions with
2285 tmpfiles snippets, and has the advantage that the runtime
2286 directory's lifetime is bound to the daemon runtime and that
2287 the daemon starts up with an empty directory each time. This
2288 is particularly useful when writing services that drop
2289 privileges using the User= or Group= setting.
2291 * The DeviceAllow= unit setting now supports globbing for
2292 matching against device group names.
2294 * The systemd configuration file system.conf gained new
2295 settings DefaultCPUAccounting=, DefaultBlockIOAccounting=,
2296 DefaultMemoryAccounting= to globally turn on/off accounting
2297 for specific resources (cgroups) for all units. These
2298 settings may still be overridden individually in each unit
2301 * systemd-gpt-auto-generator is now able to discover /srv and
2302 root partitions in addition to /home and swap partitions. It
2303 also supports LUKS-encrypted partitions now. With this in
2304 place, automatic discovery of partitions to mount following
2305 the Discoverable Partitions Specification
2306 (http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/DiscoverablePartitionsSpec)
2307 is now a lot more complete. This allows booting without
2308 /etc/fstab and without root= on the kernel command line on
2309 systems prepared appropriately.
2311 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --image= switch which allows
2312 booting up disk images and Linux installations on any block
2313 device that follow the Discoverable Partitions Specification
2314 (see above). This means that installations made with
2315 appropriately updated installers may now be started and
2316 deployed using container managers, completely
2317 unmodified. (We hope that libvirt-lxc will add support for
2318 this feature soon, too.)
2320 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-macvlan= setting to
2321 set up a private macvlan interface for the
2322 container. Similarly, systemd-networkd gained a new
2323 Kind=macvlan setting in .netdev files.
2325 * systemd-networkd now supports configuring local addresses
2328 * A new tool systemd-network-wait-online has been added to
2329 synchronously wait for network connectivity using
2332 * The sd-bus.h bus API gained a new sd_bus_track object for
2333 tracking the life-cycle of bus peers. Note that sd-bus.h is
2334 still not a public API though (unless you specify
2335 --enable-kdbus on the configure command line, which however
2336 voids your warranty and you get no API stability guarantee).
2338 * The $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR runtime directories for each user are
2339 now individual tmpfs instances, which has the benefit of
2340 introducing separate pools for each user, with individual
2341 size limits, and thus making sure that unprivileged clients
2342 can no longer negatively impact the system or other users by
2343 filling up their $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR. A new logind.conf setting
2344 RuntimeDirectorySize= has been introduced that allows
2345 controlling the default size limit for all users. It
2346 defaults to 10% of the available physical memory. This is no
2347 replacement for quotas on tmpfs though (which the kernel
2348 still does not support), as /dev/shm and /tmp are still
2349 shared resources used by both the system and unprivileged
2352 * logind will now automatically turn off automatic suspending
2353 on laptop lid close when more than one display is
2354 connected. This was previously expected to be implemented
2355 individually in desktop environments (such as GNOME),
2356 however has been added to logind now, in order to fix a
2357 boot-time race where a desktop environment might not have
2358 been started yet and thus not been able to take an inhibitor
2359 lock at the time where logind already suspends the system
2360 due to a closed lid.
2362 * logind will now wait at least 30s after each system
2363 suspend/resume cycle, and 3min after system boot before
2364 suspending the system due to a closed laptop lid. This
2365 should give USB docking stations and similar enough time to
2366 be probed and configured after system resume and boot in
2367 order to then act as suspend blocker.
2369 * systemd-run gained a new --property= setting which allows
2370 initialization of resource control properties (and others)
2371 for the created scope or service unit. Example: "systemd-run
2372 --property=BlockIOWeight=10 updatedb" may be used to run
2373 updatedb at a low block IO scheduling weight.
2375 * systemd-run's --uid=, --gid=, --setenv=, --setenv= switches
2376 now also work in --scope mode.
2378 * When systemd is compiled with kdbus support, basic support
2379 for enforced policies is now in place. (Note that enabling
2380 kdbus still voids your warranty and no API compatibility
2383 Contributions from: Andrey Borzenkov, Ansgar Burchardt, Armin
2384 K., Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Djalal Harouni,
2385 Harald Hoyer, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Jasper St. Pierre, Kay
2386 Sievers, Kieran Clancy, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn,
2387 Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Mark Oteiza, Martin Pitt,
2388 Mike Gilbert, Peter Rajnoha, poma, Samuli Suominen, Stef
2389 Walter, Susant Sahani, Tero Roponen, Thomas Andersen, Thomas
2390 Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tomasz Torcz, Tom
2391 Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Uoti Urpala, Zachary Cook,
2392 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
2394 -- Berlin, 2014-03-12
2398 * systemd will now relabel /dev after loading the SMACK policy
2399 according to SMACK rules.
2401 * A new unit file option AppArmorProfile= has been added to
2402 set the AppArmor profile for the processes of a unit.
2404 * A new condition check ConditionArchitecture= has been added
2405 to conditionalize units based on the system architecture, as
2406 reported by uname()'s "machine" field.
2408 * systemd-networkd now supports matching on the system
2409 virtualization, architecture, kernel command line, host name
2412 * logind is now a lot more aggressive when suspending the
2413 machine due to a closed laptop lid. Instead of acting only
2414 on the lid close action, it will continuously watch the lid
2415 status and act on it. This is useful for laptops where the
2416 power button is on the outside of the chassis so that it can
2417 be reached without opening the lid (such as the Lenovo
2418 Yoga). On those machines, logind will now immediately
2419 re-suspend the machine if the power button has been
2420 accidentally pressed while the laptop was suspended and in a
2421 backpack or similar.
2423 * logind will now watch SW_DOCK switches and inhibit reaction
2424 to the lid switch if it is pressed. This means that logind
2425 will not suspend the machine anymore if the lid is closed
2426 and the system is docked, if the laptop supports SW_DOCK
2427 notifications via the input layer. Note that ACPI docking
2428 stations do not generate this currently. Also note that this
2429 logic is usually not fully sufficient and Desktop
2430 Environments should take a lid switch inhibitor lock when an
2431 external display is connected, as systemd will not watch
2434 * nspawn will now make use of the devices cgroup controller by
2435 default, and only permit creation of and access to the usual
2436 API device nodes like /dev/null or /dev/random, as well as
2437 access to (but not creation of) the pty devices.
2439 * We will now ship a default .network file for
2440 systemd-networkd that automatically configures DHCP for
2441 network interfaces created by nspawn's --network-veth or
2442 --network-bridge= switches.
2444 * systemd will now understand the usual M, K, G, T suffixes
2445 according to SI conventions (i.e. to the base 1000) when
2446 referring to throughput and hardware metrics. It will stay
2447 with IEC conventions (i.e. to the base 1024) for software
2448 metrics, according to what is customary according to
2449 Wikipedia. We explicitly document which base applies for
2450 each configuration option.
2452 * The DeviceAllow= setting in unit files now supports a syntax
2453 to whitelist an entire group of devices node majors at once,
2454 based on the /proc/devices listing. For example, with the
2455 string "char-pts", it is now possible to whitelist all
2456 current and future pseudo-TTYs at once.
2458 * sd-event learned a new "post" event source. Event sources of
2459 this type are triggered by the dispatching of any event
2460 source of a type that is not "post". This is useful for
2461 implementing clean-up and check event sources that are
2462 triggered by other work being done in the program.
2464 * systemd-networkd is no longer statically enabled, but uses
2465 the usual [Install] sections so that it can be
2466 enabled/disabled using systemctl. It still is enabled by
2469 * When creating a veth interface pair with systemd-nspawn, the
2470 host side will now be prefixed with "vb-" if
2471 --network-bridge= is used, and with "ve-" if --network-veth
2472 is used. This way, it is easy to distinguish these cases on
2473 the host, for example to apply different configuration to
2474 them with systemd-networkd.
2476 * The compatibility libraries for libsystemd-journal.so,
2477 libsystem-id128.so, libsystemd-login.so and
2478 libsystemd-daemon.so do not make use of IFUNC
2479 anymore. Instead, we now build libsystemd.so multiple times
2480 under these alternative names. This means that the footprint
2481 is drastically increased, but given that these are
2482 transitional compatibility libraries, this should not matter
2483 much. This change has been made necessary to support the ARM
2484 platform for these compatibility libraries, as the ARM
2485 toolchain is not really at the same level as the toolchain
2486 for other architectures like x86 and does not support
2487 IFUNC. Please make sure to use --enable-compat-libs only
2488 during a transitional period!
2490 Contributions from: Andreas Fuchs, Armin K., Colin Walters,
2491 Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Djalal Harouni,
2492 Holger Schurig, Jason A. Donenfeld, Jason St. John, Jasper
2493 St. Pierre, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Łukasz Stelmach,
2494 Marcel Holtmann, Michael Scherer, Michal Sekletar, Mike
2495 Gilbert, Samuli Suominen, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe
2496 Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog,
2497 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
2499 -- Berlin, 2014-02-24
2503 * A new component "systemd-networkd" has been added that can
2504 be used to configure local network interfaces statically or
2505 via DHCP. It is capable of bringing up bridges, VLANs, and
2506 bonding. Currently, no hook-ups for interactive network
2507 configuration are provided. Use this for your initrd,
2508 container, embedded, or server setup if you need a simple,
2509 yet powerful, network configuration solution. This
2510 configuration subsystem is quite nifty, as it allows wildcard
2511 hotplug matching in interfaces. For example, with a single
2512 configuration snippet, you can configure that all Ethernet
2513 interfaces showing up are automatically added to a bridge,
2514 or similar. It supports link-sensing and more.
2516 * A new tool "systemd-socket-proxyd" has been added which can
2517 act as a bidirectional proxy for TCP sockets. This is
2518 useful for adding socket activation support to services that
2519 do not actually support socket activation, including virtual
2520 machines and the like.
2522 * Add a new tool to save/restore rfkill state on
2525 * Save/restore state of keyboard backlights in addition to
2526 display backlights on shutdown/boot.
2528 * udev learned a new SECLABEL{} construct to label device
2529 nodes with a specific security label when they appear. For
2530 now, only SECLABEL{selinux} is supported, but the syntax is
2531 prepared for additional security frameworks.
2533 * udev gained a new scheme to configure link-level attributes
2534 from files in /etc/systemd/network/*.link. These files can
2535 match against MAC address, device path, driver name and type,
2536 and will apply attributes like the naming policy, link speed,
2537 MTU, duplex settings, Wake-on-LAN settings, MAC address, MAC
2538 address assignment policy (randomized, ...).
2540 * The configuration of network interface naming rules for
2541 "permanent interface names" has changed: a new NamePolicy=
2542 setting in the [Link] section of .link files determines the
2543 priority of possible naming schemes (onboard, slot, mac,
2544 path). The default value of this setting is determined by
2545 /usr/lib/net/links/99-default.link. Old
2546 80-net-name-slot.rules udev configuration file has been
2547 removed, so local configuration overriding this file should
2548 be adapated to override 99-default.link instead.
2550 * When the User= switch is used in a unit file, also
2551 initialize $SHELL= based on the user database entry.
2553 * systemd no longer depends on libdbus. All communication is
2554 now done with sd-bus, systemd's low-level bus library
2557 * kdbus support has been added to PID 1 itself. When kdbus is
2558 enabled, this causes PID 1 to set up the system bus and
2559 enable support for a new ".busname" unit type that
2560 encapsulates bus name activation on kdbus. It works a little
2561 bit like ".socket" units, except for bus names. A new
2562 generator has been added that converts classic dbus1 service
2563 activation files automatically into native systemd .busname
2566 * sd-bus: add a light-weight vtable implementation that allows
2567 defining objects on the bus with a simple static const
2568 vtable array of its methods, signals and properties.
2570 * systemd will not generate or install static dbus
2571 introspection data anymore to /usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces,
2572 as the precise format of these files is unclear, and
2573 nothing makes use of it.
2575 * A proxy daemon is now provided to proxy clients connecting
2576 via classic D-Bus AF_UNIX sockets to kdbus, to provide full
2577 compatibility with classic D-Bus.
2579 * A bus driver implementation has been added that supports the
2580 classic D-Bus bus driver calls on kdbus, also for
2581 compatibility purposes.
2583 * A new API "sd-event.h" has been added that implements a
2584 minimal event loop API built around epoll. It provides a
2585 couple of features that direct epoll usage is lacking:
2586 prioritization of events, scales to large numbers of timer
2587 events, per-event timer slack (accuracy), system-wide
2588 coalescing of timer events, exit handlers, watchdog
2589 supervision support using systemd's sd_notify() API, child
2592 * A new API "sd-rntl.h" has been added that provides an API
2593 around the route netlink interface of the kernel, similar in
2594 style to "sd-bus.h".
2596 * A new API "sd-dhcp-client.h" has been added that provides a
2597 small DHCPv4 client-side implementation. This is used by
2600 * There is a new kernel command line option
2601 "systemd.restore_state=0|1". When set to "0", none of the
2602 systemd tools will restore saved runtime state to hardware
2603 devices. More specifically, the rfkill and backlight states
2606 * The FsckPassNo= compatibility option in mount/service units
2607 has been removed. The fstab generator will now add the
2608 necessary dependencies automatically, and does not require
2609 PID1's support for that anymore.
2611 * journalctl gained a new switch, --list-boots, that lists
2612 recent boots with their times and boot IDs.
2614 * The various tools like systemctl, loginctl, timedatectl,
2615 busctl, systemd-run, ... have gained a new switch "-M" to
2616 connect to a specific, local OS container (as direct
2617 connection, without requiring SSH). This works on any
2618 container that is registered with machined, such as those
2619 created by libvirt-lxc or nspawn.
2621 * systemd-run and systemd-analyze also gained support for "-H"
2622 to connect to remote hosts via SSH. This is particularly
2623 useful for systemd-run because it enables queuing of jobs
2624 onto remote systems.
2626 * machinectl gained a new command "login" to open a getty
2627 login in any local container. This works with any container
2628 that is registered with machined (such as those created by
2629 libvirt-lxc or nspawn), and which runs systemd inside.
2631 * machinectl gained a new "reboot" command that may be used to
2632 trigger a reboot on a specific container that is registered
2633 with machined. This works on any container that runs an init
2634 system of some kind.
2636 * systemctl gained a new "list-timers" command to print a nice
2637 listing of installed timer units with the times they elapse
2640 * Alternative reboot() parameters may now be specified on the
2641 "systemctl reboot" command line and are passed to the
2642 reboot() system call.
2644 * systemctl gained a new --job-mode= switch to configure the
2645 mode to queue a job with. This is a more generic version of
2646 --fail, --irreversible, and --ignore-dependencies, which are
2647 still available but not advertised anymore.
2649 * /etc/systemd/system.conf gained new settings to configure
2650 various default timeouts of units, as well as the default
2651 start limit interval and burst. These may still be overridden
2654 * PID1 will now export on the bus profile data of the security
2655 policy upload process (such as the SELinux policy upload to
2658 * journald: when forwarding logs to the console, include
2659 timestamps (following the setting in
2660 /sys/module/printk/parameters/time).
2662 * OnCalendar= in timer units now understands the special
2663 strings "yearly" and "annually". (Both are equivalent)
2665 * The accuracy of timer units is now configurable with the new
2666 AccuracySec= setting. It defaults to 1min.
2668 * A new dependency type JoinsNamespaceOf= has been added that
2669 allows running two services within the same /tmp and network
2670 namespace, if PrivateNetwork= or PrivateTmp= are used.
2672 * A new command "cat" has been added to systemctl. It outputs
2673 the original unit file of a unit, and concatenates the
2674 contents of additional "drop-in" unit file snippets, so that
2675 the full configuration is shown.
2677 * systemctl now supports globbing on the various "list-xyz"
2678 commands, like "list-units" or "list-sockets", as well as on
2679 those commands which take multiple unit names.
2681 * journalctl's --unit= switch gained support for globbing.
2683 * All systemd daemons now make use of the watchdog logic so
2684 that systemd automatically notices when they hang.
2686 * If the $container_ttys environment variable is set,
2687 getty-generator will automatically spawn a getty for each
2688 listed tty. This is useful for container managers to request
2689 login gettys to be spawned on as many ttys as needed.
2691 * %h, %s, %U specifier support is not available anymore when
2692 used in unit files for PID 1. This is because NSS calls are
2693 not safe from PID 1. They stay available for --user
2694 instances of systemd, and as special case for the root user.
2696 * loginctl gained a new "--no-legend" switch to turn off output
2699 * The "sd-login.h" API gained three new calls:
2700 sd_session_is_remote(), sd_session_get_remote_user(),
2701 sd_session_get_remote_host() to query information about
2704 * The udev hardware database now also carries vendor/product
2705 information of SDIO devices.
2707 * The "sd-daemon.h" API gained a new sd_watchdog_enabled() to
2708 determine whether watchdog notifications are requested by
2711 * Socket-activated per-connection services now include a
2712 short description of the connection parameters in the
2715 * tmpfiles gained a new "--boot" option. When this is not used,
2716 only lines where the command character is not suffixed with
2717 "!" are executed. When this option is specified, those
2718 options are executed too. This partitions tmpfiles
2719 directives into those that can be safely executed at any
2720 time, and those which should be run only at boot (for
2721 example, a line that creates /run/nologin).
2723 * A new API "sd-resolve.h" has been added which provides a simple
2724 asynchronous wrapper around glibc NSS host name resolution
2725 calls, such as getaddrinfo(). In contrast to glibc's
2726 getaddrinfo_a(), it does not use signals. In contrast to most
2727 other asynchronous name resolution libraries, this one does
2728 not reimplement DNS, but reuses NSS, so that alternate
2729 host name resolution systems continue to work, such as mDNS,
2730 LDAP, etc. This API is based on libasyncns, but it has been
2731 cleaned up for inclusion in systemd.
2733 * The APIs "sd-journal.h", "sd-login.h", "sd-id128.h",
2734 "sd-daemon.h" are no longer found in individual libraries
2735 libsystemd-journal.so, libsystemd-login.so,
2736 libsystemd-id128.so, libsystemd-daemon.so. Instead, we have
2737 merged them into a single library, libsystemd.so, which
2738 provides all symbols. The reason for this is cyclic
2739 dependencies, as these libraries tend to use each other's
2740 symbols. So far, we have managed to workaround that by linking
2741 a copy of a good part of our code into each of these
2742 libraries again and again, which, however, makes certain
2743 things hard to do, like sharing static variables. Also, it
2744 substantially increases footprint. With this change, there
2745 is only one library for the basic APIs systemd
2746 provides. Also, "sd-bus.h", "sd-memfd.h", "sd-event.h",
2747 "sd-rtnl.h", "sd-resolve.h", "sd-utf8.h" are found in this
2748 library as well, however are subject to the --enable-kdbus
2749 switch (see below). Note that "sd-dhcp-client.h" is not part
2750 of this library (this is because it only consumes, never
2751 provides, services of/to other APIs). To make the transition
2752 easy from the separate libraries to the unified one, we
2753 provide the --enable-compat-libs compile-time switch which
2754 will generate stub libraries that are compatible with the
2755 old ones but redirect all calls to the new one.
2757 * All of the kdbus logic and the new APIs "sd-bus.h",
2758 "sd-memfd.h", "sd-event.h", "sd-rtnl.h", "sd-resolve.h",
2759 and "sd-utf8.h" are compile-time optional via the
2760 "--enable-kdbus" switch, and they are not compiled in by
2761 default. To make use of kdbus, you have to explicitly enable
2762 the switch. Note however, that neither the kernel nor the
2763 userspace API for all of this is considered stable yet. We
2764 want to maintain the freedom to still change the APIs for
2765 now. By specifying this build-time switch, you acknowledge
2766 that you are aware of the instability of the current
2769 * Also, note that while kdbus is pretty much complete,
2770 it lacks one thing: proper policy support. This means you
2771 can build a fully working system with all features; however,
2772 it will be highly insecure. Policy support will be added in
2773 one of the next releases, at the same time that we will
2774 declare the APIs stable.
2776 * When the kernel command line argument "kdbus" is specified,
2777 systemd will automatically load the kdbus.ko kernel module. At
2778 this stage of development, it is only useful for testing kdbus
2779 and should not be used in production. Note: if "--enable-kdbus"
2780 is specified, and the kdbus.ko kernel module is available, and
2781 "kdbus" is added to the kernel command line, the entire system
2782 runs with kdbus instead of dbus-daemon, with the above mentioned
2783 problem of missing the system policy enforcement. Also a future
2784 version of kdbus.ko or a newer systemd will not be compatible with
2785 each other, and will unlikely be able to boot the machine if only
2786 one of them is updated.
2788 * systemctl gained a new "import-environment" command which
2789 uploads the caller's environment (or parts thereof) into the
2790 service manager so that it is inherited by services started
2791 by the manager. This is useful to upload variables like
2792 $DISPLAY into the user service manager.
2794 * A new PrivateDevices= switch has been added to service units
2795 which allows running a service with a namespaced /dev
2796 directory that does not contain any device nodes for
2797 physical devices. More specifically, it only includes devices
2798 such as /dev/null, /dev/urandom, and /dev/zero which are API
2801 * logind has been extended to support behaviour like VT
2802 switching on seats that do not support a VT. This makes
2803 multi-session available on seats that are not the first seat
2804 (seat0), and on systems where kernel support for VTs has
2805 been disabled at compile-time.
2807 * If a process holds a delay lock for system sleep or shutdown
2808 and fails to release it in time, we will now log its
2809 identity. This makes it easier to identify processes that
2810 cause slow suspends or power-offs.
2812 * When parsing /etc/crypttab, support for a new key-slot=
2813 option as supported by Debian is added. It allows indicating
2814 which LUKS slot to use on disk, speeding up key loading.
2816 * The sd_journald_sendv() API call has been checked and
2817 officially declared to be async-signal-safe so that it may
2818 be invoked from signal handlers for logging purposes.
2820 * Boot-time status output is now enabled automatically after a
2821 short timeout if boot does not progress, in order to give
2822 the user an indication what she or he is waiting for.
2824 * The boot-time output has been improved to show how much time
2825 remains until jobs expire.
2827 * The KillMode= switch in service units gained a new possible
2828 value "mixed". If set, and the unit is shut down, then the
2829 initial SIGTERM signal is sent only to the main daemon
2830 process, while the following SIGKILL signal is sent to
2831 all remaining processes of the service.
2833 * When a scope unit is registered, a new property "Controller"
2834 may be set. If set to a valid bus name, systemd will send a
2835 RequestStop() signal to this name when it would like to shut
2836 down the scope. This may be used to hook manager logic into
2837 the shutdown logic of scope units. Also, scope units may now
2838 be put in a special "abandoned" state, in which case the
2839 manager process which created them takes no further
2840 responsibilities for it.
2842 * When reading unit files, systemd will now verify
2843 the access mode of these files, and warn about certain
2844 suspicious combinations. This has been added to make it
2845 easier to track down packaging bugs where unit files are
2846 marked executable or world-writable.
2848 * systemd-nspawn gained a new "--setenv=" switch to set
2849 container-wide environment variables. The similar option in
2850 systemd-activate was renamed from "--environment=" to
2851 "--setenv=" for consistency.
2853 * systemd-nspawn has been updated to create a new kdbus domain
2854 for each container that is invoked, thus allowing each
2855 container to have its own set of system and user buses,
2856 independent of the host.
2858 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --drop-capability= switch to run
2859 the container with less capabilities than the default. Both
2860 --drop-capability= and --capability= now take the special
2861 string "all" for dropping or keeping all capabilities.
2863 * systemd-nspawn gained new switches for executing containers
2864 with specific SELinux labels set.
2866 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --quiet switch to not generate
2867 any additional output but the container's own console
2870 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --share-system switch to run a
2871 container without PID namespacing enabled.
2873 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --register= switch to control
2874 whether the container is registered with systemd-machined or
2875 not. This is useful for containers that do not run full
2876 OS images, but only specific apps.
2878 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --keep-unit which may be used
2879 when invoked as the only program from a service unit, and
2880 results in registration of the unit service itself in
2881 systemd-machined, instead of a newly opened scope unit.
2883 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-interface= switch for
2884 moving arbitrary interfaces to the container. The new
2885 --network-veth switch creates a virtual Ethernet connection
2886 between host and container. The new --network-bridge=
2887 switch then allows assigning the host side of this virtual
2888 Ethernet connection to a bridge device.
2890 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --personality= switch for
2891 setting the kernel personality for the container. This is
2892 useful when running a 32-bit container on a 64-bit host. A
2893 similar option Personality= is now also available for service
2896 * logind will now also track a "Desktop" identifier for each
2897 session which encodes the desktop environment of it. This is
2898 useful for desktop environments that want to identify
2899 multiple running sessions of itself easily.
2901 * A new SELinuxContext= setting for service units has been
2902 added that allows setting a specific SELinux execution
2903 context for a service.
2905 * Most systemd client tools will now honour $SYSTEMD_LESS for
2906 settings of the "less" pager. By default, these tools will
2907 override $LESS to allow certain operations to work, such as
2908 jump-to-the-end. With $SYSTEMD_LESS, it is possible to
2909 influence this logic.
2911 * systemd's "seccomp" hook-up has been changed to make use of
2912 the libseccomp library instead of using its own
2913 implementation. This has benefits for portability among
2916 * For usage together with SystemCallFilter=, a new
2917 SystemCallErrorNumber= setting has been introduced that
2918 allows configuration of a system error number to be returned
2919 on filtered system calls, instead of immediately killing the
2920 process. Also, SystemCallArchitectures= has been added to
2921 limit access to system calls of a particular architecture
2922 (in order to turn off support for unused secondary
2923 architectures). There is also a global
2924 SystemCallArchitectures= setting in system.conf now to turn
2925 off support for non-native system calls system-wide.
2927 * systemd requires a kernel with a working name_to_handle_at(),
2928 please see the kernel config requirements in the README file.
2930 Contributions from: Adam Williamson, Alex Jia, Anatol Pomozov,
2931 Ansgar Burchardt, AppleBloom, Auke Kok, Bastien Nocera,
2932 Chengwei Yang, Christian Seiler, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters,
2933 Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Daniele Medri, Daniel J
2934 Walsh, Daniel Mack, Dan McGee, Dave Reisner, David Coppa,
2935 David Herrmann, David Strauss, Djalal Harouni, Dmitry Pisklov,
2936 Elia Pinto, Florian Weimer, George McCollister, Goffredo
2937 Baroncelli, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Hendrik Brueckner, Igor
2938 Zhbanov, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jason A. Donenfeld,
2939 Jason St. John, Jasper St. Pierre, Jóhann B. Guðmundsson, Jose
2940 Ignacio Naranjo, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Kristian Høgsberg,
2941 Lennart Poettering, Lubomir Rintel, Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz
2942 Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Luke Shumaker, Mantas Mikulėnas,
2943 Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcel Holtmann, Marcos Felipe Rasia de
2944 Mello, Marko Myllynen, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael
2945 Marineau, Michael Scherer, Michał Górny, Michal Sekletar,
2946 Michele Curti, Oleksii Shevchuk, Olivier Brunel, Patrik Flykt,
2947 Pavel Holica, Raudi, Richard Marko, Ronny Chevalier, Sébastien
2948 Luttringer, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Simon Peeters,
2949 Stefan Beller, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Plantefeve, Sylvia Else,
2950 Tero Roponen, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen,
2951 Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Unai Uribarri, Václav
2952 Pavlín, Vincent Batts, WaLyong Cho, William Giokas, Yang
2953 Zhiyong, Yin Kangkai, Yuxuan Shui, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
2955 -- Berlin, 2014-02-20
2959 * logind has gained support for facilitating privileged input
2960 and drm device access for unprivileged clients. This work is
2961 useful to allow Wayland display servers (and similar
2962 programs, such as kmscon) to run under the user's ID and
2963 access input and drm devices which are normally
2964 protected. When this is used (and the kernel is new enough)
2965 logind will "mute" IO on the file descriptors passed to
2966 Wayland as long as it is in the background and "unmute" it
2967 if it returns into the foreground. This allows secure
2968 session switching without allowing background sessions to
2969 eavesdrop on input and display data. This also introduces
2970 session switching support if VT support is turned off in the
2971 kernel, and on seats that are not seat0.
2973 * A new kernel command line option luks.options= is understood
2974 now which allows specifying LUKS options for usage for LUKS
2975 encrypted partitions specified with luks.uuid=.
2977 * tmpfiles.d(5) snippets may now use specifier expansion in
2978 path names. More specifically %m, %b, %H, %v, are now
2979 replaced by the local machine id, boot id, hostname, and
2980 kernel version number.
2982 * A new tmpfiles.d(5) command "m" has been introduced which
2983 may be used to change the owner/group/access mode of a file
2984 or directory if it exists, but do nothing if it does not.
2986 * This release removes high-level support for the
2987 MemorySoftLimit= cgroup setting. The underlying kernel
2988 cgroup attribute memory.soft_limit= is currently badly
2989 designed and likely to be removed from the kernel API in its
2990 current form, hence we should not expose it for now.
2992 * The memory.use_hierarchy cgroup attribute is now enabled for
2993 all cgroups systemd creates in the memory cgroup
2994 hierarchy. This option is likely to be come the built-in
2995 default in the kernel anyway, and the non-hierarchical mode
2996 never made much sense in the intrinsically hierarchical
2999 * A new field _SYSTEMD_SLICE= is logged along with all journal
3000 messages containing the slice a message was generated
3001 from. This is useful to allow easy per-customer filtering of
3002 logs among other things.
3004 * systemd-journald will no longer adjust the group of journal
3005 files it creates to the "systemd-journal" group. Instead we
3006 rely on the journal directory to be owned by the
3007 "systemd-journal" group, and its setgid bit set, so that the
3008 kernel file system layer will automatically enforce that
3009 journal files inherit this group assignment. The reason for
3010 this change is that we cannot allow NSS look-ups from
3011 journald which would be necessary to resolve
3012 "systemd-journal" to a numeric GID, because this might
3013 create deadlocks if NSS involves synchronous queries to
3014 other daemons (such as nscd, or sssd) which in turn are
3015 logging clients of journald and might block on it, which
3016 would then dead lock. A tmpfiles.d(5) snippet included in
3017 systemd will make sure the setgid bit and group are
3018 properly set on the journal directory if it exists on every
3019 boot. However, we recommend adjusting it manually after
3020 upgrades too (or from RPM scriptlets), so that the change is
3021 not delayed until next reboot.
3023 * Backlight and random seed files in /var/lib/ have moved into
3024 the /var/lib/systemd/ directory, in order to centralize all
3025 systemd generated files in one directory.
3027 * Boot time performance measurements (as displayed by
3028 "systemd-analyze" for example) will now read ACPI 5.0 FPDT
3029 performance information if that's available to determine how
3030 much time BIOS and boot loader initialization required. With
3031 a sufficiently new BIOS you hence no longer need to boot
3032 with Gummiboot to get access to such information.
3034 Contributions from: Andrey Borzenkov, Chen Jie, Colin Walters,
3035 Cristian Rodríguez, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David
3036 Mackey, David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Evan Callicoat, Gao
3037 feng, Harald Hoyer, Jimmie Tauriainen, Kay Sievers, Lennart
3038 Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt,
3039 Michael Scherer, Michał Górny, Mike Gilbert, Patrick McCarty,
3040 Sebastian Ott, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
3042 -- Berlin, 2013-10-02
3046 * The Restart= option for services now understands a new
3047 on-watchdog setting, which will restart the service
3048 automatically if the service stops sending out watchdog keep
3049 alive messages (as configured with WatchdogSec=).
3051 * The getty generator (which is responsible for bringing up a
3052 getty on configured serial consoles) will no longer only
3053 start a getty on the primary kernel console but on all
3054 others, too. This makes the order in which console= is
3055 specified on the kernel command line less important.
3057 * libsystemd-logind gained a new sd_session_get_vt() call to
3058 retrieve the VT number of a session.
3060 * If the option "tries=0" is set for an entry of /etc/crypttab
3061 its passphrase is queried indefinitely instead of any
3062 maximum number of tries.
3064 * If a service with a configure PID file terminates its PID
3065 file will now be removed automatically if it still exists
3066 afterwards. This should put an end to stale PID files.
3068 * systemd-run will now also take relative binary path names
3069 for execution and no longer insists on absolute paths.
3071 * InaccessibleDirectories= and ReadOnlyDirectories= now take
3072 paths that are optionally prefixed with "-" to indicate that
3073 it should not be considered a failure if they do not exist.
3075 * journalctl -o (and similar commands) now understands a new
3076 output mode "short-precise", it is similar to "short" but
3077 shows timestamps with usec accuracy.
3079 * The option "discard" (as known from Debian) is now
3080 synonymous to "allow-discards" in /etc/crypttab. In fact,
3081 "discard" is preferred now (since it is easier to remember
3084 * Some licensing clean-ups were made, so that more code is now
3085 LGPL-2.1 licensed than before.
3087 * A minimal tool to save/restore the display backlight
3088 brightness across reboots has been added. It will store the
3089 backlight setting as late as possible at shutdown, and
3090 restore it as early as possible during reboot.
3092 * A logic to automatically discover and enable home and swap
3093 partitions on GPT disks has been added. With this in place
3094 /etc/fstab becomes optional for many setups as systemd can
3095 discover certain partitions located on the root disk
3096 automatically. Home partitions are recognized under their
3097 GPT type ID 933ac7e12eb44f13b8440e14e2aef915. Swap
3098 partitions are recognized under their GPT type ID
3099 0657fd6da4ab43c484e50933c84b4f4f.
3101 * systemd will no longer pass any environment from the kernel
3102 or initrd to system services. If you want to set an
3103 environment for all services, do so via the kernel command
3104 line systemd.setenv= assignment.
3106 * The systemd-sysctl tool no longer natively reads the file
3107 /etc/sysctl.conf. If desired, the file should be symlinked
3108 from /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf. Apart from providing
3109 legacy support by a symlink rather than built-in code, it
3110 also makes the otherwise hidden order of application of the
3111 different files visible. (Note that this partly reverts to a
3112 pre-198 application order of sysctl knobs!)
3114 * The "systemctl set-log-level" and "systemctl dump" commands
3115 have been moved to systemd-analyze.
3117 * systemd-run learned the new --remain-after-exit switch,
3118 which causes the scope unit not to be cleaned up
3119 automatically after the process terminated.
3121 * tmpfiles learned a new --exclude-prefix= switch to exclude
3122 certain paths from operation.
3124 * journald will now automatically flush all messages to disk
3125 as soon as a message at the log level CRIT, ALERT or EMERG
3128 Contributions from: Andrew Cook, Brandon Philips, Christian
3129 Hesse, Christoph Junghans, Colin Walters, Daniel Schaal,
3130 Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Gao feng, George
3131 McCollister, Giovanni Campagna, Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer,
3132 Herczeg Zsolt, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Jan Engelhardt,
3133 Jesper Larsen, Kay Sievers, Khem Raj, Lennart Poettering,
3134 Lukas Nykryn, Maciej Wereski, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel
3135 Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Marineau,
3136 Michael Scherer, Michael Stapelberg, Michal Sekletar, Michał
3137 Górny, Olivier Brunel, Ondrej Balaz, Ronny Chevalier, Shawn
3138 Landden, Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe
3139 Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, WANG Chao,
3140 William Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
3142 -- Berlin, 2013-09-13
3146 * The documentation has been updated to cover the various new
3147 concepts introduced with 205.
3149 * Unit files now understand the new %v specifier which
3150 resolves to the kernel version string as returned by "uname
3153 * systemctl now supports filtering the unit list output by
3154 load state, active state and sub state, using the new
3157 * "systemctl status" will now show the results of the
3158 condition checks (like ConditionPathExists= and similar) of
3159 the last start attempts of the unit. They are also logged to
3162 * "journalctl -b" may now be used to look for boot output of a
3163 specific boot. Try "journalctl -b -1" for the previous boot,
3164 but the syntax is substantially more powerful.
3166 * "journalctl --show-cursor" has been added which prints the
3167 cursor string the last shown log line. This may then be used
3168 with the new "journalctl --after-cursor=" switch to continue
3169 browsing logs from that point on.
3171 * "journalctl --force" may now be used to force regeneration
3174 * Creation of "dead" device nodes has been moved from udev
3175 into kmod and tmpfiles. Previously, udev would read the kmod
3176 databases to pre-generate dead device nodes based on meta
3177 information contained in kernel modules, so that these would
3178 be auto-loaded on access rather then at boot. As this
3179 does not really have much to do with the exposing actual
3180 kernel devices to userspace this has always been slightly
3181 alien in the udev codebase. Following the new scheme kmod
3182 will now generate a runtime snippet for tmpfiles from the
3183 module meta information and it now is tmpfiles' job to the
3184 create the nodes. This also allows overriding access and
3185 other parameters for the nodes using the usual tmpfiles
3186 facilities. As side effect this allows us to remove the
3187 CAP_SYS_MKNOD capability bit from udevd entirely.
3189 * logind's device ACLs may now be applied to these "dead"
3190 devices nodes too, thus finally allowing managed access to
3191 devices such as /dev/snd/sequencer whithout loading the
3192 backing module right-away.
3194 * A new RPM macro has been added that may be used to apply
3195 tmpfiles configuration during package installation.
3197 * systemd-detect-virt and ConditionVirtualization= now can
3198 detect User-Mode-Linux machines (UML).
3200 * journald will now implicitly log the effective capabilities
3201 set of processes in the message metadata.
3203 * systemd-cryptsetup has gained support for TrueCrypt volumes.
3205 * The initrd interface has been simplified (more specifically,
3206 support for passing performance data via environment
3207 variables and fsck results via files in /run has been
3208 removed). These features were non-essential, and are
3209 nowadays available in a much nicer way by having systemd in
3210 the initrd serialize its state and have the hosts systemd
3211 deserialize it again.
3213 * The udev "keymap" data files and tools to apply keyboard
3214 specific mappings of scan to key codes, and force-release
3215 scan code lists have been entirely replaced by a udev
3216 "keyboard" builtin and a hwdb data file.
3218 * systemd will now honour the kernel's "quiet" command line
3219 argument also during late shutdown, resulting in a
3220 completely silent shutdown when used.
3222 * There's now an option to control the SO_REUSEPORT socket
3223 option in .socket units.
3225 * Instance units will now automatically get a per-template
3226 subslice of system.slice unless something else is explicitly
3227 configured. For example, instances of sshd@.service will now
3228 implicitly be placed in system-sshd.slice rather than
3229 system.slice as before.
3231 * Test coverage support may now be enabled at build time.
3233 Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Frederic Crozat, Harald
3234 Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Jan Engelhardt, Jan
3235 Janssen, Jason St. John, Jesper Larsen, Kay Sievers, Lennart
3236 Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Maciej Wereski, Martin Pitt, Michael
3237 Olbrich, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Ross Lagerwall, Shawn Landden,
3238 Thomas H.P. Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tomasz Torcz, William
3239 Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
3241 -- Berlin, 2013-07-23
3245 * Two new unit types have been introduced:
3247 Scope units are very similar to service units, however, are
3248 created out of pre-existing processes -- instead of PID 1
3249 forking off the processes. By using scope units it is
3250 possible for system services and applications to group their
3251 own child processes (worker processes) in a powerful way
3252 which then maybe used to organize them, or kill them
3253 together, or apply resource limits on them.
3255 Slice units may be used to partition system resources in an
3256 hierarchical fashion and then assign other units to them. By
3257 default there are now three slices: system.slice (for all
3258 system services), user.slice (for all user sessions),
3259 machine.slice (for VMs and containers).
3261 Slices and scopes have been introduced primarily in
3262 context of the work to move cgroup handling to a
3263 single-writer scheme, where only PID 1
3264 creates/removes/manages cgroups.
3266 * There's a new concept of "transient" units. In contrast to
3267 normal units these units are created via an API at runtime,
3268 not from configuration from disk. More specifically this
3269 means it is now possible to run arbitrary programs as
3270 independent services, with all execution parameters passed
3271 in via bus APIs rather than read from disk. Transient units
3272 make systemd substantially more dynamic then it ever was,
3273 and useful as a general batch manager.
3275 * logind has been updated to make use of scope and slice units
3276 for managing user sessions. As a user logs in he will get
3277 his own private slice unit, to which all sessions are added
3278 as scope units. We also added support for automatically
3279 adding an instance of user@.service for the user into the
3280 slice. Effectively logind will no longer create cgroup
3281 hierarchies on its own now, it will defer entirely to PID 1
3282 for this by means of scope, service and slice units. Since
3283 user sessions this way become entities managed by PID 1
3284 the output of "systemctl" is now a lot more comprehensive.
3286 * A new mini-daemon "systemd-machined" has been added which
3287 may be used by virtualization managers to register local
3288 VMs/containers. nspawn has been updated accordingly, and
3289 libvirt will be updated shortly. machined will collect a bit
3290 of meta information about the VMs/containers, and assign
3291 them their own scope unit (see above). The collected
3292 meta-data is then made available via the "machinectl" tool,
3293 and exposed in "ps" and similar tools. machined/machinectl
3294 is compile-time optional.
3296 * As discussed earlier, the low-level cgroup configuration
3297 options ControlGroup=, ControlGroupModify=,
3298 ControlGroupPersistent=, ControlGroupAttribute= have been
3299 removed. Please use high-level attribute settings instead as
3300 well as slice units.
3302 * A new bus call SetUnitProperties() has been added to alter
3303 various runtime parameters of a unit. This is primarily
3304 useful to alter cgroup parameters dynamically in a nice way,
3305 but will be extended later on to make more properties
3306 modifiable at runtime. systemctl gained a new set-properties
3307 command that wraps this call.
3309 * A new tool "systemd-run" has been added which can be used to
3310 run arbitrary command lines as transient services or scopes,
3311 while configuring a number of settings via the command
3312 line. This tool is currently very basic, however already
3313 very useful. We plan to extend this tool to even allow
3314 queuing of execution jobs with time triggers from the
3315 command line, similar in fashion to "at".
3317 * nspawn will now inform the user explicitly that kernels with
3318 audit enabled break containers, and suggest the user to turn
3321 * Support for detecting the IMA and AppArmor security
3322 frameworks with ConditionSecurity= has been added.
3324 * journalctl gained a new "-k" switch for showing only kernel
3325 messages, mimicking dmesg output; in addition to "--user"
3326 and "--system" switches for showing only user's own logs
3329 * systemd-delta can now show information about drop-in
3330 snippets extending unit files.
3332 * libsystemd-bus has been substantially updated but is still
3333 not available as public API.
3335 * systemd will now look for the "debug" argument on the kernel
3336 command line and enable debug logging, similar to what
3337 "systemd.log_level=debug" already did before.
3339 * "systemctl set-default", "systemctl get-default" has been
3340 added to configure the default.target symlink, which
3341 controls what to boot into by default.
3343 * "systemctl set-log-level" has been added as a convenient
3344 way to raise and lower systemd logging threshold.
3346 * "systemd-analyze plot" will now show the time the various
3347 generators needed for execution, as well as information
3348 about the unit file loading.
3350 * libsystemd-journal gained a new sd_journal_open_files() call
3351 for opening specific journal files. journactl also gained a
3352 new switch to expose this new functionality. Previously we
3353 only supported opening all files from a directory, or all
3354 files from the system, as opening individual files only is
3355 racy due to journal file rotation.
3357 * systemd gained the new DefaultEnvironment= setting in
3358 /etc/systemd/system.conf to set environment variables for
3361 * If a privileged process logs a journal message with the
3362 OBJECT_PID= field set, then journald will automatically
3363 augment this with additional OBJECT_UID=, OBJECT_GID=,
3364 OBJECT_COMM=, OBJECT_EXE=, ... fields. This is useful if
3365 system services want to log events about specific client
3366 processes. journactl/systemctl has been updated to make use
3367 of this information if all log messages regarding a specific
3370 Contributions from: Auke Kok, Chengwei Yang, Colin Walters,
3371 Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Albers, Daniel Wallace, Dave
3372 Reisner, David Coppa, David King, David Strauss, Eelco
3373 Dolstra, Gabriel de Perthuis, Harald Hoyer, Jan Alexander
3374 Steffens, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jason St. John, Johan
3375 Heikkilä, Karel Zak, Karol Lewandowski, Kay Sievers, Lennart
3376 Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marius Vollmer,
3377 Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Tremer,
3378 Michal Schmidt, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Nirbheek Chauhan,
3379 Pierre Neidhardt, Ross Burton, Ross Lagerwall, Sean McGovern,
3380 Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar,
3381 Václav Pavlín, Zachary Cook, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek,
3382 Łukasz Stelmach, 장동준
3386 * The Python bindings gained some minimal support for the APIs
3387 exposed by libsystemd-logind.
3389 * ConditionSecurity= gained support for detecting SMACK. Since
3390 this condition already supports SELinux and AppArmor we only
3391 miss IMA for this. Patches welcome!
3393 Contributions from: Karol Lewandowski, Lennart Poettering,
3394 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
3398 * systemd-nspawn will now create /etc/resolv.conf if
3399 necessary, before bind-mounting the host's file onto it.
3401 * systemd-nspawn will now store meta information about a
3402 container on the container's cgroup as extended attribute
3403 fields, including the root directory.
3405 * The cgroup hierarchy has been reworked in many ways. All
3406 objects any of the components systemd creates in the cgroup
3407 tree are now suffixed. More specifically, user sessions are
3408 now placed in cgroups suffixed with ".session", users in
3409 cgroups suffixed with ".user", and nspawn containers in
3410 cgroups suffixed with ".nspawn". Furthermore, all cgroup
3411 names are now escaped in a simple scheme to avoid collision
3412 of userspace object names with kernel filenames. This work
3413 is preparation for making these objects relocatable in the
3414 cgroup tree, in order to allow easy resource partitioning of
3415 these objects without causing naming conflicts.
3417 * systemctl list-dependencies gained the new switches
3418 --plain, --reverse, --after and --before.
3420 * systemd-inhibit now shows the process name of processes that
3421 have taken an inhibitor lock.
3423 * nss-myhostname will now also resolve "localhost"
3424 implicitly. This makes /etc/hosts an optional file and
3425 nicely handles that on IPv6 ::1 maps to both "localhost" and
3428 * libsystemd-logind.so gained a new call
3429 sd_get_machine_names() to enumerate running containers and
3430 VMs (currently only supported by very new libvirt and
3431 nspawn). sd_login_monitor can now be used to watch
3432 VMs/containers coming and going.
3434 * .include is not allowed recursively anymore, and only in
3435 unit files. Usually it is better to use drop-in snippets in
3436 .d/*.conf anyway, as introduced with systemd 198.
3438 * systemd-analyze gained a new "critical-chain" command that
3439 determines the slowest chain of units run during system
3440 boot-up. It is very useful for tracking down where
3441 optimizing boot time is the most beneficial.
3443 * systemd will no longer allow manipulating service paths in
3444 the name=systemd:/system cgroup tree using ControlGroup= in
3445 units. (But is still fine with it in all other dirs.)
3447 * There's a new systemd-nspawn@.service service file that may
3448 be used to easily run nspawn containers as system
3449 services. With the container's root directory in
3450 /var/lib/container/foobar it is now sufficient to run
3451 "systemctl start systemd-nspawn@foobar.service" to boot it.
3453 * systemd-cgls gained a new parameter "--machine" to list only
3454 the processes within a certain container.
3456 * ConditionSecurity= now can check for "apparmor". We still
3457 are lacking checks for SMACK and IMA for this condition
3458 check though. Patches welcome!
3460 * A new configuration file /etc/systemd/sleep.conf has been
3461 added that may be used to configure which kernel operation
3462 systemd is supposed to execute when "suspend", "hibernate"
3463 or "hybrid-sleep" is requested. This makes the new kernel
3464 "freeze" state accessible to the user.
3466 * ENV{SYSTEMD_WANTS} in udev rules will now implicitly escape
3467 the passed argument if applicable.
3469 Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters,
3470 Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner,
3471 Evangelos Foutras, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Harald Hoyer, Josh
3472 Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn,
3473 MUNEDA Takahiro, Mantas Mikulėnas, Mirco Tischler, Nathaniel
3474 Chen, Nirbheek Chauhan, Ronny Chevalier, Ross Lagerwall, Tom
3475 Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Ville Skyttä, Zbigniew
3480 * The output of 'systemctl list-jobs' got some polishing. The
3481 '--type=' argument may now be passed more than once. A new
3482 command 'systemctl list-sockets' has been added which shows
3483 a list of kernel sockets systemd is listening on with the
3484 socket units they belong to, plus the units these socket
3487 * The experimental libsystemd-bus library got substantial
3488 updates to work in conjunction with the (also experimental)
3489 kdbus kernel project. It works well enough to exchange
3490 messages with some sophistication. Note that kdbus is not
3491 ready yet, and the library is mostly an elaborate test case
3492 for now, and not installable.
3494 * systemd gained a new unit 'systemd-static-nodes.service'
3495 that generates static device nodes earlier during boot, and
3496 can run in conjunction with udev.
3498 * libsystemd-login gained a new call sd_pid_get_user_unit()
3499 to retrieve the user systemd unit a process is running
3500 in. This is useful for systems where systemd is used as
3503 * systemd-nspawn now places all containers in the new /machine
3504 top-level cgroup directory in the name=systemd
3505 hierarchy. libvirt will soon do the same, so that we get a
3506 uniform separation of /system, /user and /machine for system
3507 services, user processes and containers/virtual
3508 machines. This new cgroup hierarchy is also useful to stick
3509 stable names to specific container instances, which can be
3510 recognized later this way (this name may be controlled
3511 via systemd-nspawn's new -M switch). libsystemd-login also
3512 gained a new call sd_pid_get_machine_name() to retrieve the
3513 name of the container/VM a specific process belongs to.
3515 * bootchart can now store its data in the journal.
3517 * libsystemd-journal gained a new call
3518 sd_journal_add_conjunction() for AND expressions to the
3519 matching logic. This can be used to express more complex
3520 logical expressions.
3522 * journactl can now take multiple --unit= and --user-unit=
3525 * The cryptsetup logic now understands the "luks.key=" kernel
3526 command line switch for specifying a file to read the
3527 decryption key from. Also, if a configured key file is not
3528 found the tool will now automatically fall back to prompting
3531 * Python systemd.journal module was updated to wrap recently
3532 added functions from libsystemd-journal. The interface was
3533 changed to bring the low level interface in s.j._Reader
3534 closer to the C API, and the high level interface in
3535 s.j.Reader was updated to wrap and convert all data about
3538 Contributions from: Anatol Pomozov, Auke Kok, Harald Hoyer,
3539 Henrik Grindal Bakken, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart
3540 Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas Marius Vollmer,
3541 Martin Jansa, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt,
3542 Mirco Tischler, Pali Rohar, Simon Peeters, Steven Hiscocks,
3543 Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
3547 * journalctl --update-catalog now understands a new --root=
3548 option to operate on catalogs found in a different root
3551 * During shutdown after systemd has terminated all running
3552 services a final killing loop kills all remaining left-over
3553 processes. We will now print the name of these processes
3554 when we send SIGKILL to them, since this usually indicates a
3557 * If /etc/crypttab refers to password files stored on
3558 configured mount points automatic dependencies will now be
3559 generated to ensure the specific mount is established first
3560 before the key file is attempted to be read.
3562 * 'systemctl status' will now show information about the
3563 network sockets a socket unit is listening on.
3565 * 'systemctl status' will also shown information about any
3566 drop-in configuration file for units. (Drop-In configuration
3567 files in this context are files such as
3568 /etc/systemd/systemd/foobar.service.d/*.conf)
3570 * systemd-cgtop now optionally shows summed up CPU times of
3571 cgroups. Press '%' while running cgtop to switch between
3572 percentage and absolute mode. This is useful to determine
3573 which cgroups use up the most CPU time over the entire
3574 runtime of the system. systemd-cgtop has also been updated
3575 to be 'pipeable' for processing with further shell tools.
3577 * 'hostnamectl set-hostname' will now allow setting of FQDN
3580 * The formatting and parsing of time span values has been
3581 changed. The parser now understands fractional expressions
3582 such as "5.5h". The formatter will now output fractional
3583 expressions for all time spans under 1min, i.e. "5.123456s"
3584 rather than "5s 123ms 456us". For time spans under 1s
3585 millisecond values are shown, for those under 1ms
3586 microsecond values are shown. This should greatly improve
3587 all time-related output of systemd.
3589 * libsystemd-login and libsystemd-journal gained new
3590 functions for querying the poll() events mask and poll()
3591 timeout value for integration into arbitrary event
3594 * localectl gained the ability to list available X11 keymaps
3595 (models, layouts, variants, options).
3597 * 'systemd-analyze dot' gained the ability to filter for
3598 specific units via shell-style globs, to create smaller,
3599 more useful graphs. I.e. it is now possible to create simple
3600 graphs of all the dependencies between only target units, or
3601 of all units that Avahi has dependencies with.
3603 Contributions from: Cristian Rodríguez, Dr. Tilmann Bubeck,
3604 Harald Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers, Kelly
3605 Anderson, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Maksim Melnikau,
3606 Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marius Vollmer, Martin Pitt, Michal
3607 Schmidt, Oleksii Shevchuk, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie,
3608 Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Weißschuh, Umut Tezduyar, Václav
3609 Pavlín, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Łukasz Stelmach
3613 * The boot-time readahead implementation for rotating media
3614 will now read the read-ahead data in multiple passes which
3615 consist of all read requests made in equidistant time
3616 intervals. This means instead of strictly reading read-ahead
3617 data in its physical order on disk we now try to find a
3618 middle ground between physical and access time order.
3620 * /etc/os-release files gained a new BUILD_ID= field for usage
3621 on operating systems that provide continuous builds of OS
3624 Contributions from: Auke Kok, Eelco Dolstra, Kay Sievers,
3625 Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Martin Pitt, Václav Pavlín
3626 William Douglas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
3630 * systemd-python gained an API exposing libsystemd-daemon.
3632 * The SMACK setup logic gained support for uploading CIPSO
3635 * Behaviour of PrivateTmp=, ReadWriteDirectories=,
3636 ReadOnlyDirectories= and InaccessibleDirectories= has
3637 changed. The private /tmp and /var/tmp directories are now
3638 shared by all processes of a service (which means
3639 ExecStartPre= may now leave data in /tmp that ExecStart= of
3640 the same service can still access). When a service is
3641 stopped its temporary directories are immediately deleted
3642 (normal clean-up with tmpfiles is still done in addition to
3645 * By default, systemd will now set a couple of sysctl
3646 variables in the kernel: the safe sysrq options are turned
3647 on, IP route verification is turned on, and source routing
3648 disabled. The recently added hardlink and softlink
3649 protection of the kernel is turned on. These settings should
3650 be reasonably safe, and good defaults for all new systems.
3652 * The predictable network naming logic may now be turned off
3653 with a new kernel command line switch: net.ifnames=0.
3655 * A new libsystemd-bus module has been added that implements a
3656 pretty complete D-Bus client library. For details see:
3658 http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2013-March/009797.html
3660 * journald will now explicitly flush the journal files to disk
3661 at the latest 5min after each write. The file will then also
3662 be marked offline until the next write. This should increase
3663 reliability in case of a crash. The synchronization delay
3664 can be configured via SyncIntervalSec= in journald.conf.
3666 * There's a new remote-fs-setup.target unit that can be used
3667 to pull in specific services when at least one remote file
3668 system is to be mounted.
3670 * There are new targets timers.target and paths.target as
3671 canonical targets to pull user timer and path units in
3672 from. This complements sockets.target with a similar
3673 purpose for socket units.
3675 * libudev gained a new call udev_device_set_attribute_value()
3676 to set sysfs attributes of a device.
3678 * The udev daemon now sets the default number of worker
3679 processes executed in parallel based on the number of available
3680 CPUs instead of the amount of available RAM. This is supposed
3681 to provide a more reliable default and limit a too aggressive
3682 paralellism for setups with 1000s of devices connected.
3684 Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Walters, Cristian
3685 Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Dave Reisner, Frederic Crozat, Hannes
3686 Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Jan Alexander Steffens, Jan
3687 Engelhardt, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
3688 Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Mathieu Bridon, Michael Biebl,
3689 Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nathaniel Chen,
3690 Oleksii Shevchuk, Ozan Çağlayan, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
3691 Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar,
3692 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
3696 * Configuration of unit files may now be extended via drop-in
3697 files without having to edit/override the unit files
3698 themselves. More specifically, if the administrator wants to
3699 change one value for a service file foobar.service he can
3700 now do so by dropping in a configuration snippet into
3701 /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/*.conf. The unit logic
3702 will load all these snippets and apply them on top of the
3703 main unit configuration file, possibly extending or
3704 overriding its settings. Using these drop-in snippets is
3705 generally nicer than the two earlier options for changing
3706 unit files locally: copying the files from
3707 /usr/lib/systemd/system/ to /etc/systemd/system/ and editing
3708 them there; or creating a new file in /etc/systemd/system/
3709 that incorporates the original one via ".include". Drop-in
3710 snippets into these .d/ directories can be placed in any
3711 directory systemd looks for units in, and the usual
3712 overriding semantics between /usr/lib, /etc and /run apply
3715 * Most unit file settings which take lists of items can now be
3716 reset by assigning the empty string to them. For example,
3717 normally, settings such as Environment=FOO=BAR append a new
3718 environment variable assignment to the environment block,
3719 each time they are used. By assigning Environment= the empty
3720 string the environment block can be reset to empty. This is
3721 particularly useful with the .d/*.conf drop-in snippets
3722 mentioned above, since this adds the ability to reset list
3723 settings from vendor unit files via these drop-ins.
3725 * systemctl gained a new "list-dependencies" command for
3726 listing the dependencies of a unit recursively.
3728 * Inhibitors are now honored and listed by "systemctl
3729 suspend", "systemctl poweroff" (and similar) too, not only
3730 GNOME. These commands will also list active sessions by
3733 * Resource limits (as exposed by the various control group
3734 controllers) can now be controlled dynamically at runtime
3735 for all units. More specifically, you can now use a command
3736 like "systemctl set-cgroup-attr foobar.service cpu.shares
3737 2000" to alter the CPU shares a specific service gets. These
3738 settings are stored persistently on disk, and thus allow the
3739 administrator to easily adjust the resource usage of
3740 services with a few simple commands. This dynamic resource
3741 management logic is also available to other programs via the
3742 bus. Almost any kernel cgroup attribute and controller is
3745 * systemd-vconsole-setup will now copy all font settings to
3746 all allocated VTs, where it previously applied them only to
3749 * libsystemd-login gained the new sd_session_get_tty() API
3752 * This release drops support for a few legacy or
3753 distribution-specific LSB facility names when parsing init
3754 scripts: $x-display-manager, $mail-transfer-agent,
3755 $mail-transport-agent, $mail-transfer-agent, $smtp,
3756 $null. Also, the mail-transfer-agent.target unit backing
3757 this has been removed. Distributions which want to retain
3758 compatibility with this should carry the burden for
3759 supporting this themselves and patch support for these back
3760 in, if they really need to. Also, the facilities $syslog and
3761 $local_fs are now ignored, since systemd does not support
3762 early-boot LSB init scripts anymore, and these facilities
3763 are implied anyway for normal services. syslog.target has
3766 * There are new bus calls on PID1's Manager object for
3767 cancelling jobs, and removing snapshot units. Previously,
3768 both calls were only available on the Job and Snapshot
3771 * systemd-journal-gatewayd gained SSL support.
3773 * The various "environment" files, such as /etc/locale.conf
3774 now support continuation lines with a backslash ("\") as
3775 last character in the line, similarly in style (but different)
3776 to how this is supported in shells.
3778 * For normal user processes the _SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT= field is
3779 now implicitly appended to every log entry logged. systemctl
3780 has been updated to filter by this field when operating on a
3781 user systemd instance.
3783 * nspawn will now implicitly add the CAP_AUDIT_WRITE and
3784 CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL capabilities to the capabilities set for
3785 the container. This makes it easier to boot unmodified
3786 Fedora systems in a container, which however still requires
3787 audit=0 to be passed on the kernel command line. Auditing in
3788 kernel and userspace is unfortunately still too broken in
3789 context of containers, hence we recommend compiling it out
3790 of the kernel or using audit=0. Hopefully this will be fixed
3791 one day for good in the kernel.
3793 * nspawn gained the new --bind= and --bind-ro= parameters to
3794 bind mount specific directories from the host into the
3797 * nspawn will now mount its own devpts file system instance
3798 into the container, in order not to leak pty devices from
3799 the host into the container.
3801 * systemd will now read the firmware boot time performance
3802 information from the EFI variables, if the used boot loader
3803 supports this, and takes it into account for boot performance
3804 analysis via "systemd-analyze". This is currently supported
3805 only in conjunction with Gummiboot, but could be supported
3806 by other boot loaders too. For details see:
3808 http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/BootLoaderInterface
3810 * A new generator has been added that automatically mounts the
3811 EFI System Partition (ESP) to /boot, if that directory
3812 exists, is empty, and no other file system has been
3813 configured to be mounted there.
3815 * logind will now send out PrepareForSleep(false) out
3816 unconditionally, after coming back from suspend. This may be
3817 used by applications as asynchronous notification for
3818 system resume events.
3820 * "systemctl unlock-sessions" has been added, that allows
3821 unlocking the screens of all user sessions at once, similar
3822 to how "systemctl lock-sessions" already locked all users
3823 sessions. This is backed by a new D-Bus call UnlockSessions().
3825 * "loginctl seat-status" will now show the master device of a
3826 seat. (i.e. the device of a seat that needs to be around for
3827 the seat to be considered available, usually the graphics
3830 * tmpfiles gained a new "X" line type, that allows
3831 configuration of files and directories (with wildcards) that
3832 shall be excluded from automatic cleanup ("aging").
3834 * udev default rules set the device node permissions now only
3835 at "add" events, and do not change them any longer with a
3836 later "change" event.
3838 * The log messages for lid events and power/sleep keypresses
3839 now carry a message ID.
3841 * We now have a substantially larger unit test suite, but this
3842 continues to be work in progress.
3844 * udevadm hwdb gained a new --root= parameter to change the
3845 root directory to operate relative to.
3847 * logind will now issue a background sync() request to the kernel
3848 early at shutdown, so that dirty buffers are flushed to disk early
3849 instead of at the last moment, in order to optimize shutdown
3852 * A new bootctl tool has been added that is an interface for
3853 certain boot loader operations. This is currently a preview
3854 and is likely to be extended into a small mechanism daemon
3855 like timedated, localed, hostnamed, and can be used by
3856 graphical UIs to enumerate available boot options, and
3857 request boot into firmware operations.
3859 * systemd-bootchart has been relicensed to LGPLv2.1+ to match
3860 the rest of the package. It also has been updated to work
3861 correctly in initrds.
3863 * Policykit previously has been runtime optional, and is now
3864 also compile time optional via a configure switch.
3866 * systemd-analyze has been reimplemented in C. Also "systemctl
3867 dot" has moved into systemd-analyze.
3869 * "systemctl status" with no further parameters will now print
3870 the status of all active or failed units.
3872 * Operations such as "systemctl start" can now be executed
3873 with a new mode "--irreversible" which may be used to queue
3874 operations that cannot accidentally be reversed by a later
3875 job queuing. This is by default used to make shutdown
3876 requests more robust.
3878 * The Python API of systemd now gained a new module for
3879 reading journal files.
3881 * A new tool kernel-install has been added that can install
3882 kernel images according to the Boot Loader Specification:
3884 http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/BootLoaderSpec
3886 * Boot time console output has been improved to provide
3887 animated boot time output for hanging jobs.
3889 * A new tool systemd-activate has been added which can be used
3890 to test socket activation with, directly from the command
3891 line. This should make it much easier to test and debug
3892 socket activation in daemons.
3894 * journalctl gained a new "--reverse" (or -r) option to show
3895 journal output in reverse order (i.e. newest line first).
3897 * journalctl gained a new "--pager-end" (or -e) option to jump
3898 to immediately jump to the end of the journal in the
3899 pager. This is only supported in conjunction with "less".
3901 * journalctl gained a new "--user-unit=" option, that works
3902 similarly to "--unit=" but filters for user units rather than
3905 * A number of unit files to ease adoption of systemd in
3906 initrds has been added. This moves some minimal logic from
3907 the various initrd implementations into systemd proper.
3909 * The journal files are now owned by a new group
3910 "systemd-journal", which exists specifically to allow access
3911 to the journal, and nothing else. Previously, we used the
3912 "adm" group for that, which however possibly covers more
3913 than just journal/log file access. This new group is now
3914 already used by systemd-journal-gatewayd to ensure this
3915 daemon gets access to the journal files and as little else
3916 as possible. Note that "make install" will also set FS ACLs
3917 up for /var/log/journal to give "adm" and "wheel" read
3918 access to it, in addition to "systemd-journal" which owns
3919 the journal files. We recommend that packaging scripts also
3920 add read access to "adm" + "wheel" to /var/log/journal, and
3921 all existing/future journal files. To normal users and
3922 administrators little changes, however packagers need to
3923 ensure to create the "systemd-journal" system group at
3924 package installation time.
3926 * The systemd-journal-gatewayd now runs as unprivileged user
3927 systemd-journal-gateway:systemd-journal-gateway. Packaging
3928 scripts need to create these system user/group at
3931 * timedated now exposes a new boolean property CanNTP that
3932 indicates whether a local NTP service is available or not.
3934 * systemd-detect-virt will now also detect xen PVs
3936 * The pstore file system is now mounted by default, if it is
3939 * In addition to the SELinux and IMA policies we will now also
3940 load SMACK policies at early boot.
3942 Contributions from: Adel Gadllah, Aleksander Morgado, Auke
3943 Kok, Ayan George, Bastien Nocera, Colin Walters, Daniel Buch,
3944 Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Strauss,
3945 Eelco Dolstra, Enrico Scholz, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer,
3946 Jan Janssen, Jonathan Callen, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
3947 Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin
3948 Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Max F. Albrecht, Michael Biebl, Michael
3949 Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michal Vyskocil,
3950 Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Mirco Tischler, Nathaniel Chen, Nestor
3951 Ovroy, Oleksii Shevchuk, Paul W. Frields, Piotr Drąg, Rob
3952 Clark, Ryan Lortie, Simon McVittie, Simon Peeters, Steven
3953 Hiscocks, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom
3954 Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, William Giokas, Zbigniew
3955 Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak)
3959 * Timer units now support calendar time events in addition to
3960 monotonic time events. That means you can now trigger a unit
3961 based on a calendar time specification such as "Thu,Fri
3962 2013-*-1,5 11:12:13" which refers to 11:12:13 of the first
3963 or fifth day of any month of the year 2013, given that it is
3964 a thursday or friday. This brings timer event support
3965 considerably closer to cron's capabilities. For details on
3966 the supported calendar time specification language see
3969 * udev now supports a number of different naming policies for
3970 network interfaces for predictable names, and a combination
3971 of these policies is now the default. Please see this wiki
3972 document for details:
3974 http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames
3976 * Auke Kok's bootchart implementation has been added to the
3977 systemd tree. It is an optional component that can graph the
3978 boot in quite some detail. It is one of the best bootchart
3979 implementations around and minimal in its code and
3982 * nss-myhostname has been integrated into the systemd source
3983 tree. nss-myhostname guarantees that the local hostname
3984 always stays resolvable via NSS. It has been a weak
3985 requirement of systemd-hostnamed since a long time, and
3986 since its code is actually trivial we decided to just
3987 include it in systemd's source tree. It can be turned off
3988 with a configure switch.
3990 * The read-ahead logic is now capable of properly detecting
3991 whether a btrfs file system is on SSD or rotating media, in
3992 order to optimize the read-ahead scheme. Previously, it was
3993 only capable of detecting this on traditional file systems
3996 * In udev, additional device properties are now read from the
3997 IAB in addition to the OUI database. Also, Bluetooth company
3998 identities are attached to the devices as well.
4000 * In service files %U may be used as specifier that is
4001 replaced by the configured user name of the service.
4003 * nspawn may now be invoked without a controlling TTY. This
4004 makes it suitable for invocation as its own service. This
4005 may be used to set up a simple containerized server system
4006 using only core OS tools.
4008 * systemd and nspawn can now accept socket file descriptors
4009 when they are started for socket activation. This enables
4010 implementation of socket activated nspawn
4011 containers. i.e. think about autospawning an entire OS image
4012 when the first SSH or HTTP connection is received. We expect
4013 that similar functionality will also be added to libvirt-lxc
4016 * journalctl will now suppress ANSI color codes when
4017 presenting log data.
4019 * systemctl will no longer show control group information for
4020 a unit if a the control group is empty anyway.
4022 * logind can now automatically suspend/hibernate/shutdown the
4025 * /etc/machine-info and hostnamed now also expose the chassis
4026 type of the system. This can be used to determine whether
4027 the local system is a laptop, desktop, handset or
4028 tablet. This information may either be configured by the
4029 user/vendor or is automatically determined from ACPI and DMI
4030 information if possible.
4032 * A number of PolicyKit actions are now bound together with
4033 "imply" rules. This should simplify creating UIs because
4034 many actions will now authenticate similar ones as well.
4036 * Unit files learnt a new condition ConditionACPower= which
4037 may be used to conditionalize a unit depending on whether an
4038 AC power source is connected or not, of whether the system
4039 is running on battery power.
4041 * systemctl gained a new "is-failed" verb that may be used in
4042 shell scripts and suchlike to check whether a specific unit
4043 is in the "failed" state.
4045 * The EnvironmentFile= setting in unit files now supports file
4046 globbing, and can hence be used to easily read a number of
4047 environment files at once.
4049 * systemd will no longer detect and recognize specific
4050 distributions. All distribution-specific #ifdeffery has been
4051 removed, systemd is now fully generic and
4052 distribution-agnostic. Effectively, not too much is lost as
4053 a lot of the code is still accessible via explicit configure
4054 switches. However, support for some distribution specific
4055 legacy configuration file formats has been dropped. We
4056 recommend distributions to simply adopt the configuration
4057 files everybody else uses now and convert the old
4058 configuration from packaging scripts. Most distributions
4059 already did that. If that's not possible or desirable,
4060 distributions are welcome to forward port the specific
4061 pieces of code locally from the git history.
4063 * When logging a message about a unit systemd will now always
4064 log the unit name in the message meta data.
4066 * localectl will now also discover system locale data that is
4067 not stored in locale archives, but directly unpacked.
4069 * logind will no longer unconditionally use framebuffer
4070 devices as seat masters, i.e. as devices that are required
4071 to be existing before a seat is considered preset. Instead,
4072 it will now look for all devices that are tagged as
4073 "seat-master" in udev. By default framebuffer devices will
4074 be marked as such, but depending on local systems other
4075 devices might be marked as well. This may be used to
4076 integrate graphics cards using closed source drivers (such
4077 as NVidia ones) more nicely into logind. Note however, that
4078 we recommend using the open source NVidia drivers instead,
4079 and no udev rules for the closed-source drivers will be
4080 shipped from us upstream.
4082 Contributions from: Adam Williamson, Alessandro Crismani, Auke
4083 Kok, Colin Walters, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David
4084 Herrmann, David Strauss, Dimitrios Apostolou, Eelco Dolstra,
4085 Eric Benoit, Giovanni Campagna, Hannes Reinecke, Henrik
4086 Grindal Bakken, Hermann Gausterer, Kay Sievers, Lennart
4087 Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann,
4088 Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael Biebl, Michael Terry,
4089 Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Oleg
4090 Samarin, Pekka Lundstrom, Philip Nilsson, Ramkumar
4091 Ramachandra, Richard Yao, Robert Millan, Sami Kerola, Shawn
4092 Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Thomas Jarosch,
4093 Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew
4098 * udev gained support for loading additional device properties
4099 from an indexed database that is keyed by vendor/product IDs
4100 and similar device identifiers. For the beginning this
4101 "hwdb" is populated with data from the well-known PCI and
4102 USB database, but also includes PNP, ACPI and OID data. In
4103 the longer run this indexed database shall grow into
4104 becoming the one central database for non-essential
4105 userspace device metadata. Previously, data from the PCI/USB
4106 database was only attached to select devices, since the
4107 lookup was a relatively expensive operation due to O(n) time
4108 complexity (with n being the number of entries in the
4109 database). Since this is now O(1), we decided to add in this
4110 data for all devices where this is available, by
4111 default. Note that the indexed database needs to be rebuilt
4112 when new data files are installed. To achieve this you need
4113 to update your packaging scripts to invoke "udevadm hwdb
4114 --update" after installation of hwdb data files. For
4115 RPM-based distributions we introduced the new
4116 %udev_hwdb_update macro for this purpose.
4118 * The Journal gained support for the "Message Catalog", an
4119 indexed database to link up additional information with
4120 journal entries. For further details please check:
4122 http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog
4124 The indexed message catalog database also needs to be
4125 rebuilt after installation of message catalog files. Use
4126 "journalctl --update-catalog" for this. For RPM-based
4127 distributions we introduced the %journal_catalog_update
4128 macro for this purpose.
4130 * The Python Journal bindings gained support for the standard
4131 Python logging framework.
4133 * The Journal API gained new functions for checking whether
4134 the underlying file system of a journal file is capable of
4135 properly reporting file change notifications, or whether
4136 applications that want to reflect journal changes "live"
4137 need to recheck journal files continuously in appropriate
4140 * It is now possible to set the "age" field for tmpfiles
4141 entries to 0, indicating that files matching this entry
4142 shall always be removed when the directories are cleaned up.
4144 * coredumpctl gained a new "gdb" verb which invokes gdb
4145 right-away on the selected coredump.
4147 * There's now support for "hybrid sleep" on kernels that
4148 support this, in addition to "suspend" and "hibernate". Use
4149 "systemctl hybrid-sleep" to make use of this.
4151 * logind's HandleSuspendKey= setting (and related settings)
4152 now gained support for a new "lock" setting to simply
4153 request the screen lock on all local sessions, instead of
4154 actually executing a suspend or hibernation.
4156 * systemd will now mount the EFI variables file system by
4159 * Socket units now gained support for configuration of the
4160 SMACK security label.
4162 * timedatectl will now output the time of the last and next
4163 daylight saving change.
4165 * We dropped support for various legacy and distro-specific
4166 concepts, such as insserv, early-boot SysV services
4167 (i.e. those for non-standard runlevels such as 'b' or 'S')
4168 or ArchLinux /etc/rc.conf support. We recommend the
4169 distributions who still need support this to either continue
4170 to maintain the necessary patches downstream, or find a
4171 different solution. (Talk to us if you have questions!)
4173 * Various systemd components will now bypass PolicyKit checks
4174 for root and otherwise handle properly if PolicyKit is not
4175 found to be around. This should fix most issues for
4176 PolicyKit-less systems. Quite frankly this should have been
4177 this way since day one. It is absolutely our intention to
4178 make systemd work fine on PolicyKit-less systems, and we
4179 consider it a bug if something does not work as it should if
4180 PolicyKit is not around.
4182 * For embedded systems it is now possible to build udev and
4183 systemd without blkid and/or kmod support.
4185 * "systemctl switch-root" is now capable of switching root
4186 more than once. I.e. in addition to transitions from the
4187 initrd to the host OS it is now possible to transition to
4188 further OS images from the host. This is useful to implement
4189 offline updating tools.
4191 * Various other additions have been made to the RPM macros
4192 shipped with systemd. Use %udev_rules_update() after
4193 installing new udev rules files. %_udevhwdbdir,
4194 %_udevrulesdir, %_journalcatalogdir, %_tmpfilesdir,
4195 %_sysctldir are now available which resolve to the right
4196 directories for packages to place various data files in.
4198 * journalctl gained the new --full switch (in addition to
4199 --all, to disable ellipsation for long messages.
4201 Contributions from: Anders Olofsson, Auke Kok, Ben Boeckel,
4202 Colin Walters, Cosimo Cecchi, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner,
4203 Eelco Dolstra, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers,
4204 Chun-Yi Lee, Lekensteyn, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas,
4205 Marti Raudsepp, Martin Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Michael Biebl,
4206 Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nis Martensen,
4207 Oleksii Shevchuk, Olivier Brunel, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Thomas
4208 Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tony
4209 Camuso, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
4213 * journalctl gained new --since= and --until= switches to
4214 filter by time. It also now supports nice filtering for
4215 units via --unit=/-u.
4217 * Type=oneshot services may use ExecReload= and do the
4220 * The journal daemon now supports time-based rotation and
4221 vacuuming, in addition to the usual disk-space based
4224 * The journal will now index the available field values for
4225 each field name. This enables clients to show pretty drop
4226 downs of available match values when filtering. The bash
4227 completion of journalctl has been updated
4228 accordingly. journalctl gained a new switch -F to list all
4229 values a certain field takes in the journal database.
4231 * More service events are now written as structured messages
4232 to the journal, and made recognizable via message IDs.
4234 * The timedated, localed and hostnamed mini-services which
4235 previously only provided support for changing time, locale
4236 and hostname settings from graphical DEs such as GNOME now
4237 also have a minimal (but very useful) text-based client
4238 utility each. This is probably the nicest way to changing
4239 these settings from the command line now, especially since
4240 it lists available options and is fully integrated with bash
4243 * There's now a new tool "systemd-coredumpctl" to list and
4244 extract coredumps from the journal.
4246 * We now install a README each in /var/log/ and
4247 /etc/rc.d/init.d explaining where the system logs and init
4248 scripts went. This hopefully should help folks who go to
4249 that dirs and look into the otherwise now empty void and
4250 scratch their heads.
4252 * When user-services are invoked (by systemd --user) the
4253 $MANAGERPID env var is set to the PID of systemd.
4255 * SIGRTMIN+24 when sent to a --user instance will now result
4256 in immediate termination of systemd.
4258 * gatewayd received numerous feature additions such as a
4259 "follow" mode, for live syncing and filtering.
4261 * browse.html now allows filtering and showing detailed
4262 information on specific entries. Keyboard navigation and
4263 mouse screen support has been added.
4265 * gatewayd/journalctl now supports HTML5/JSON
4266 Server-Sent-Events as output.
4268 * The SysV init script compatibility logic will now
4269 heuristically determine whether a script supports the
4270 "reload" verb, and only then make this available as
4273 * "systemctl status --follow" has been removed, use "journalctl
4276 * journald.conf's RuntimeMinSize=, PersistentMinSize= settings
4277 have been removed since they are hardly useful to be
4280 * And I'd like to take the opportunity to specifically mention
4281 Zbigniew for his great contributions. Zbigniew, you rock!
4283 Contributions from: Andrew Eikum, Christian Hesse, Colin
4284 Guthrie, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Ferenc
4285 Wágner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas
4286 Mikulėnas, Martin Mikkelsen, Martin Pitt, Michael Olbrich,
4287 Michael Stapelberg, Michal Schmidt, Sebastian Ott, Thomas
4288 Bächler, Umut Tezduyar, Will Woods, Wulf C. Krueger, Zbigniew
4289 Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Сковорода Никита Андреевич
4293 * If /etc/vconsole.conf is non-existent or empty we will no
4294 longer load any console font or key map at boot by
4295 default. Instead the kernel defaults will be left
4296 intact. This is definitely the right thing to do, as no
4297 configuration should mean no configuration, and hard-coding
4298 font names that are different on all archs is probably a bad
4299 idea. Also, the kernel default key map and font should be
4300 good enough for most cases anyway, and mostly identical to
4301 the userspace fonts/key maps we previously overloaded them
4302 with. If distributions want to continue to default to a
4303 non-kernel font or key map they should ship a default
4304 /etc/vconsole.conf with the appropriate contents.
4306 Contributions from: Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave
4307 Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Tollef
4308 Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
4312 * journalctl gained a new --cursor= switch to show entries
4313 starting from the specified location in the journal.
4315 * We now enforce a size limit on journal entry fields exported
4316 with "-o json" in journalctl. Fields larger than 4K will be
4317 assigned null. This can be turned off with --all.
4319 * An (optional) journal gateway daemon is now available as
4320 "systemd-journal-gatewayd.service". This service provides
4321 access to the journal via HTTP and JSON. This functionality
4322 will be used to implement live log synchronization in both
4323 pull and push modes, but has various other users too, such
4324 as easy log access for debugging of embedded devices. Right
4325 now it is already useful to retrieve the journal via HTTP:
4327 # systemctl start systemd-journal-gatewayd.service
4328 # wget http://localhost:19531/entries
4330 This will download the journal contents in a
4331 /var/log/messages compatible format. The same as JSON:
4333 # curl -H"Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries
4335 This service is also accessible via a web browser where a
4336 single static HTML5 app is served that uses the JSON logic
4337 to enable the user to do some basic browsing of the
4338 journal. This will be extended later on. Here's an example
4339 screenshot of this app in its current state:
4341 http://0pointer.de/public/journal-gatewayd
4343 Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Robert
4344 Milasan, Tom Gundersen
4348 * The bash completion logic is now available for journalctl
4351 * We do not mount the "cpuset" controller anymore together with
4352 "cpu" and "cpuacct", as "cpuset" groups generally cannot be
4353 started if no parameters are assigned to it. "cpuset" hence
4354 broke code that assumed it it could create "cpu" groups and
4357 * journalctl -f will now subscribe to terminal size changes,
4358 and line break accordingly.
4360 Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart
4361 Poettering, Lukas Nykrynm, Mirco Tischler, Václav Pavlín
4365 * nspawn will now create a symlink /etc/localtime in the
4366 container environment, copying the host's timezone
4367 setting. Previously this has been done via a bind mount, but
4368 since symlinks cannot be bind mounted this has now been
4369 changed to create/update the appropriate symlink.
4371 * journalctl -n's line number argument is now optional, and
4372 will default to 10 if omitted.
4374 * journald will now log the maximum size the journal files may
4375 take up on disk. This is particularly useful if the default
4376 built-in logic of determining this parameter from the file
4377 system size is used. Use "systemctl status
4378 systemd-journald.service" to see this information.
4380 * The multi-seat X wrapper tool has been stripped down. As X
4381 is now capable of enumerating graphics devices via udev in a
4382 seat-aware way the wrapper is not strictly necessary
4383 anymore. A stripped down temporary stop-gap is still shipped
4384 until the upstream display managers have been updated to
4385 fully support the new X logic. Expect this wrapper to be
4386 removed entirely in one of the next releases.
4388 * HandleSleepKey= in logind.conf has been split up into
4389 HandleSuspendKey= and HandleHibernateKey=. The old setting
4390 is not available anymore. X11 and the kernel are
4391 distinguishing between these keys and we should too. This
4392 also means the inhibition lock for these keys has been split
4395 Contributions from: Dave Airlie, Eelco Dolstra, Lennart
4396 Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Václav Pavlín
4400 * Whenever a unit changes state we will now log this to the
4401 journal and show along the unit's own log output in
4404 * ConditionPathIsMountPoint= can now properly detect bind
4405 mount points too. (Previously, a bind mount of one file
4406 system to another place in the same file system could not be
4407 detected as mount, since they shared struct stat's st_dev
4410 * We will now mount the cgroup controllers cpu, cpuacct,
4411 cpuset and the controllers net_cls, net_prio together by
4414 * nspawn containers will now have a virtualized boot
4415 ID. (i.e. /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id is now mounted
4416 over with a randomized ID at container initialization). This
4417 has the effect of making "journalctl -b" do the right thing
4420 * The JSON output journal serialization has been updated not
4421 to generate "endless" list objects anymore, but rather one
4422 JSON object per line. This is more in line how most JSON
4423 parsers expect JSON objects. The new output mode
4424 "json-pretty" has been added to provide similar output, but
4425 neatly aligned for readability by humans.
4427 * We dropped all explicit sync() invocations in the shutdown
4428 code. The kernel does this implicitly anyway in the kernel
4429 reboot() syscall. halt(8)'s -n option is now a compatibility
4432 * We now support virtualized reboot() in containers, as
4433 supported by newer kernels. We will fall back to exit() if
4434 CAP_SYS_REBOOT is not available to the container. Also,
4435 nspawn makes use of this now and will actually reboot the
4436 container if the containerized OS asks for that.
4438 * journalctl will only show local log output by default
4439 now. Use --merge (-m) to show remote log output, too.
4441 * libsystemd-journal gained the new sd_journal_get_usage()
4442 call to determine the current disk usage of all journal
4443 files. This is exposed in the new "journalctl --disk-usage"
4446 * journald gained a new configuration setting SplitMode= in
4447 journald.conf which may be used to control how user journals
4448 are split off. See journald.conf(5) for details.
4450 * A new condition type ConditionFileNotEmpty= has been added.
4452 * tmpfiles' "w" lines now support file globbing, to write
4453 multiple files at once.
4455 * We added Python bindings for the journal submission
4456 APIs. More Python APIs for a number of selected APIs will
4457 likely follow. Note that we intend to add native bindings
4458 only for the Python language, as we consider it common
4459 enough to deserve bindings shipped within systemd. There are
4460 various projects outside of systemd that provide bindings
4461 for languages such as PHP or Lua.
4463 * Many conditions will now resolve specifiers such as %i. In
4464 addition, PathChanged= and related directives of .path units
4465 now support specifiers as well.
4467 * There's now a new RPM macro definition for the system preset
4470 * journald will now warn if it ca not forward a message to the
4471 syslog daemon because its socket is full.
4473 * timedated will no longer write or process /etc/timezone,
4474 except on Debian. As we do not support late mounted /usr
4475 anymore /etc/localtime always being a symlink is now safe,
4476 and hence the information in /etc/timezone is not necessary
4479 * logind will now always reserve one VT for a text getty (VT6
4480 by default). Previously if more than 6 X sessions where
4481 started they took up all the VTs with auto-spawned gettys,
4482 so that no text gettys were available anymore.
4484 * udev will now automatically inform the btrfs kernel logic
4485 about btrfs RAID components showing up. This should make
4486 simple hotplug based btrfs RAID assembly work.
4488 * PID 1 will now increase its RLIMIT_NOFILE to 64K by default
4489 (but not for its children which will stay at the kernel
4490 default). This should allow setups with a lot more listening
4493 * systemd will now always pass the configured timezone to the
4494 kernel at boot. timedated will do the same when the timezone
4497 * logind's inhibition logic has been updated. By default,
4498 logind will now handle the lid switch, the power and sleep
4499 keys all the time, even in graphical sessions. If DEs want
4500 to handle these events on their own they should take the new
4501 handle-power-key, handle-sleep-key and handle-lid-switch
4502 inhibitors during their runtime. A simple way to achieve
4503 that is to invoke the DE wrapped in an invocation of:
4505 systemd-inhibit --what=handle-power-key:handle-sleep-key:handle-lid-switch ...
4507 * Access to unit operations is now checked via SELinux taking
4508 the unit file label and client process label into account.
4510 * systemd will now notify the administrator in the journal
4511 when he over-mounts a non-empty directory.
4513 * There are new specifiers that are resolved in unit files,
4514 for the host name (%H), the machine ID (%m) and the boot ID
4517 Contributions from: Allin Cottrell, Auke Kok, Brandon Philips,
4518 Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner,
4519 Eelco Dolstra, Jan Engelhardt, Kay Sievers, Lennart
4520 Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas,
4521 Martin Pitt, Matthias Clasen, Michael Olbrich, Pierre Schmitz,
4522 Shawn Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen,
4523 Václav Pavlín, Yin Kangkai, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
4527 * Support for reading structured kernel messages from
4528 /dev/kmsg has now been added and is enabled by default.
4530 * Support for reading kernel messages from /proc/kmsg has now
4531 been removed. If you want kernel messages in the journal
4532 make sure to run a recent kernel (>= 3.5) that supports
4533 reading structured messages from /dev/kmsg (see
4534 above). /proc/kmsg is now exclusive property of classic
4535 syslog daemons again.
4537 * The libudev API gained the new
4538 udev_device_new_from_device_id() call.
4540 * The logic for file system namespace (ReadOnlyDirectory=,
4541 ReadWriteDirectoy=, PrivateTmp=) has been reworked not to
4542 require pivot_root() anymore. This means fewer temporary
4543 directories are created below /tmp for this feature.
4545 * nspawn containers will now see and receive all submounts
4546 made on the host OS below the root file system of the
4549 * Forward Secure Sealing is now supported for Journal files,
4550 which provide cryptographical sealing of journal files so
4551 that attackers cannot alter log history anymore without this
4552 being detectable. Lennart will soon post a blog story about
4553 this explaining it in more detail.
4555 * There are two new service settings RestartPreventExitStatus=
4556 and SuccessExitStatus= which allow configuration of exit
4557 status (exit code or signal) which will be excepted from the
4558 restart logic, resp. consider successful.
4560 * journalctl gained the new --verify switch that can be used
4561 to check the integrity of the structure of journal files and
4562 (if Forward Secure Sealing is enabled) the contents of
4565 * nspawn containers will now be run with /dev/stdin, /dev/fd/
4566 and similar symlinks pre-created. This makes running shells
4567 as container init process a lot more fun.
4569 * The fstab support can now handle PARTUUID= and PARTLABEL=
4572 * A new ConditionHost= condition has been added to match
4573 against the hostname (with globs) and machine ID. This is
4574 useful for clusters where a single OS image is used to
4575 provision a large number of hosts which shall run slightly
4576 different sets of services.
4578 * Services which hit the restart limit will now be placed in a
4581 Contributions from: Bertram Poettering, Dave Reisner, Huang
4582 Hang, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Martin
4583 Pitt, Simon Peeters, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
4587 * When running in --user mode systemd will now become a
4588 subreaper (PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER). This should make the ps
4589 tree a lot more organized.
4591 * A new PartOf= unit dependency type has been introduced that
4592 may be used to group services in a natural way.
4594 * "systemctl enable" may now be used to enable instances of
4597 * journalctl now prints error log levels in red, and
4598 warning/notice log levels in bright white. It also supports
4599 filtering by log level now.
4601 * cgtop gained a new -n switch (similar to top), to configure
4602 the maximum number of iterations to run for. It also gained
4603 -b, to run in batch mode (accepting no input).
4605 * The suffix ".service" may now be omitted on most systemctl
4606 command lines involving service unit names.
4608 * There's a new bus call in logind to lock all sessions, as
4609 well as a loginctl verb for it "lock-sessions".
4611 * libsystemd-logind.so gained a new call sd_journal_perror()
4612 that works similar to libc perror() but logs to the journal
4613 and encodes structured information about the error number.
4615 * /etc/crypttab entries now understand the new keyfile-size=
4618 * shutdown(8) now can send a (configurable) wall message when
4619 a shutdown is cancelled.
4621 * The mount propagation mode for the root file system will now
4622 default to "shared", which is useful to make containers work
4623 nicely out-of-the-box so that they receive new mounts from
4624 the host. This can be undone locally by running "mount
4625 --make-rprivate /" if needed.
4627 * The prefdm.service file has been removed. Distributions
4628 should maintain this unit downstream if they intend to keep
4629 it around. However, we recommend writing normal unit files
4630 for display managers instead.
4632 * Since systemd is a crucial part of the OS we will now
4633 default to a number of compiler switches that improve
4634 security (hardening) such as read-only relocations, stack
4635 protection, and suchlike.
4637 * The TimeoutSec= setting for services is now split into
4638 TimeoutStartSec= and TimeoutStopSec= to allow configuration
4639 of individual time outs for the start and the stop phase of
4642 Contributions from: Artur Zaprzala, Arvydas Sidorenko, Auke
4643 Kok, Bryan Kadzban, Dave Reisner, David Strauss, Harald Hoyer,
4644 Jim Meyering, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mantas
4645 Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Peter
4646 Alfredsen, Shawn Landden, Simon Peeters, Terence Honles, Tom
4647 Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
4651 * The journal and id128 C APIs are now fully documented as man
4654 * Extra safety checks have been added when transitioning from
4655 the initial RAM disk to the main system to avoid accidental
4658 * /etc/crypttab entries now understand the new keyfile-offset=
4661 * systemctl -t can now be used to filter by unit load state.
4663 * The journal C API gained the new sd_journal_wait() call to
4664 make writing synchronous journal clients easier.
4666 * journalctl gained the new -D switch to show journals from a
4669 * journalctl now displays a special marker between log
4670 messages of two different boots.
4672 * The journal is now explicitly flushed to /var via a service
4673 systemd-journal-flush.service, rather than implicitly simply
4674 by seeing /var/log/journal to be writable.
4676 * journalctl (and the journal C APIs) can now match for much
4677 more complex expressions, with alternatives and
4680 * When transitioning from the initial RAM disk to the main
4681 system we will now kill all processes in a killing spree to
4682 ensure no processes stay around by accident.
4684 * Three new specifiers may be used in unit files: %u, %h, %s
4685 resolve to the user name, user home directory resp. user
4686 shell. This is useful for running systemd user instances.
4688 * We now automatically rotate journal files if their data
4689 object hash table gets a fill level > 75%. We also size the
4690 hash table based on the configured maximum file size. This
4691 together should lower hash collisions drastically and thus
4692 speed things up a bit.
4694 * journalctl gained the new "--header" switch to introspect
4695 header data of journal files.
4697 * A new setting SystemCallFilters= has been added to services
4698 which may be used to apply blacklists or whitelists to
4699 system calls. This is based on SECCOMP Mode 2 of Linux 3.5.
4701 * nspawn gained a new --link-journal= switch (and quicker: -j)
4702 to link the container journal with the host. This makes it
4703 very easy to centralize log viewing on the host for all
4704 guests while still keeping the journal files separated.
4706 * Many bugfixes and optimizations
4708 Contributions from: Auke Kok, Eelco Dolstra, Harald Hoyer, Kay
4709 Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Malte Starostik, Paul Menzel, Rex
4710 Tsai, Shawn Landden, Tom Gundersen, Ville Skyttä, Zbigniew
4715 * Several tools now understand kernel command line arguments,
4716 which are only read when run in an initial RAM disk. They
4717 usually follow closely their normal counterparts, but are
4720 * There's a new tool to analyze the readahead files that are
4721 automatically generated at boot. Use:
4723 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-readahead analyze /.readahead
4725 * We now provide an early debug shell on tty9 if this enabled. Use:
4727 systemctl enable debug-shell.service
4729 * All plymouth related units have been moved into the Plymouth
4730 package. Please make sure to upgrade your Plymouth version
4733 * systemd-tmpfiles now supports getting passed the basename of
4734 a configuration file only, in which case it will look for it
4735 in all appropriate directories automatically.
4737 * udevadm info now takes a /dev or /sys path as argument, and
4738 does the right thing. Example:
4740 udevadm info /dev/sda
4741 udevadm info /sys/class/block/sda
4743 * systemctl now prints a warning if a unit is stopped but a
4744 unit that might trigger it continues to run. Example: a
4745 service is stopped but the socket that activates it is left
4748 * "systemctl status" will now mention if the log output was
4749 shortened due to rotation since a service has been started.
4751 * The journal API now exposes functions to determine the
4752 "cutoff" times due to rotation.
4754 * journald now understands SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 for triggering
4755 immediately flushing of runtime logs to /var if possible,
4756 resp. for triggering immediate rotation of the journal
4759 * It is now considered an error if a service is attempted to
4760 be stopped that is not loaded.
4762 * XDG_RUNTIME_DIR now uses numeric UIDs instead of usernames.
4764 * systemd-analyze now supports Python 3
4766 * tmpfiles now supports cleaning up directories via aging
4767 where the first level dirs are always kept around but
4768 directories beneath it automatically aged. This is enabled
4769 by prefixing the age field with '~'.
4771 * Seat objects now expose CanGraphical, CanTTY properties
4772 which is required to deal with very fast bootups where the
4773 display manager might be running before the graphics drivers
4774 completed initialization.
4776 * Seat objects now expose a State property.
4778 * We now include RPM macros for service enabling/disabling
4779 based on the preset logic. We recommend RPM based
4780 distributions to make use of these macros if possible. This
4781 makes it simpler to reuse RPM spec files across
4784 * We now make sure that the collected systemd unit name is
4785 always valid when services log to the journal via
4788 * There's a new man page kernel-command-line(7) detailing all
4789 command line options we understand.
4791 * The fstab generator may now be disabled at boot by passing
4792 fstab=0 on the kernel command line.
4794 * A new kernel command line option modules-load= is now understood
4795 to load a specific kernel module statically, early at boot.
4797 * Unit names specified on the systemctl command line are now
4798 automatically escaped as needed. Also, if file system or
4799 device paths are specified they are automatically turned
4800 into the appropriate mount or device unit names. Example:
4802 systemctl status /home
4803 systemctl status /dev/sda
4805 * The SysVConsole= configuration option has been removed from
4806 system.conf parsing.
4808 * The SysV search path is no longer exported on the D-Bus
4811 * The Names= option is been removed from unit file parsing.
4813 * There's a new man page bootup(7) detailing the boot process.
4815 * Every unit and every generator we ship with systemd now
4816 comes with full documentation. The self-explanatory boot is
4819 * A couple of services gained "systemd-" prefixes in their
4820 name if they wrap systemd code, rather than only external
4821 code. Among them fsck@.service which is now
4822 systemd-fsck@.service.
4824 * The HaveWatchdog property has been removed from the D-Bus
4827 * systemd.confirm_spawn= on the kernel command line should now
4830 * There's a new man page crypttab(5) which details all options
4831 we actually understand.
4833 * systemd-nspawn gained a new --capability= switch to pass
4834 additional capabilities to the container.
4836 * timedated will now read known NTP implementation unit names
4837 from /usr/lib/systemd/ntp-units.d/*.list,
4838 systemd-timedated-ntp.target has been removed.
4840 * journalctl gained a new switch "-b" that lists log data of
4841 the current boot only.
4843 * The notify socket is in the abstract namespace again, in
4844 order to support daemons which chroot() at start-up.
4846 * There is a new Storage= configuration option for journald
4847 which allows configuration of where log data should go. This
4848 also provides a way to disable journal logging entirely, so
4849 that data collected is only forwarded to the console, the
4850 kernel log buffer or another syslog implementation.
4852 * Many bugfixes and optimizations
4854 Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Guthrie, Dave Reisner,
4855 David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
4856 Lukas Nykryn, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Paul Menzel,
4857 Shawn Landden, Tom Gundersen
4861 * "systemctl help <unit>" now shows the man page if one is
4864 * Several new man pages have been added.
4866 * MaxLevelStore=, MaxLevelSyslog=, MaxLevelKMsg=,
4867 MaxLevelConsole= can now be specified in
4868 journald.conf. These options allow reducing the amount of
4869 data stored on disk or forwarded by the log level.
4871 * TimerSlackNSec= can now be specified in system.conf for
4872 PID1. This allows system-wide power savings.
4874 Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lauri Kasanen,
4875 Lennart Poettering, Malte Starostik, Marc-Antoine Perennou,
4880 * logind is now capable of (optionally) handling power and
4881 sleep keys as well as the lid switch.
4883 * journalctl now understands the syntax "journalctl
4884 /usr/bin/avahi-daemon" to get all log output of a specific
4887 * CapabilityBoundingSet= in system.conf now also influences
4888 the capability bound set of usermode helpers of the kernel.
4890 Contributions from: Daniel Drake, Daniel J. Walsh, Gert
4891 Michael Kulyk, Harald Hoyer, Jean Delvare, Kay Sievers,
4892 Lennart Poettering, Matthew Garrett, Matthias Clasen, Paul
4893 Menzel, Shawn Landden, Tero Roponen, Tom Gundersen
4897 * Note that we skipped 139 releases here in order to set the
4898 new version to something that is greater than both udev's
4899 and systemd's most recent version number.
4901 * udev: all udev sources are merged into the systemd source tree now.
4902 All future udev development will happen in the systemd tree. It
4903 is still fully supported to use the udev daemon and tools without
4904 systemd running, like in initramfs or other init systems. Building
4905 udev though, will require the *build* of the systemd tree, but
4906 udev can be properly *run* without systemd.
4908 * udev: /lib/udev/devices/ are not read anymore; systemd-tmpfiles
4909 should be used to create dead device nodes as workarounds for broken
4912 * udev: RUN+="socket:..." and udev_monitor_new_from_socket() is
4913 no longer supported. udev_monitor_new_from_netlink() needs to be
4914 used to subscribe to events.
4916 * udev: when udevd is started by systemd, processes which are left
4917 behind by forking them off of udev rules, are unconditionally cleaned
4918 up and killed now after the event handling has finished. Services or
4919 daemons must be started as systemd services. Services can be
4920 pulled-in by udev to get started, but they can no longer be directly
4921 forked by udev rules.
4923 * udev: the daemon binary is called systemd-udevd now and installed
4924 in /usr/lib/systemd/. Standalone builds or non-systemd systems need
4925 to adapt to that, create symlink, or rename the binary after building
4928 * libudev no longer provides these symbols:
4929 udev_monitor_from_socket()
4930 udev_queue_get_failed_list_entry()
4931 udev_get_{dev,sys,run}_path()
4932 The versions number was bumped and symbol versioning introduced.
4934 * systemd-loginctl and systemd-journalctl have been renamed
4935 to loginctl and journalctl to match systemctl.
4937 * The config files: /etc/systemd/systemd-logind.conf and
4938 /etc/systemd/systemd-journald.conf have been renamed to
4939 logind.conf and journald.conf. Package updates should rename
4940 the files to the new names on upgrade.
4942 * For almost all files the license is now LGPL2.1+, changed
4943 from the previous GPL2.0+. Exceptions are some minor stuff
4944 of udev (which will be changed to LGPL2.1 eventually, too),
4945 and the MIT licensed sd-daemon.[ch] library that is suitable
4946 to be used as drop-in files.
4948 * systemd and logind now handle system sleep states, in
4949 particular suspending and hibernating.
4951 * logind now implements a sleep/shutdown/idle inhibiting logic
4952 suitable for a variety of uses. Soonishly Lennart will blog
4953 about this in more detail.
4955 * var-run.mount and var-lock.mount are no longer provided
4956 (which prevously bind mounted these directories to their new
4957 places). Distributions which have not converted these
4958 directories to symlinks should consider stealing these files
4959 from git history and add them downstream.
4961 * We introduced the Documentation= field for units and added
4962 this to all our shipped units. This is useful to make it
4963 easier to explore the boot and the purpose of the various
4966 * All smaller setup units (such as
4967 systemd-vconsole-setup.service) now detect properly if they
4968 are run in a container and are skipped when
4969 appropriate. This guarantees an entirely noise-free boot in
4970 Linux container environments such as systemd-nspawn.
4972 * A framework for implementing offline system updates is now
4973 integrated, for details see:
4974 http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates
4976 * A new service type Type=idle is available now which helps us
4977 avoiding ugly interleaving of getty output and boot status
4980 * There's now a system-wide CapabilityBoundingSet= option to
4981 globally reduce the set of capabilities for the
4982 system. This is useful to drop CAP_SYS_MKNOD, CAP_SYS_RAWIO,
4983 CAP_NET_RAW, CAP_SYS_MODULE, CAP_SYS_TIME, CAP_SYS_PTRACE or
4984 even CAP_NET_ADMIN system-wide for secure systems.
4986 * There are now system-wide DefaultLimitXXX= options to
4987 globally change the defaults of the various resource limits
4988 for all units started by PID 1.
4990 * Harald Hoyer's systemd test suite has been integrated into
4991 systemd which allows easy testing of systemd builds in qemu
4992 and nspawn. (This is really awesome! Ask us for details!)
4994 * The fstab parser is now implemented as generator, not inside
4997 * systemctl will now warn you if .mount units generated from
4998 /etc/fstab are out of date due to changes in fstab that
4999 have not been read by systemd yet.
5001 * systemd is now suitable for usage in initrds. Dracut has
5002 already been updated to make use of this. With this in place
5003 initrds get a slight bit faster but primarily are much
5004 easier to introspect and debug since "systemctl status" in
5005 the host system can be used to introspect initrd services,
5006 and the journal from the initrd is kept around too.
5008 * systemd-delta has been added, a tool to explore differences
5009 between user/admin configuration and vendor defaults.
5011 * PrivateTmp= now affects both /tmp and /var/tmp.
5013 * Boot time status messages are now much prettier and feature
5014 proper english language. Booting up systemd has never been
5017 * Read-ahead pack files now include the inode number of all
5018 files to pre-cache. When the inode changes the pre-caching
5019 is not attempted. This should be nicer to deal with updated
5020 packages which might result in changes of read-ahead
5023 * We now temporaritly lower the kernel's read_ahead_kb variable
5024 when collecting read-ahead data to ensure the kernel's
5025 built-in read-ahead does not add noise to our measurements
5026 of necessary blocks to pre-cache.
5028 * There's now RequiresMountsFor= to add automatic dependencies
5029 for all mounts necessary for a specific file system path.
5031 * MountAuto= and SwapAuto= have been removed from
5032 system.conf. Mounting file systems at boot has to take place
5035 * nspawn now learned a new switch --uuid= to set the machine
5036 ID on the command line.
5038 * nspawn now learned the -b switch to automatically search
5041 * vt102 is now the default TERM for serial TTYs, upgraded from
5044 * systemd-logind now works on VT-less systems.
5046 * The build tree has been reorganized. The individual
5047 components now have directories of their own.
5049 * A new condition type ConditionPathIsReadWrite= is now available.
5051 * nspawn learned the new -C switch to create cgroups for the
5052 container in other hierarchies.
5054 * We now have support for hardware watchdogs, configurable in
5057 * The scheduled shutdown logic now has a public API.
5059 * We now mount /tmp as tmpfs by default, but this can be
5060 masked and /etc/fstab can override it.
5062 * Since udisks does not make use of /media anymore we are not
5063 mounting a tmpfs on it anymore.
5065 * journalctl gained a new --local switch to only interleave
5066 locally generated journal files.
5068 * We can now load the IMA policy at boot automatically.
5070 * The GTK tools have been split off into a systemd-ui.
5072 Contributions from: Andreas Schwab, Auke Kok, Ayan George,
5073 Colin Guthrie, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Ward, Elan
5074 Ruusamäe, Frederic Crozat, Gergely Nagy, Guillermo Vidal,
5075 Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Javier Jardón, Kay Sievers,
5076 Lennart Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Léo Gillot-Lamure,
5077 Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Maxim
5078 A. Mikityanskiy, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michal
5079 Schmidt, Nis Martensen, Patrick McCarty, Roberto Sassu, Shawn
5080 Landden, Sjoerd Simons, Sven Anders, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom
5085 * This is mostly a bugfix release
5087 * Support optional initialization of the machine ID from the
5088 KVM or container configured UUID.
5090 * Support immediate reboots with "systemctl reboot -ff"
5092 * Show /etc/os-release data in systemd-analyze output
5094 * Many bugfixes for the journal, including endianness fixes and
5095 ensuring that disk space enforcement works
5097 * sd-login.h is C++ comptaible again
5099 * Extend the /etc/os-release format on request of the Debian
5102 * We now refuse non-UTF8 strings used in various configuration
5103 and unit files. This is done to ensure we do not pass invalid
5104 data over D-Bus or expose it elsewhere.
5106 * Register Mimo USB Screens as suitable for automatic seat
5109 * Read SELinux client context from journal clients in a race
5112 * Reorder configuration file lookup order. /etc now always
5113 overrides /run in order to allow the administrator to always
5114 and unconditionally override vendor supplied or
5115 automatically generated data.
5117 * The various user visible bits of the journal now have man
5118 pages. We still lack man pages for the journal API calls
5121 * We now ship all man pages in HTML format again in the
5124 Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Dirk Eibach, Frederic
5125 Crozat, Harald Hoyer, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Marti
5126 Raudsepp, Michal Schmidt, Shawn Landden, Tero Roponen, Thierry
5131 * This is mostly a bugfix release
5133 * systems lacking /etc/os-release are no longer supported.
5135 * Various functionality updates to libsystemd-login.so
5137 * Track class of PAM logins to distinguish greeters from
5140 Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael
5145 * This is an important bugfix release for v41.
5147 * Building man pages is now optional which should be useful
5148 for those building systemd from git but unwilling to install
5151 * Watchdog support for supervising services is now usable. In
5152 a future release support for hardware watchdogs
5153 (i.e. /dev/watchdog) will be added building on this.
5155 * Service start rate limiting is now configurable and can be
5156 turned off per service. When a start rate limit is hit a
5157 reboot can automatically be triggered.
5159 * New CanReboot(), CanPowerOff() bus calls in systemd-logind.
5161 Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Bill Nottingham,
5162 Frederic Crozat, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal
5163 Schmidt, Michał Górny, Piotr Drąg
5167 * The systemd binary is installed /usr/lib/systemd/systemd now;
5168 An existing /sbin/init symlink needs to be adapted with the
5171 * The code that loads kernel modules has been ported to invoke
5172 libkmod directly, instead of modprobe. This means we do not
5173 support systems with module-init-tools anymore.
5175 * Watchdog support is now already useful, but still not
5178 * A new kernel command line option systemd.setenv= is
5179 understood to set system wide environment variables
5180 dynamically at boot.
5182 * We now limit the set of capabilities of systemd-journald.
5184 * We now set SIGPIPE to ignore by default, since it only is
5185 useful in shell pipelines, and has little use in general
5186 code. This can be disabled with IgnoreSIPIPE=no in unit
5189 Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Kay Sievers, Lennart
5190 Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Tom Gundersen,
5195 * This is mostly a bugfix release
5197 * We now expose the reason why a service failed in the
5198 "Result" D-Bus property.
5200 * Rudimentary service watchdog support (will be completed over
5201 the next few releases.)
5203 * When systemd forks off in order execute some service we will
5204 now immediately changes its argv[0] to reflect which process
5205 it will execute. This is useful to minimize the time window
5206 with a generic argv[0], which makes bootcharts more useful
5208 Contributions from: Alvaro Soliverez, Chris Paulson-Ellis, Kay
5209 Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt,
5210 Mike Kazantsev, Ray Strode
5214 * This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many
5217 * New systemd-cgtop tool to show control groups by their
5220 * Linking against libacl for ACLs is optional again. If
5221 disabled, support tracking device access for active logins
5222 goes becomes unavailable, and so does access to the user
5223 journals by the respective users.
5225 * If a group "adm" exists, journal files are automatically
5226 owned by them, thus allow members of this group full access
5227 to the system journal as well as all user journals.
5229 * The journal now stores the SELinux context of the logging
5230 client for all entries.
5232 * Add C++ inclusion guards to all public headers
5234 * New output mode "cat" in the journal to print only text
5235 messages, without any meta data like date or time.
5237 * Include tiny X server wrapper as a temporary stop-gap to
5238 teach XOrg udev display enumeration. This is used by display
5239 managers such as gdm, and will go away as soon as XOrg
5240 learned native udev hotplugging for display devices.
5242 * Add new systemd-cat tool for executing arbitrary programs
5243 with STDERR/STDOUT connected to the journal. Can also act as
5244 BSD logger replacement, and does so by default.
5246 * Optionally store all locally generated coredumps in the
5247 journal along with meta data.
5249 * systemd-tmpfiles learnt four new commands: n, L, c, b, for
5250 writing short strings to files (for usage for /sys), and for
5251 creating symlinks, character and block device nodes.
5253 * New unit file option ControlGroupPersistent= to make cgroups
5254 persistent, following the mechanisms outlined in
5255 http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PaxControlGroups
5257 * Support multiple local RTCs in a sane way
5259 * No longer monopolize IO when replaying readahead data on
5260 rotating disks, since we might starve non-file-system IO to
5261 death, since fanotify() will not see accesses done by blkid,
5264 * Do not show kernel threads in systemd-cgls anymore, unless
5265 requested with new -k switch.
5267 Contributions from: Dan Horák, Kay Sievers, Lennart
5268 Poettering, Michal Schmidt
5272 * This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many
5275 * The git repository moved to:
5276 git://anongit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd
5277 ssh://git.freedesktop.org/git/systemd/systemd
5279 * First release with the journal
5280 http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-journal.html
5282 * The journal replaces both systemd-kmsg-syslogd and
5283 systemd-stdout-bridge.
5285 * New sd_pid_get_unit() API call in libsystemd-logind
5287 * Many systemadm clean-ups
5289 * Introduce remote-fs-pre.target which is ordered before all
5290 remote mounts and may be used to start services before all
5293 * Added Mageia support
5295 * Add bash completion for systemd-loginctl
5297 * Actively monitor PID file creation for daemons which exit in
5298 the parent process before having finished writing the PID
5299 file in the daemon process. Daemons which do this need to be
5300 fixed (i.e. PID file creation must have finished before the
5301 parent exits), but we now react a bit more gracefully to them.
5303 * Add colourful boot output, mimicking the well-known output
5304 of existing distributions.
5306 * New option PassCredentials= for socket units, for
5307 compatibility with a recent kernel ABI breakage.
5309 * /etc/rc.local is now hooked in via a generator binary, and
5310 thus will no longer act as synchronization point during
5313 * systemctl list-unit-files now supports --root=.
5315 * systemd-tmpfiles now understands two new commands: z, Z for
5316 relabelling files according to the SELinux database. This is
5317 useful to apply SELinux labels to specific files in /sys,
5320 * Output of SysV services is now forwarded to both the console
5321 and the journal by default, not only just the console.
5323 * New man pages for all APIs from libsystemd-login.
5325 * The build tree got reorganized and a the build system is a
5326 lot more modular allowing embedded setups to specifically
5327 select the components of systemd they are interested in.
5329 * Support for Linux systems lacking the kernel VT subsystem is
5332 * configure's --with-rootdir= got renamed to
5333 --with-rootprefix= to follow the naming used by udev and
5336 * Unless specified otherwise we will now install to /usr instead
5337 of /usr/local by default.
5339 * Processes with '@' in argv[0][0] are now excluded from the
5340 final shut-down killing spree, following the logic explained
5342 http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/RootStorageDaemons
5344 * All processes remaining in a service cgroup when we enter
5345 the START or START_PRE states are now killed with
5346 SIGKILL. That means it is no longer possible to spawn
5347 background processes from ExecStart= lines (which was never
5348 supported anyway, and bad style).
5350 * New PropagateReloadTo=/PropagateReloadFrom= options to bind
5351 reloading of units together.
5353 Contributions from: Bill Nottingham, Daniel J. Walsh, Dave
5354 Reisner, Dexter Morgan, Gregs Gregs, Jonathan Nieder, Kay
5355 Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt,
5356 Michał Górny, Ran Benita, Thomas Jarosch, Tim Waugh, Tollef
5357 Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
~ianmdlvl / elogind.git / blob