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diff --git a/man/systemd.xml b/man/systemd.xml
index 007705e49..a8a696744 100644
--- a/man/systemd.xml
+++ b/man/systemd.xml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
systemdinit
- systemd System and Session Manager
+ systemd System and Service Manager
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
Description
- systemd is a system and session manager for
+ systemd is a system and service manager for
Linux operating systems. When run as first process on
boot (as PID 1), it acts as init system that brings
up and maintains userspace services.
@@ -73,6 +73,13 @@
are mostly equivalent when invoked from normal login sessions. See
telinit8
for more information.
+
+ When run as system instance, systemd interprets
+ the configuration file
+ system.conf, otherwise
+ user.conf. See
+ systemd.conf5
+ for more information.
@@ -88,28 +95,6 @@
Prints a short help
text and exits.
-
-
-
- Set default unit to
- activate on startup. If not specified
- defaults to
- default.target.
-
-
-
-
- Tell systemd to run in
- a particular mode. Argument is one of
- ,
- . Normally it
- should not be necessary to pass this
- option, as systemd automatically
- detects the mode it is started
- in. This call is hence of little use
- except for
- debugging.
-
@@ -127,17 +112,12 @@
configuration items understood in unit
definition files.
-
-
-
- Ask for confirmation when spawning processes.
- Extract D-Bus
interface introspection data. This is
- mostly useful at build at install time
+ mostly useful at install time
to generate data suitable for the
D-Bus interfaces
repository. Optionally the interface
@@ -146,6 +126,94 @@
introspection data for all interfaces
is dumped.
+
+
+
+ Set default unit to
+ activate on startup. If not specified
+ defaults to
+ default.target.
+
+
+
+
+
+ Tell systemd to run a
+ system instance (resp. user
+ instance), even if the process ID is
+ not 1 (resp. is 1), i.e. systemd is
+ not (resp. is) run as init process.
+ Normally it should not be necessary to
+ pass these options, as systemd
+ automatically detects the mode it is
+ started in. These options are hence of
+ little use except for debugging. Note
+ that it is not supported booting and
+ maintaining a full system with systemd
+ running in
+ mode, but PID not 1. In practice,
+ passing explicitly is
+ only useful in conjunction with
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ Dump core on
+ crash. This switch has no effect when
+ run as user
+ instance.
+
+
+
+
+ Run shell on
+ crash. This switch has no effect when
+ run as user
+ instance.
+
+
+
+
+ Ask for confirmation
+ when spawning processes. This switch
+ has no effect when run as user
+ instance.
+
+
+
+
+ Show terse service
+ status information while booting. This
+ switch has no effect when run as user
+ instance. Takes a boolean argument
+ which may be omitted which is
+ interpreted as
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ Controls whether
+ output of SysV init scripts will be
+ directed to the console. This switch
+ has no effect when run as user
+ instance. Takes a boolean argument
+ which may be omitted which is
+ interpreted as
+ .
+
+
+
+
+ Set log
+ target. Argument must be one of
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ .
+
@@ -162,17 +230,6 @@
,
.
-
-
-
- Set log
- target. Argument must be one of
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- .
-
@@ -193,6 +250,34 @@
it defaults to
.
+
+
+
+
+ Sets the default
+ output resp. error output for all
+ services and sockets, i.e. controls
+ the default for
+
+ resp.
+ (see
+ systemd.exec5
+ for details). Takes one of
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ ,
+ . If the
+ argument is omitted
+
+ defaults to
+ and
+
+ to
+ .
+
@@ -202,18 +287,29 @@
systemd provides a dependency system between
various entities called "units". Units encapsulate
various objects that are relevant for system boot-up
- and maintainance. The majority of units are configured
+ and maintenance. The majority of units are configured
in unit configuration files, whose syntax and basic
set of options is described in
systemd.unit5,
however some are created automatically from other
configuration or dynamically from system state. Units
- may be active (meaning started, bound, plugged in, ...
- depending on the unit type), or inactive (meaning
- stopped, unbound, unplugged, ...), as well is in the
- process of being activated or deactivated,
- i.e. between the two states. The following unit types
- are available:
+ may be 'active' (meaning started, bound, plugged in,
+ ... depending on the unit type, see below), or
+ 'inactive' (meaning stopped, unbound, unplugged, ...),
+ as well as in the process of being activated or
+ deactivated, i.e. between the two states (these states
+ are called 'activating', 'deactivating'). A special
+ 'failed' state is available as well which is very
+ similar to 'inactive' and is entered when the service
+ failed in some way (process returned error code on
+ exit, or crashed, or an operation timed out). If this
+ state is entered the cause will be logged, for later
+ reference. Note that the various unit types may have a
+ number of additional substates, which are mapped to
+ the five generalized unit states described
+ here.
+
+ The following unit types are available:Service units, which control
@@ -256,7 +352,7 @@
systemd units, which later may be restored by
activating the saved snapshot unit. For more
information see
- systemd.automount5.
+ systemd.snapshot5.
Timer units are useful for
triggering activation of other units based on
@@ -264,12 +360,12 @@
systemd.timer5.Swap units are very similar to
- mount units and encapsulated memory swap
+ mount units and encapsulate memory swap
partitions or files of the operating
- systemd. They are described in systemd.swap5.
+ system. They are described in systemd.swap5.
Path units may be used
- activate other services when file system
+ to activate other services when file system
objects change or are modified. See
systemd.path5.
@@ -277,11 +373,40 @@
Units are named as their configuration
files. Some units have special semantics. A detailed
- list you may find in
+ list is available in
systemd.special7.
+ systemd knows various kinds of dependencies,
+ including positive and negative requirement
+ dependencies (i.e. Requires= and
+ Conflicts=) as well as ordering
+ dependencies (After= and
+ Before=). NB: ordering and
+ requirement dependencies are orthogonal. If only a
+ requirement dependency exists between two units
+ (e.g. foo.service requires
+ bar.service), but no ordering
+ dependency (e.g. foo.service
+ after bar.service) and both are
+ requested to start, they will be started in
+ parallel. It is a common pattern that both requirement
+ and ordering dependencies are placed between two
+ units. Also note that the majority of dependencies are
+ implicitly created and maintained by systemd. In most
+ cases it should be unnecessary to declare additional
+ dependencies manually, however it is possible to do
+ this.
+
+ Application programs and units (via
+ dependencies) may request state changes of units. In
+ systemd, these requests are encapsulated as 'jobs' and
+ maintained in a job queue. Jobs may succeed or can
+ fail, their execution is ordered based on the ordering
+ dependencies of the units they have been scheduled
+ for.
+
On boot systemd activates the target unit
- default.target whose job it is to
+ default.target whose job is to
activate on-boot services and other on-boot units by
pulling them in via dependencies. Usually the unit
name is just an alias (symlink) for either
@@ -296,10 +421,73 @@
systemd.special7
for details about these target units.
+ Processes systemd spawns are placed in
+ individual Linux control groups named after the unit
+ which they belong to in the private systemd
+ hierarchy. (see cgroups.txt
+ for more information about control groups, or short
+ "cgroups"). systemd uses this to effectively keep
+ track of processes. Control group information is
+ maintained in the kernel, and is accessible via the
+ file system hierarchy (beneath
+ /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd/), or in tools
+ such as
+ ps1
+ (ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args
+ is particularly useful to list all processes and the
+ systemd units they belong to.).
+
+ systemd is compatible with the SysV init system
+ to a large degree: SysV init scripts are supported and
+ simply read as an alternative (though limited)
+ configuration file format. The SysV
+ /dev/initctl interface is
+ provided, and compatibility implementations of the
+ various SysV client tools are available. In addition to
+ that, various established Unix functionality such as
+ /etc/fstab or the
+ utmp database are
+ supported.
+
+ systemd has a minimal transaction system: if a
+ unit is requested to start up or shut down it will add
+ it and all its dependencies to a temporary
+ transaction. Then, it will verify if the transaction
+ is consistent (i.e. whether the ordering of all units
+ is cycle-free). If it is not, systemd will try to fix
+ it up, and removes non-essential jobs from the
+ transaction that might remove the loop. Also, systemd
+ tries to suppress non-essential jobs in the
+ transaction that would stop a running service. Finally
+ it is checked whether the jobs of the transaction
+ contradict jobs that have already been queued, and
+ optionally the transaction is aborted then. If all
+ worked out and the transaction is consistent and
+ minimized in its impact it is merged with all already
+ outstanding jobs and added to the run
+ queue. Effectively this means that before executing a
+ requested operation, systemd will verify that it makes
+ sense, fixing it if possible, and only failing if it
+ really cannot work.
+
+ Systemd contains native implementations of
+ various tasks that need to be executed as part of the
+ boot process. For example, it sets the host name or
+ configures the loopback network device. It also sets
+ up and mounts various API file systems, such as
+ /sys or
+ /proc.
+
For more information about the concepts and
ideas behind systemd please refer to the Original
- Announcement Document.
+ Design Document.
+
+ Note that some but not all interfaces provided
+ by systemd are covered by the Interface
+ Stability Promise.
@@ -317,28 +505,31 @@
pkg-config systemd
--variable=systemdsystemunitdir. Other
directories checked are
- /usr/local/share/systemd/system
+ /usr/local/lib/systemd/system
and
- /usr/share/systemd/system. User
+ /usr/lib/systemd/system. User
configuration always takes
precedence. pkg-config
systemd
--variable=systemdsystemconfdir
returns the path of the system
configuration directory. Packages
- should alter the content of these directories
- only with the
- systemd-install1
+ should alter the content of these
+ directories only with the
+ enable and
+ disable commands of
+ the
+ systemctl1
tool.
- Session unit directories
+ User unit directoriesSimilar rules apply
- for the session unit
+ for the user unit
directories. However, here the XDG
Base Directory specification
@@ -346,12 +537,15 @@
units. Applications should place their
unit files in the directory returned
by pkg-config systemd
- --variable=systemdsessionunitdir. Global
- configuration is done in the
- directory reported by
- pkg-config systemd
- --variable=systemdsessionconfdir. The
- systemd-install1
+ --variable=systemduserunitdir. Global
+ configuration is done in the directory
+ reported by pkg-config
+ systemd
+ --variable=systemduserconfdir. The
+ enable and
+ disable commands of
+ the
+ systemctl1
tool can handle both global (i.e. for
all users) and private (for one user)
enabling/disabling of
@@ -386,7 +580,7 @@
when figuring out whether a service
shall be enabled. Note that a service
unit with a native unit configuration
- file can be started by activating it
+ file cannot be started by activating it
in the SysV runlevel link
farm.
@@ -408,12 +602,12 @@
to systemctl
daemon-reexec.
- systemd session managers will
+ systemd user managers will
start the
exit.target unit
when this signal is received. This is
mostly equivalent to
- systemctl --session start
+ systemctl --user start
exit.target.
@@ -428,7 +622,7 @@
systemctl start
ctl-alt-del.target.
- systemd session managers
+ systemd user managers
treat this signal the same way as
SIGTERM.
@@ -445,7 +639,7 @@
kbrequest.target.This signal is ignored by
- systemd session
+ systemd user
managers.
@@ -554,6 +748,101 @@
systemctl start
reboot.target.
+
+
+ SIGRTMIN+6
+
+ Reboots the machine via kexec,
+ starts the
+ kexec.target
+ unit. This is mostly equivalent to
+ systemctl start
+ kexec.target.
+
+
+
+ SIGRTMIN+13
+
+ Immediately halts the machine.
+
+
+
+ SIGRTMIN+14
+
+ Immediately powers off the machine.
+
+
+
+ SIGRTMIN+15
+
+ Immediately reboots the machine.
+
+
+
+ SIGRTMIN+16
+
+ Immediately reboots the machine with kexec.
+
+
+
+ SIGRTMIN+20
+
+ Enables display of
+ status messages on the console, as
+ controlled via
+ systemd.show_status=1
+ on the kernel command
+ line.
+
+
+
+ SIGRTMIN+21
+
+ Disables display of
+ status messages on the console, as
+ controlled via
+ systemd.show_status=0
+ on the kernel command
+ line.
+
+
+
+ SIGRTMIN+22
+ SIGRTMIN+23
+
+ Sets the log level to
+ debug
+ (resp. info on
+ SIGRTMIN+32), as
+ controlled via
+ systemd.log_level=debug
+ (resp. systemd.log_level=info
+ on SIGRTMIN+23) on
+ the kernel command
+ line.
+
+
+
+ SIGRTMIN+27
+ SIGRTMIN+28
+ SIGRTMIN+29
+
+ Sets the log level to
+ console
+ (resp. kmsg on
+ SIGRTMIN+28;
+ resp. syslog-or-kmsg
+ on SIGRTMIN+29), as
+ controlled via
+ systemd.log_target=console
+ (resp. systemd.log_target=kmsg
+ on SIGRTMIN+28;
+ resp
+ systemd.log_target=syslog-or-kmsg
+ on SIGRTMIN+29) on
+ the kernel command
+ line.
+
@@ -600,7 +889,7 @@
$XDG_DATA_HOME$XDG_DATA_DIRS
- The systemd session
+ The systemd user
manager uses these variables in
accordance to the XDG
@@ -656,47 +945,172 @@
+
+ Kernel Command Line
+
+ When run as system instance systemd parses a few kernel command line arguments:
+
+
+
+ systemd.unit=
+
+ Overrides the unit to
+ activate on boot. Defaults to
+ default.target. This
+ may be used to temporarily boot into a
+ different boot unit, for example
+ rescue.target or
+ emergency.service. See
+ systemd.special7
+ for details about these
+ units.
+
+
+
+ systemd.dump_core=
+
+ Takes a boolean
+ argument. If
+ systemd dumps core when it
+ crashes. Otherwise no core dump is
+ created. Defaults to
+ .
+
+
+
+ systemd.crash_shell=
+
+ Takes a boolean
+ argument. If
+ systemd spawns a shell when it
+ crashes. Otherwise no shell is
+ spawned. Defaults to
+ , for security
+ reasons, as the shell is not protected
+ by any password
+ authentication.
+
+
+
+ systemd.crash_chvt=
+
+ Takes an integer
+ argument. If positive systemd
+ activates the specified virtual
+ terminal when it crashes. Defaults to
+ -1.
+
+
+
+ systemd.confirm_spawn=
+
+ Takes a boolean
+ argument. If
+ asks for confirmation when spawning
+ processes. Defaults to
+ .
+
+
+
+ systemd.show_status=
+
+ Takes a boolean
+ argument. If
+ shows terse service status updates on
+ the console during bootup. Defaults to
+ .
+
+
+
+ systemd.sysv_console=
+
+ Takes a boolean
+ argument. If
+ output of SysV init scripts will be
+ directed to the console. Defaults to
+ , unless
+ is passed as
+ kernel command line option in which
+ case it defaults to
+ .
+
+
+
+ systemd.log_target=
+ systemd.log_level=
+ systemd.log_color=
+ systemd.log_location=
+
+ Controls log output,
+ with the same effect as the
+ $SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET, $SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL, $SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR, $SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION
+ environment variables described above.
+
+
+
+ systemd.default_standard_output=
+ systemd.default_standard_error=
+ Controls default
+ standard output/error output for
+ services, with the same effect as the
+
+ resp.
+ command line arguments described
+ above.
+
+
+
+
+
Sockets and FIFOs
- @/org/freedesktop/systemd1/notify
+ /run/systemd/notifyDaemon status
- notification socket. This is an AF_UNIX
- datagram socket in the Linux abstract
- namespace, and is used to implement
- the daemon notification logic as
- implemented by
+ notification socket. This is an
+ AF_UNIX datagram socket and is used to
+ implement the daemon notification
+ logic as implemented by
sd_notify3.
- @/org/freedesktop/systemd1/logger
+ /run/systemd/stdout-syslog-bridgeUsed internally by the
- systemd-logger.service
+ systemd-stdout-syslog-bridge.service
unit to connect STDOUT and/or STDERR
of spawned processes to
syslog3
or the kernel log buffer. This is an
- AF_UNIX stream socket in the Linux
- abstract namespace.
+ AF_UNIX stream
+ socket.
+
+
+
+ /run/systemd/shutdownd
+
+ Used internally by the
+ shutdown8
+ tool to implement delayed
+ shutdowns. This is an AF_UNIX datagram
+ socket.
- @/org/freedesktop/systemd1/private
+ /run/systemd/privateUsed internally as
communication channel between
systemctl1
and the systemd process. This is an
- AF_UNIX stream socket in the Linux
- abstract namespace. This interface is
- private to systemd and should not be
- used in external
+ AF_UNIX stream socket. This interface
+ is private to systemd and should not
+ be used in external
projects.
@@ -720,7 +1134,6 @@
systemctl1,
systemadm1,
- systemd-install1,
systemd-notify1,
daemon7,
sd-daemon7,