meson: do not allow bit-shift overflows

meson: do not allow bit-shift overflows

The primary motivation is to catch enum values created through a shift that is
too big:

../src/test/test-sizeof.c:26:29: error: left shift count >= width of type [-Werror=shift-count-overflow]
         enum_with_shift = 1 << 32,
                             ^~
cc1: some warnings being treated as errors

The compiler will now reject those.

This is an alternative to #9224.