X-Git-Url: https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/ucgi/~ianmdlvl/git?p=dgit.git;a=blobdiff_plain;f=git-debrebase;h=6d8091e63bfb880b42a56aa1387d8d0b1a0aacfd;hp=13ff81f6d58077c7e0163c3658993c4988a4fc37;hb=20ffd976c0933f551e667d80737d83849f400d45;hpb=8c8a95997cc9fe3273d71e566b09415d9198c4d2 diff --git a/git-debrebase b/git-debrebase index 13ff81f6..6d8091e6 100755 --- a/git-debrebase +++ b/git-debrebase @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ # Script helping make fast-forwarding histories while still rebasing # upstream deltas when working on Debian packaging # -# Copyright (C)2017 Ian Jackson +# Copyright (C)2017,2018 Ian Jackson # # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by @@ -18,93 +18,63 @@ # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . -# git-debrebase new-upstreams-v0 \ -# NEW-VERSION ORIG-COMMITISH -# [EXTRA-ORIG-NAME EXTRA-ORIG-COMMITISH ...] # usages: -# git-debrebase status -# git-debrebase start # like ffqrebase start + debrebase launder -# git-debrebase new-upstream [stuff] # see below -# git-debrebase # does debrebase start if necessary # -# git-debrebase analyse -# git-debrebase launder # prints breakwater tip -# git-debrebase create-new-upstream-breakwater [-f] ... +# git-debrebase [] new-upstream-v0 \ +# \ +# [ ...] \ +# [...] # -# is -# [,][:][+][,...] +# git-debrebase [ --] [] +# git-debrebase [] analyse +# git-debrebase [] launder # prints breakwater tip etc. +# git-debrebase [] downstream-rebase-launder-v0 # experimental # -# if initial comma is supplied, entries are not positional. Unspecified -# means root (and there may be only one). -# xxx want auto branch names -# xxx too complicated -# how about for now -# [+] [ [+]...] -# ? plus options -# --new-upstream-different-subtrees +# git-debrebase [] gbp2debrebase-v0 \ +# + +# problems / outstanding questions: +# +# * dgit push with a `3.0 (quilt)' package means doing quilt +# fixup. Usually this involves recommitting the whole patch +# series, one at a time, with dpkg-source --commit. This is +# terribly terribly slow. (Maybe this should be fixed in dgit.) +# +# * dgit push usually needs to (re)make a pseudomerge. The "first" +# git-debrebase stripped out the previous pseudomerge and could +# have remembeed the HEAD. But it's not quite clear what history +# ought to be preserved and what should be discarded. For now +# the user will have to tell dgit --overwrite. +# +# To fix this, do we need a new push hook for dgit ? +# +# * Workflow is currently clumsy. Lots of spurious runes to type. +# There's not even a guide. # -# automatic case -# git-debrebase new-upstream -# - previous breakwater merge must be gdr-generated -# - orig set is the same as before -# - implicitly uses upstream branches according to orig set -# - not all upstream branches need be updated -# - insists on fast-forward of each branch, unless -# --force (or --force=[/]) -# branch set adjustments -# git-debrebase new-upstream --add / -# git-debrebase new-upstream --rm / -# git-debrebase new-upstream / [/ ...] -# - orig set is adjusted -# - otherwise like auto (--add is not checked for ffness, obv) -# - multiple --add and --rm may be specified -# - --add makes new upstream the last contributor -# explicit -# git-debrebase / [] [/ [] ...] -# - orig set is precisely as specified now -# - previous breakwater merge is irrelevant -# - no fast forward checks -# for now only explicit with commitids - -# implicitly uses `upstream' -# # (or multiple other branches) -# git-debrebase new-upstream \ -# [/]= - -# UPSTREAM[,[[SUBDIR:]SUBUPSTREAM] -# default for SUBDIR: is from previous upstream merge[xxx terminology] -# +# * There are no tests. # -#xxx -# when starting must record original start (for ff) -# and new rebase basis +# * new-upstream-v0 has a terrible UI. You end up with giant +# runic command lines. # -# git-ffqrebase start [BASE] -# # records previous HEAD so it can be overwritten -# # records base for future git-ffqrebase -# git-ffqrebase set-base BASE -# git-ffqrebase -# git-ffqrebase finish -# git-ffqrebase status [BRANCH] +# One consequence of the lack of richness it can need --force in +# fairly sensible situations and there is no way to tell it what +# you are really trying to do, other than just --force. There +# should be an interface with some default branch names. # -# refs/ffqrebase-prev/BRANCH BRANCH may be refs/...; if not it means -# refs/ffqrebase-base/BRANCH refs/heads/BRANCH -# zero, one, or both of these may exist +# * There should be a standard convention for the version number, +# and unfinalised or not changelog, after new-upstream. # -# git-debrebase without start, if already started, is willing -# to strip pseudomerges provided that they overwrite exactly -# the previous HEAD -# xxxx is this right ? what matters is have we pushed -# I think in fact the right answer is: -# git-debrebase always strips out pseudomerges from its branch -# a pseudomerge is put in at the time we want to push -# at that time, we make a pseudomerge of the remote tracking -# branch (if raw git) or the dgit view (if dgit) -# for raw git git-ffqrebase, do want preciseley to record -# value of remote tracking branch or our branch, on start, so we -# overwrite only things we intend to -# the previous pseudomerge check for tags and remote branches ? +# * Handing of multi-orig dgit new-upstream .dsc imports is known to +# be broken. They may be not recognised, improperly converted, or +# their conversion may be unrecognised. +# +# * Docs need writing and updating. Even README.git-debrebase +# describes a design but may not reflect the implementation. +# +# * We need to develop a plausible model that works for derivatives, +# who probably want to maintain their stack on top of Debian's. +# downstream-rebase-launder-v0 may be a starting point? use strict; @@ -137,9 +107,16 @@ sub cfg ($) { memoize('cfg'); +sub dd ($) { + my ($v) = @_; + my $dd = new Data::Dumper [ $v ]; + Terse $dd 1; Indent $dd 0; Useqq $dd 1; + return Dump $dd; +} + sub get_commit ($) { my ($objid) = @_; - my $data = git_cat_file $objid, 'commit'; + my $data = (git_cat_file $objid, 'commit'); $data =~ m/(?<=\n)\n/ or die "$objid ($data) ?"; return ($`,$'); } @@ -185,7 +162,7 @@ sub get_differs ($$) { my @cmd = (@git, qw(diff-tree -z --no-renames)); push @cmd, @$opts; push @cmd, "$_:" foreach $x, $y; - push @cmd, @$limits; + push @cmd, '--', @$limits; my $diffs = cmdoutput @cmd; foreach (split /\0/, $diffs) { $fn->(); } }; @@ -223,8 +200,8 @@ sub get_differs ($$) { if ($mode eq 'A' && !m/\.series$/s) { $ok = 1; } elsif ($mode eq 'M' && $_ eq 'series') { - my $x_s = git_cat_file "$x:debian/patches/series", 'blob'; - my $y_s = git_cat_file "$y:debian/patches/series", 'blob'; + my $x_s = (git_cat_file "$x:debian/patches/series", 'blob'); + my $y_s = (git_cat_file "$y:debian/patches/series", 'blob'); chomp $x_s; $x_s .= "\n"; $ok = $x_s eq substr($y_s, 0, length $x_s); } else { @@ -266,6 +243,35 @@ sub read_tree_subdir ($$) { runcmd @git, qw(read-tree), "--prefix=$subdir/", $new_tree_object; } +sub make_commit ($$) { + my ($parents, $message_paras) = @_; + my $tree = cmdoutput @git, qw(write-tree); + my @cmd = (@git, qw(commit-tree), $tree); + push @cmd, qw(-p), $_ foreach @$parents; + push @cmd, qw(-m), $_ foreach @$message_paras; + return cmdoutput @cmd; +} + +our $fproblems; +sub fproblem ($) { + my ($msg) = @_; + $fproblems++; + print STDERR "git-debrebase: safety catch tripped: $msg\n"; +} +sub fproblems_maybe_bail () { + if ($fproblems) { + if ($opt_force) { + printf STDERR + "safety catch trips (%d) overriden by --force\n", + $fproblems; + } else { + fail sprintf + "safety catch trips (%d) (you could --force)", + $fproblems; + } + } +} + # classify returns an info hash like this # CommitId => $objid # Hdr => # commit headers, including 1 final newline @@ -354,9 +360,7 @@ sub classify ($) { my ($type, @rest) = @_; $r = { %$r, Type => $type, @rest }; if ($debuglevel) { - my $dd = new Data::Dumper [ $r ]; - Terse $dd 1; Indent $dd 0; Useqq $dd 1; - printdebug " = $type ".(Dump $dd)."\n"; + printdebug " = $type ".(dd $r)."\n"; } return $r; }; @@ -367,7 +371,13 @@ sub classify ($) { return $r; }; + my $claims_to_be_breakwater = + $r->{Msg} =~ m{^\[git-debrebase breakwater.*\]$}m; + if (@p == 1) { + if ($claims_to_be_breakwater) { + return $unknown->("single-parent git-debrebase breakwater \`merge'"); + } my $d = $r->{Parents}[0]{Differs}; if ($d == D_PAT_ADD) { return $classify->(qw(AddPatches)); @@ -401,7 +411,10 @@ sub classify ($) { } my @identical = grep { !$_->{Differs} } @p; - if (@p == 2 && @identical == 1) { + if (@p == 2 && @identical == 1 && !$claims_to_be_breakwater + # breakwater merges can look like pseudomerges, if they are + # "declare" commits (ie, there are no upstream changes) + ) { my @overwritten = grep { $_->{Differs} } @p; confess "internal error $objid ?" unless @overwritten==1; return $classify->(qw(Pseudomerge), @@ -476,6 +489,8 @@ sub walk ($;$$) { # => ($tip, $breakwater_tip, $last_upstream_merge_in_breakwater) # (or nothing, if $nogenerate) + printdebug "*** WALK $input ".($nogenerate//0)." ".($report//'-')."\n"; + # go through commits backwards # we generate two lists of commits to apply: # breakwater branch and upstream patches @@ -486,10 +501,11 @@ sub walk ($;$$) { my $cl; my $xmsg = sub { - my ($appendinfo) = @_; + my ($prose, $info) = @_; my $ms = $cl->{Msg}; chomp $ms; - $ms .= "\n\n[git-debrebase $appendinfo]\n"; + $info //= ''; + $ms .= "\n\n[git-debrebase$info: $prose]\n"; return (Msg => $ms); }; my $rewrite_from_here = sub { @@ -590,6 +606,7 @@ sub walk ($;$$) { printf $report " PM=%s \@Overwr:%d", $pm, (scalar @$ovwrs) if $report; if (@$ovwrs != 1) { + printdebug "*** WALK BOMB DgitImportUnpatched\n"; return $bomb->(); } my $ovwr = $ovwrs->[0]{CommitId}; @@ -621,7 +638,8 @@ sub walk ($;$$) { push @brw_cl, { %$cl, SpecialMethod => 'DgitImportUpstreamUpdate', - $xmsg->("convert dgit import: upstream changes") + $xmsg->("convert dgit import: upstream changes", + " breakwater") }; } $prline->(" Import"); @@ -642,10 +660,15 @@ sub walk ($;$$) { } die "$ty ?"; } else { + printdebug "*** WALK BOMB unrecognised\n"; return $bomb->(); } } $prprdelim->(); + + printdebug "*** WALK prep done cur=$cur". + " brw $#brw_cl upp $#upp_cl proc $#processed pm $#pseudomerges\n"; + return if $nogenerate; # Now we build it back up again @@ -744,7 +767,9 @@ sub walk ($;$$) { die sprintf "internal error %#x %s %s", $final_check, $build, $input if $final_check & ~D_PAT_ADD; - return ($build, $breakwater, $last_upstream_update); + my @r = ($build, $breakwater, $last_upstream_update); + printdebug "*** WALK RETURN @r\n"; + return @r } sub get_head () { return git_rev_parse qw(HEAD); } @@ -756,23 +781,37 @@ sub update_head ($$$) { sub update_head_checkout ($$$) { my ($old, $new, $mrest) = @_; - my $symref = git_get_symref(); - runcmd @git, qw(checkout), $new, qw(.); update_head $old, $new, $mrest; + runcmd @git, qw(reset --hard); +} + +sub update_head_postlaunder ($$$) { + my ($old, $tip, $reflogmsg) = @_; + return if $tip eq $old; + print "git-debrebase: laundered (head was $old)\n"; + update_head $old, $tip, $reflogmsg; + # no tree changes except debian/patches + runcmd @git, qw(rm --quiet --ignore-unmatch -rf debian/patches); } sub cmd_launder () { badusage "no arguments to launder allowed" if @ARGV; my $old = get_head(); my ($tip,$breakwater,$last_upstream_merge) = walk $old; - update_head $old, $tip, 'launder'; - # no tree changes except debian/patches - runcmd @git, qw(rm --quiet --ignore-unmatch -rf debian/patches); + update_head_postlaunder $old, $tip, 'launder'; printf "# breakwater tip\n%s\n", $breakwater; printf "# working tip\n%s\n", $tip; printf "# last upstream merge\n%s\n", $last_upstream_merge; } +sub defaultcmd_rebase () { + my $old = get_head(); + my ($tip,$breakwater) = walk $old; + update_head_postlaunder $old, $tip, 'launder for rebase'; + @ARGV = qw(-i) unless @ARGV; # make configurable + runcmd @git, qw(rebase), @ARGV, $breakwater; +} + sub cmd_analyse () { die if ($ARGV[0]//'') =~ m/^-/; badusage "too many arguments to analyse" if @ARGV>1; @@ -787,16 +826,14 @@ sub cmd_analyse () { } sub cmd_new_upstream_v0 () { - # xxx would like to support more git-rebase options - badusage - "need NEW-VERSION UPS-COMMITISH [EXTRA-UPS-NAME EXTRA-UPS-COMMITISH...]" - unless @ARGV % 2 == 0 and @ARGV >= 2; # tree should be clean and this is not checked # automatically and unconditionally launders before rebasing # if rebase --abort is used, laundering has still been done my %pieces; + badusage "need NEW-VERSION UPS-COMMITTISH" unless @ARGV >= 2; + # parse args - low commitment my $new_version = (new Dpkg::Version scalar(shift @ARGV), check => 1); my $new_upstream_version = $new_version->version(); @@ -807,9 +844,10 @@ sub cmd_new_upstream_v0 () { my ($n, @x) = @_; # may be '' my $pc = $pieces{$n} //= { Name => $n, - Desc => ($n ? "upstream piece $n" : "upstream (main piece"), + Desc => ($n ? "upstream piece \`$n'" : "upstream (main piece"), }; while (my $k = shift @x) { $pc->{$k} = shift @x; } + $pc; }; my @newpieces; @@ -823,8 +861,12 @@ sub cmd_new_upstream_v0 () { OldIx => 0, New => $new_upstream, ); - while (@ARGV) { + while (@ARGV && $ARGV[0] !~ m{^-}) { my $n = shift @ARGV; + + badusage "for each EXTRA-UPS-NAME need EXTRA-UPS-COMMITISH" + unless @ARGV && $ARGV[0] !~ m{^-}; + my $c = git_rev_parse shift @ARGV; die unless $n =~ m/^$extra_orig_namepart_re$/; $newpiece->($n, New => $c); @@ -841,18 +883,11 @@ sub cmd_new_upstream_v0 () { my $old_upstream = parsecommit $old_upstream_update_cl->{OrigParents}[0]{CommitId}; - my $problems = 0; - my $problem = sub { - my ($msg) = @_; - $problems++; - print STDERR "preflight check failed: $msg\n"; - }; - $piece->('', Old => $old_upstream->{CommitId}); if ($old_upstream->{Msg} =~ m{^\[git-debrebase }m) { if ($old_upstream->{Msg} =~ - m{^\[git-debrebase new-upstream combine \.((?: $extra_orig_namepart_re)+)\]} + m{^\[git-debrebase upstream-combine \.((?: $extra_orig_namepart_re)+)\:.*\]$}m ) { my @oldpieces = ('', split / /, $1); my $parentix = -1 + scalar @{ $old_upstream->{Parents} }; @@ -861,32 +896,25 @@ sub cmd_new_upstream_v0 () { $piece->($n, Old => $old_upstream->{CommitId}.'^'.$parentix); } } else { - $problem->("previous upstream $old_upstream->{CommitId} is from". - " git-debrebase but not a \`new-upstream combine' commit"); + fproblem "previous upstream $old_upstream->{CommitId} is from". + " git-debrebase but not an \`upstream-combine' commit"; } } foreach my $pc (values %pieces) { if (!$pc->{Old}) { - $problem->("introducing upstream piece $pc->{Name}"); + fproblem "introducing upstream piece \`$pc->{Name}'"; } elsif (!$pc->{New}) { - $problem->("dropping upstream piece $pc->{Name}"); + fproblem "dropping upstream piece \`$pc->{Name}'"; } elsif (!is_fast_fwd $pc->{Old}, $pc->{New}) { - $problem->("not fast forward: $pc->{Name} $pc->{Old}..$pc->{New}"); + fproblem "not fast forward: $pc->{Name} $pc->{Old}..$pc->{New}"; } } - if ($problems) { - if ($opt_force) { - printf STDERR - "preflight check failures (%d) overriden by --force\n", - $problems; - } else { - fail sprintf - "preflight check failures (%d) (you could --force)", - $problems; - } - } + printdebug "%pieces = ", (dd \%pieces), "\n"; + printdebug "\@newpieces = ", (dd \@newpieces), "\n"; + + fproblems_maybe_bail(); my $new_bw; @@ -894,7 +922,7 @@ sub cmd_new_upstream_v0 () { in_workarea sub { my @upstream_merge_parents; - if (!$problems) { + if (!$fproblems) { push @upstream_merge_parents, $old_upstream->{CommitId}; } @@ -911,15 +939,12 @@ sub cmd_new_upstream_v0 () { if (@newpieces > 1) { # need to make the upstream subtree merge commit - my $us_tree = cmdoutput @git, qw(write-tree); - my @cmd = (@git, qw(commit-tree), $us_tree); - push @cmd, qw(-p), $_ foreach @upstream_merge_parents; - push @cmd, qw(-m), "Combine upstreams for $new_upstream_version"; - push @cmd, qw(-m), - "[git-debrebase new-upstream combine . ". - (join " ", map { $_->{Name} } @newpieces[1..$#newpieces]). - "]"; - $new_upstream = cmdoutput @cmd; + $new_upstream = make_commit \@upstream_merge_parents, + [ "Combine upstreams for $new_upstream_version", + ("[git-debrebase upstream-combine . ". + (join " ", map { $_->{Name} } @newpieces[1..$#newpieces]). + ": new upstream]"), + ]; } # $new_upstream is either the single upstream commit, or the @@ -929,21 +954,17 @@ sub cmd_new_upstream_v0 () { read_tree_subdir 'debian', "$old_bw:debian"; # index now contains the breakwater merge contents - - my $bw_tree = cmdoutput @git, qw(write_tree); - my @cmd = (@git, qw(commit-tree), $bw_tree); - push @cmd, qw(-p), $old_bw, qw(-p), $new_upstream; - push @cmd, qw(-m), "Update to upstream $new_upstream_version"; - push @cmd, qw(-m), - "[git-debrebase new-upstream breakwater $new_upstream_version]"; - $new_bw = cmdoutput @git; + $new_bw = make_commit [ $old_bw, $new_upstream ], + [ "Update to upstream $new_upstream_version", + "[git-debrebase breakwater: new upstream $new_upstream_version, merge]", + ]; # Now we have to add a changelog stanza so the Debian version # is right. - die if unlink "debian"; - die unless $!==ENOTEMPTY; - unlink "debian/changelog" or die $!; + die $! unless $!==ENOENT or $!==ENOTEMPTY; + unlink "debian/changelog" or $!==ENOENT or die $!; + mkdir "debian" or die $!; open CN, ">", "debian/changelog" or die $!; my $oldclog = git_cat_file ":debian/changelog"; $oldclog =~ m/^($package_re) \(\S+\) / or @@ -961,28 +982,89 @@ END runcmd @git, qw(update-index --add --replace), 'debian/changelog'; # Now we have the final new breakwater branch in the index - - $bw_tree = cmdoutput @git, qw(write_tree); - @cmd = (@git, qw(commit-tree), $bw_tree); - push @cmd, qw(-p), $new_bw; - push @cmd, qw(-m), - "Update changelog for new upstream $new_upstream_version"; - push @cmd, qw(-m), - "[git-debrebase new-upstream changelog $new_upstream_version]"; - $new_bw = cmdoutput @git; + $new_bw = make_commit [ $new_bw ], + [ "Update changelog for new upstream $new_upstream_version", + "[git-debrebase: new upstream $new_upstream_version, changelog]", + ]; }; # we have constructed the new breakwater. we now need to commit to # the laundering output, because git-rebase can't easily be made # to make a replay list which is based on some other branch - update_head $old_head, $old_laundered_tip, 'launder for new upstream'; + update_head_postlaunder $old_head, $old_laundered_tip, + 'launder for new upstream'; - my @cmd = (@git, qw(rebase --onto), $new_bw, $old_bw); + my @cmd = (@git, qw(rebase --onto), $new_bw, $old_bw, @ARGV); runcmd @cmd; # now it's for the user to sort out } +sub cmd_gbp2debrebase () { + badusage "needs 1 optional argument, the upstream" unless @ARGV<=1; + my ($upstream_spec) = @ARGV; + $upstream_spec //= 'refs/heads/upstream'; + my $upstream = git_rev_parse $upstream_spec; + my $old_head = get_head(); + + my $upsdiff = get_differs $upstream, $old_head; + if ($upsdiff & D_UPS) { + runcmd @git, qw(--no-pager diff), + $upstream, $old_head, + qw( -- :!/debian :/); + fail "upstream ($upstream_spec) and HEAD are not identical in upstream files"; + } + + if (!is_fast_fwd $upstream, $old_head) { + fproblem "upstream ($upstream) is not an ancestor of HEAD"; + } else { + my $wrong = cmdoutput + (@git, qw(rev-list --ancestry-path), "$upstream..HEAD", + qw(-- :/ :!/debian)); + if (length $wrong) { + fproblem "history between upstream ($upstream) and HEAD contains direct changes to upstream files - are you sure this is a gbp (patches-unapplied) branch?"; + print STDERR "list expected changes with: git log --stat --ancestry-path $upstream_spec..HEAD -- :/ ':!/debian'\n"; + } + } + + if ((git_cat_file "$upstream:debian")[0] ne 'missing') { + fproblem "upstream ($upstream) contains debian/ directory"; + } + + fproblems_maybe_bail(); + + my $work; + + fresh_workarea(); + in_workarea sub { + runcmd @git, qw(checkout -q -b gdr-internal), $old_head; + # make a branch out of the patch queue - we'll want this in a mo + runcmd qw(gbp pq import); + # strip the patches out + runcmd @git, qw(checkout -q gdr-internal~0); + rm_subdir_cached 'debian/patches'; + $work = make_commit ['HEAD'], [ + 'git-debrebase import: drop patch queue', + 'Delete debian/patches, as part of converting to git-debrebase format.', + '[git-debrebase: gbp2debrebase, drop patches]' + ]; + # make the breakwater pseudomerge + # the tree is already exactly right + $work = make_commit [$work, $upstream], [ + 'git-debrebase import: declare upstream', + 'First breakwater merge.', + '[git-debrebase breakwater: declare upstream]' + ]; + + # rebase the patch queue onto the new breakwater + runcmd @git, qw(reset --quiet --hard patch-queue/gdr-internal); + runcmd @git, qw(rebase --quiet --onto), $work, qw(gdr-internal); + $work = get_head(); + }; + + update_head_checkout $old_head, $work, 'gbp2debrebase'; +} + sub cmd_downstream_rebase_launder_v0 () { badusage "needs 1 argument, the baseline" unless @ARGV==1; my ($base) = @ARGV; @@ -1042,10 +1124,14 @@ chdir $toplevel or die "chdir $toplevel: $!"; $rd = fresh_playground "$playprefix/misc"; -my $cmd = shift @ARGV; -my $cmdfn = $cmd; -$cmdfn =~ y/-/_/; -$cmdfn = ${*::}{"cmd_$cmdfn"}; +if (!@ARGV || $ARGV[0] =~ m{^-}) { + defaultcmd_rebase(); +} else { + my $cmd = shift @ARGV; + my $cmdfn = $cmd; + $cmdfn =~ y/-/_/; + $cmdfn = ${*::}{"cmd_$cmdfn"}; -$cmdfn or badusage "unknown git-debrebase sub-operation $cmd"; -$cmdfn->(); + $cmdfn or badusage "unknown git-debrebase sub-operation $cmd"; + $cmdfn->(); +}