chiark / gitweb /
tree-wide: remove Lennart's copyright lines
[elogind.git] / src / core / cgroup.c
index c95222041e6adc491612143518f4b5bb641c261e..a08fd8009f3e62b3fca9525e394d01eaa67d2f6e 100644 (file)
@@ -1,26 +1,13 @@
-/***
-  This file is part of systemd.
-
-  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
-
-  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
-  (at your option) any later version.
-
-  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
-  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
-  Lesser General Public License for more details.
-
-  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-***/
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <fnmatch.h>
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
+//#include "blockdev-util.h"
+//#include "bpf-firewall.h"
+//#include "btrfs-util.h"
+//#include "bus-error.h"
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
 #include "cgroup.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "parse-util.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
 #include "process-util.h"
+//#include "procfs-util.h"
 //#include "special.h"
+#include "stdio-util.h"
 #include "string-table.h"
 #include "string-util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
 
 #define CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC ((usec_t) 100 * USEC_PER_MSEC)
 
+bool manager_owns_root_cgroup(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Returns true if we are managing the root cgroup. Note that it isn't sufficient to just check whether the
+         * group root path equals "/" since that will also be the case if CLONE_NEWCGROUP is in the mix. Since there's
+         * appears to be no nice way to detect whether we are in a CLONE_NEWCGROUP namespace we instead just check if
+         * we run in any kind of container virtualization. */
+
+        if (detect_container() > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        return empty_or_root(m->cgroup_root);
+}
+
 #if 0 /// UNNEEDED by elogind
+bool unit_has_root_cgroup(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Returns whether this unit manages the root cgroup. This will return true if this unit is the root slice and
+         * the manager manages the root cgroup. */
+
+        if (!manager_owns_root_cgroup(u->manager))
+                return false;
+
+        return unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE);
+}
+
+static void cgroup_compat_warn(void) {
+        static bool cgroup_compat_warned = false;
+
+        if (cgroup_compat_warned)
+                return;
+
+        log_warning("cgroup compatibility translation between legacy and unified hierarchy settings activated. "
+                    "See cgroup-compat debug messages for details.");
+
+        cgroup_compat_warned = true;
+}
+
+#define log_cgroup_compat(unit, fmt, ...) do {                                  \
+                cgroup_compat_warn();                                           \
+                log_unit_debug(unit, "cgroup-compat: " fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__);     \
+        } while (false)
+
 void cgroup_context_init(CGroupContext *c) {
         assert(c);
 
         /* Initialize everything to the kernel defaults, assuming the
          * structure is preinitialized to 0 */
 
+        c->cpu_weight = CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID;
+        c->startup_cpu_weight = CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID;
+        c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
+
         c->cpu_shares = CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID;
         c->startup_cpu_shares = CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID;
-        c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec = USEC_INFINITY;
 
-        c->memory_limit = (uint64_t) -1;
+        c->memory_high = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
+        c->memory_max = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
+        c->memory_swap_max = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
+
+        c->memory_limit = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
+
+        c->io_weight = CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID;
+        c->startup_io_weight = CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID;
 
         c->blockio_weight = CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID;
         c->startup_blockio_weight = CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID;
@@ -63,6 +106,24 @@ void cgroup_context_free_device_allow(CGroupContext *c, CGroupDeviceAllow *a) {
         free(a);
 }
 
+void cgroup_context_free_io_device_weight(CGroupContext *c, CGroupIODeviceWeight *w) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(w);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(device_weights, c->io_device_weights, w);
+        free(w->path);
+        free(w);
+}
+
+void cgroup_context_free_io_device_limit(CGroupContext *c, CGroupIODeviceLimit *l) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(l);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(device_limits, c->io_device_limits, l);
+        free(l->path);
+        free(l);
+}
+
 void cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_weight(CGroupContext *c, CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w) {
         assert(c);
         assert(w);
@@ -84,6 +145,12 @@ void cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_bandwidth(CGroupContext *c, CGroupBlockI
 void cgroup_context_done(CGroupContext *c) {
         assert(c);
 
+        while (c->io_device_weights)
+                cgroup_context_free_io_device_weight(c, c->io_device_weights);
+
+        while (c->io_device_limits)
+                cgroup_context_free_io_device_limit(c, c->io_device_limits);
+
         while (c->blockio_device_weights)
                 cgroup_context_free_blockio_device_weight(c, c->blockio_device_weights);
 
@@ -92,12 +159,18 @@ void cgroup_context_done(CGroupContext *c) {
 
         while (c->device_allow)
                 cgroup_context_free_device_allow(c, c->device_allow);
+
+        c->ip_address_allow = ip_address_access_free_all(c->ip_address_allow);
+        c->ip_address_deny = ip_address_access_free_all(c->ip_address_deny);
 }
 
 void cgroup_context_dump(CGroupContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
+        CGroupIODeviceLimit *il;
+        CGroupIODeviceWeight *iw;
         CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b;
         CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
         CGroupDeviceAllow *a;
+        IPAddressAccessItem *iaai;
         char u[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
 
         assert(c);
@@ -107,32 +180,62 @@ void cgroup_context_dump(CGroupContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
 
         fprintf(f,
                 "%sCPUAccounting=%s\n"
+                "%sIOAccounting=%s\n"
                 "%sBlockIOAccounting=%s\n"
                 "%sMemoryAccounting=%s\n"
                 "%sTasksAccounting=%s\n"
+                "%sIPAccounting=%s\n"
+                "%sCPUWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sStartupCPUWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sCPUShares=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sStartupCPUShares=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sCPUQuotaPerSecSec=%s\n"
+                "%sIOWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sStartupIOWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sBlockIOWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sStartupBlockIOWeight=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sMemoryLow=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sMemoryHigh=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sMemoryMax=%" PRIu64 "\n"
+                "%sMemorySwapMax=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sMemoryLimit=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sTasksMax=%" PRIu64 "\n"
                 "%sDevicePolicy=%s\n"
                 "%sDelegate=%s\n",
                 prefix, yes_no(c->cpu_accounting),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->io_accounting),
                 prefix, yes_no(c->blockio_accounting),
                 prefix, yes_no(c->memory_accounting),
                 prefix, yes_no(c->tasks_accounting),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->ip_accounting),
+                prefix, c->cpu_weight,
+                prefix, c->startup_cpu_weight,
                 prefix, c->cpu_shares,
                 prefix, c->startup_cpu_shares,
                 prefix, format_timespan(u, sizeof(u), c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec, 1),
+                prefix, c->io_weight,
+                prefix, c->startup_io_weight,
                 prefix, c->blockio_weight,
                 prefix, c->startup_blockio_weight,
+                prefix, c->memory_low,
+                prefix, c->memory_high,
+                prefix, c->memory_max,
+                prefix, c->memory_swap_max,
                 prefix, c->memory_limit,
                 prefix, c->tasks_max,
                 prefix, cgroup_device_policy_to_string(c->device_policy),
                 prefix, yes_no(c->delegate));
 
+        if (c->delegate) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+
+                (void) cg_mask_to_string(c->delegate_controllers, &t);
+
+                fprintf(f, "%sDelegateControllers=%s\n",
+                        prefix,
+                        strempty(t));
+        }
+
         LIST_FOREACH(device_allow, a, c->device_allow)
                 fprintf(f,
                         "%sDeviceAllow=%s %s%s%s\n",
@@ -140,6 +243,27 @@ void cgroup_context_dump(CGroupContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                         a->path,
                         a->r ? "r" : "", a->w ? "w" : "", a->m ? "m" : "");
 
+        LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, iw, c->io_device_weights)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sIODeviceWeight=%s %" PRIu64,
+                        prefix,
+                        iw->path,
+                        iw->weight);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(device_limits, il, c->io_device_limits) {
+                char buf[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
+                CGroupIOLimitType type;
+
+                for (type = 0; type < _CGROUP_IO_LIMIT_TYPE_MAX; type++)
+                        if (il->limits[type] != cgroup_io_limit_defaults[type])
+                                fprintf(f,
+                                        "%s%s=%s %s\n",
+                                        prefix,
+                                        cgroup_io_limit_type_to_string(type),
+                                        il->path,
+                                        format_bytes(buf, sizeof(buf), il->limits[type]));
+        }
+
         LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights)
                 fprintf(f,
                         "%sBlockIODeviceWeight=%s %" PRIu64,
@@ -150,55 +274,89 @@ void cgroup_context_dump(CGroupContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
         LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, b, c->blockio_device_bandwidths) {
                 char buf[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
 
-                fprintf(f,
-                        "%s%s=%s %s\n",
-                        prefix,
-                        b->read ? "BlockIOReadBandwidth" : "BlockIOWriteBandwidth",
-                        b->path,
-                        format_bytes(buf, sizeof(buf), b->bandwidth));
+                if (b->rbps != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                        fprintf(f,
+                                "%sBlockIOReadBandwidth=%s %s\n",
+                                prefix,
+                                b->path,
+                                format_bytes(buf, sizeof(buf), b->rbps));
+                if (b->wbps != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                        fprintf(f,
+                                "%sBlockIOWriteBandwidth=%s %s\n",
+                                prefix,
+                                b->path,
+                                format_bytes(buf, sizeof(buf), b->wbps));
+        }
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(items, iaai, c->ip_address_allow) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+                (void) in_addr_to_string(iaai->family, &iaai->address, &k);
+                fprintf(f, "%sIPAddressAllow=%s/%u\n", prefix, strnull(k), iaai->prefixlen);
+        }
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(items, iaai, c->ip_address_deny) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+                (void) in_addr_to_string(iaai->family, &iaai->address, &k);
+                fprintf(f, "%sIPAddressDeny=%s/%u\n", prefix, strnull(k), iaai->prefixlen);
         }
 }
 
-static int lookup_blkio_device(const char *p, dev_t *dev) {
+static int lookup_block_device(const char *p, dev_t *ret) {
         struct stat st;
         int r;
 
         assert(p);
-        assert(dev);
+        assert(ret);
 
-        r = stat(p, &st);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Couldn't stat device %s: %m", p);
+        if (stat(p, &st) < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Couldn't stat device '%s': %m", p);
 
         if (S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
-                *dev = st.st_rdev;
-        else if (major(st.st_dev) != 0) {
-                /* If this is not a device node then find the block
-                 * device this file is stored on */
-                *dev = st.st_dev;
-
-                /* If this is a partition, try to get the originating
-                 * block device */
-                block_get_whole_disk(*dev, dev);
-        } else {
-                log_warning("%s is not a block device and file system block device cannot be determined or is not local.", p);
-                return -ENODEV;
+                *ret = st.st_rdev;
+        else if (major(st.st_dev) != 0)
+                *ret = st.st_dev; /* If this is not a device node then use the block device this file is stored on */
+        else {
+                /* If this is btrfs, getting the backing block device is a bit harder */
+                r = btrfs_get_block_device(p, ret);
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOTTY)
+                        return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to determine block device backing btrfs file system '%s': %m", p);
+                if (r == -ENOTTY) {
+                        log_warning("'%s' is not a block device node, and file system block device cannot be determined or is not local.", p);
+                        return -ENODEV;
+                }
         }
 
+        /* If this is a LUKS device, try to get the originating block device */
+        (void) block_get_originating(*ret, ret);
+
+        /* If this is a partition, try to get the originating block device */
+        (void) block_get_whole_disk(*ret, ret);
         return 0;
 }
 
 static int whitelist_device(const char *path, const char *node, const char *acc) {
         char buf[2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+4];
         struct stat st;
+        bool ignore_notfound;
         int r;
 
         assert(path);
         assert(acc);
 
+        if (node[0] == '-') {
+                /* Non-existent paths starting with "-" must be silently ignored */
+                node++;
+                ignore_notfound = true;
+        } else
+                ignore_notfound = false;
+
         if (stat(node, &st) < 0) {
-                log_warning("Couldn't stat device %s", node);
-                return -errno;
+                if (errno == ENOENT && ignore_notfound)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return log_warning_errno(errno, "Couldn't stat device %s: %m", node);
         }
 
         if (!S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) && !S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
@@ -228,7 +386,7 @@ static int whitelist_major(const char *path, const char *name, char type, const
 
         assert(path);
         assert(acc);
-        assert(type == 'b' || type == 'c');
+        assert(IN_SET(type, 'b', 'c'));
 
         f = fopen("/proc/devices", "re");
         if (!f)
@@ -292,132 +450,504 @@ static int whitelist_major(const char *path, const char *name, char type, const
         return 0;
 
 fail:
-        log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read /proc/devices: %m");
-        return -errno;
+        return log_warning_errno(errno, "Failed to read /proc/devices: %m");
+}
+
+static bool cgroup_context_has_cpu_weight(CGroupContext *c) {
+        return c->cpu_weight != CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID ||
+                c->startup_cpu_weight != CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID;
+}
+
+static bool cgroup_context_has_cpu_shares(CGroupContext *c) {
+        return c->cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ||
+                c->startup_cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID;
+}
+
+static uint64_t cgroup_context_cpu_weight(CGroupContext *c, ManagerState state) {
+        if (IN_SET(state, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_INITIALIZING) &&
+            c->startup_cpu_weight != CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                return c->startup_cpu_weight;
+        else if (c->cpu_weight != CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                return c->cpu_weight;
+        else
+                return CGROUP_WEIGHT_DEFAULT;
+}
+
+static uint64_t cgroup_context_cpu_shares(CGroupContext *c, ManagerState state) {
+        if (IN_SET(state, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_INITIALIZING) &&
+            c->startup_cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID)
+                return c->startup_cpu_shares;
+        else if (c->cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID)
+                return c->cpu_shares;
+        else
+                return CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_DEFAULT;
+}
+
+static void cgroup_apply_unified_cpu_config(Unit *u, uint64_t weight, uint64_t quota) {
+        char buf[MAX(DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 1, (DECIMAL_STR_MAX(usec_t) + 1) * 2)];
+        int r;
+
+        xsprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", weight);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", u->cgroup_path, "cpu.weight", buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set cpu.weight: %m");
+
+        if (quota != USEC_INFINITY)
+                xsprintf(buf, USEC_FMT " " USEC_FMT "\n",
+                         quota * CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC / USEC_PER_SEC, CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC);
+        else
+                xsprintf(buf, "max " USEC_FMT "\n", CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC);
+
+        r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", u->cgroup_path, "cpu.max", buf);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set cpu.max: %m");
+}
+
+static void cgroup_apply_legacy_cpu_config(Unit *u, uint64_t shares, uint64_t quota) {
+        char buf[MAX(DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t), DECIMAL_STR_MAX(usec_t)) + 1];
+        int r;
+
+        xsprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", shares);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", u->cgroup_path, "cpu.shares", buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set cpu.shares: %m");
+
+        xsprintf(buf, USEC_FMT "\n", CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", u->cgroup_path, "cpu.cfs_period_us", buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set cpu.cfs_period_us: %m");
+
+        if (quota != USEC_INFINITY) {
+                xsprintf(buf, USEC_FMT "\n", quota * CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC / USEC_PER_SEC);
+                r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", u->cgroup_path, "cpu.cfs_quota_us", buf);
+        } else
+                r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", u->cgroup_path, "cpu.cfs_quota_us", "-1");
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set cpu.cfs_quota_us: %m");
 }
 
-void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, ManagerState state) {
+static uint64_t cgroup_cpu_shares_to_weight(uint64_t shares) {
+        return CLAMP(shares * CGROUP_WEIGHT_DEFAULT / CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_DEFAULT,
+                     CGROUP_WEIGHT_MIN, CGROUP_WEIGHT_MAX);
+}
+
+static uint64_t cgroup_cpu_weight_to_shares(uint64_t weight) {
+        return CLAMP(weight * CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_DEFAULT / CGROUP_WEIGHT_DEFAULT,
+                     CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_MIN, CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_MAX);
+}
+
+static bool cgroup_context_has_io_config(CGroupContext *c) {
+        return c->io_accounting ||
+                c->io_weight != CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID ||
+                c->startup_io_weight != CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID ||
+                c->io_device_weights ||
+                c->io_device_limits;
+}
+
+static bool cgroup_context_has_blockio_config(CGroupContext *c) {
+        return c->blockio_accounting ||
+                c->blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ||
+                c->startup_blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ||
+                c->blockio_device_weights ||
+                c->blockio_device_bandwidths;
+}
+
+static uint64_t cgroup_context_io_weight(CGroupContext *c, ManagerState state) {
+        if (IN_SET(state, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_INITIALIZING) &&
+            c->startup_io_weight != CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                return c->startup_io_weight;
+        else if (c->io_weight != CGROUP_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                return c->io_weight;
+        else
+                return CGROUP_WEIGHT_DEFAULT;
+}
+
+static uint64_t cgroup_context_blkio_weight(CGroupContext *c, ManagerState state) {
+        if (IN_SET(state, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_INITIALIZING) &&
+            c->startup_blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                return c->startup_blockio_weight;
+        else if (c->blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID)
+                return c->blockio_weight;
+        else
+                return CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_DEFAULT;
+}
+
+static uint64_t cgroup_weight_blkio_to_io(uint64_t blkio_weight) {
+        return CLAMP(blkio_weight * CGROUP_WEIGHT_DEFAULT / CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_DEFAULT,
+                     CGROUP_WEIGHT_MIN, CGROUP_WEIGHT_MAX);
+}
+
+static uint64_t cgroup_weight_io_to_blkio(uint64_t io_weight) {
+        return CLAMP(io_weight * CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_DEFAULT / CGROUP_WEIGHT_DEFAULT,
+                     CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_MIN, CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_MAX);
+}
+
+static void cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(Unit *u, const char *dev_path, uint64_t io_weight) {
+        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1];
+        dev_t dev;
+        int r;
+
+        r = lookup_block_device(dev_path, &dev);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return;
+
+        xsprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), io_weight);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("io", u->cgroup_path, "io.weight", buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set io.weight: %m");
+}
+
+static void cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(Unit *u, const char *dev_path, uint64_t blkio_weight) {
+        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1];
+        dev_t dev;
+        int r;
+
+        r = lookup_block_device(dev_path, &dev);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return;
+
+        xsprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), blkio_weight);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", u->cgroup_path, "blkio.weight_device", buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set blkio.weight_device: %m");
+}
+
+static void cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(Unit *u, const char *dev_path, uint64_t *limits) {
+        char limit_bufs[_CGROUP_IO_LIMIT_TYPE_MAX][DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)];
+        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+(6+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1)*4];
+        CGroupIOLimitType type;
+        dev_t dev;
+        int r;
+
+        r = lookup_block_device(dev_path, &dev);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return;
+
+        for (type = 0; type < _CGROUP_IO_LIMIT_TYPE_MAX; type++)
+                if (limits[type] != cgroup_io_limit_defaults[type])
+                        xsprintf(limit_bufs[type], "%" PRIu64, limits[type]);
+                else
+                        xsprintf(limit_bufs[type], "%s", limits[type] == CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX ? "max" : "0");
+
+        xsprintf(buf, "%u:%u rbps=%s wbps=%s riops=%s wiops=%s\n", major(dev), minor(dev),
+                 limit_bufs[CGROUP_IO_RBPS_MAX], limit_bufs[CGROUP_IO_WBPS_MAX],
+                 limit_bufs[CGROUP_IO_RIOPS_MAX], limit_bufs[CGROUP_IO_WIOPS_MAX]);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("io", u->cgroup_path, "io.max", buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set io.max: %m");
+}
+
+static void cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(Unit *u, const char *dev_path, uint64_t rbps, uint64_t wbps) {
+        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1];
+        dev_t dev;
+        int r;
+
+        r = lookup_block_device(dev_path, &dev);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return;
+
+        sprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), rbps);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", u->cgroup_path, "blkio.throttle.read_bps_device", buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set blkio.throttle.read_bps_device: %m");
+
+        sprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), wbps);
+        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", u->cgroup_path, "blkio.throttle.write_bps_device", buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set blkio.throttle.write_bps_device: %m");
+}
+
+static bool cgroup_context_has_unified_memory_config(CGroupContext *c) {
+        return c->memory_low > 0 || c->memory_high != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX || c->memory_max != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX || c->memory_swap_max != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
+}
+
+static void cgroup_apply_unified_memory_limit(Unit *u, const char *file, uint64_t v) {
+        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 1] = "max";
+        int r;
+
+        if (v != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                xsprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", v);
+
+        r = cg_set_attribute("memory", u->cgroup_path, file, buf);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                              "Failed to set %s: %m", file);
+}
+
+static void cgroup_apply_firewall(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Best-effort: let's apply IP firewalling and/or accounting if that's enabled */
+
+        if (bpf_firewall_compile(u) < 0)
+                return;
+
+        (void) bpf_firewall_install(u);
+}
+
+static void cgroup_context_apply(
+                Unit *u,
+                CGroupMask apply_mask,
+                bool apply_bpf,
+                ManagerState state) {
+
+        const char *path;
+        CGroupContext *c;
         bool is_root;
         int r;
 
-        assert(c);
-        assert(path);
+        assert(u);
 
-        if (mask == 0)
+        /* Nothing to do? Exit early! */
+        if (apply_mask == 0 && !apply_bpf)
                 return;
 
-        /* Some cgroup attributes are not supported on the root cgroup,
-         * hence silently ignore */
-        is_root = isempty(path) || path_equal(path, "/");
-        if (is_root)
-                /* Make sure we don't try to display messages with an empty path. */
+        /* Some cgroup attributes are not supported on the root cgroup, hence silently ignore */
+        is_root = unit_has_root_cgroup(u);
+
+        assert_se(c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u));
+        assert_se(path = u->cgroup_path);
+
+        if (is_root) /* Make sure we don't try to display messages with an empty path. */
                 path = "/";
 
         /* We generally ignore errors caused by read-only mounted
          * cgroup trees (assuming we are running in a container then),
          * and missing cgroups, i.e. EROFS and ENOENT. */
 
-        if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_CPU) && !is_root) {
-                char buf[MAX(DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t), DECIMAL_STR_MAX(usec_t)) + 1];
+        if ((apply_mask & CGROUP_MASK_CPU) && !is_root) {
+                bool has_weight, has_shares;
 
-                sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n",
-                        IN_SET(state, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_INITIALIZING) && c->startup_cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ? c->startup_cpu_shares :
-                        c->cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ? c->cpu_shares : CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_DEFAULT);
-                r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.shares", buf);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set cpu.shares on %s: %m", path);
+                has_weight = cgroup_context_has_cpu_weight(c);
+                has_shares = cgroup_context_has_cpu_shares(c);
 
-                sprintf(buf, USEC_FMT "\n", CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC);
-                r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.cfs_period_us", buf);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set cpu.cfs_period_us on %s: %m", path);
-
-                if (c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec != USEC_INFINITY) {
-                        sprintf(buf, USEC_FMT "\n", c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec * CGROUP_CPU_QUOTA_PERIOD_USEC / USEC_PER_SEC);
-                        r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.cfs_quota_us", buf);
-                } else
-                        r = cg_set_attribute("cpu", path, "cpu.cfs_quota_us", "-1");
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set cpu.cfs_quota_us on %s: %m", path);
+                if (cg_all_unified() > 0) {
+                        uint64_t weight;
+
+                        if (has_weight)
+                                weight = cgroup_context_cpu_weight(c, state);
+                        else if (has_shares) {
+                                uint64_t shares = cgroup_context_cpu_shares(c, state);
+
+                                weight = cgroup_cpu_shares_to_weight(shares);
+
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying [Startup]CpuShares %" PRIu64 " as [Startup]CpuWeight %" PRIu64 " on %s",
+                                                  shares, weight, path);
+                        } else
+                                weight = CGROUP_WEIGHT_DEFAULT;
+
+                        cgroup_apply_unified_cpu_config(u, weight, c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec);
+                } else {
+                        uint64_t shares;
+
+                        if (has_weight) {
+                                uint64_t weight = cgroup_context_cpu_weight(c, state);
+
+                                shares = cgroup_cpu_weight_to_shares(weight);
+
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying [Startup]CpuWeight %" PRIu64 " as [Startup]CpuShares %" PRIu64 " on %s",
+                                                  weight, shares, path);
+                        } else if (has_shares)
+                                shares = cgroup_context_cpu_shares(c, state);
+                        else
+                                shares = CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_DEFAULT;
+
+                        cgroup_apply_legacy_cpu_config(u, shares, c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec);
+                }
         }
 
-        if (mask & CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO) {
-                char buf[MAX(DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1,
-                              DECIMAL_STR_MAX(dev_t)*2+2+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1)];
-                CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
-                CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b;
+        if (apply_mask & CGROUP_MASK_IO) {
+                bool has_io = cgroup_context_has_io_config(c);
+                bool has_blockio = cgroup_context_has_blockio_config(c);
 
                 if (!is_root) {
-                        sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n",
-                                IN_SET(state, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_INITIALIZING) && c->startup_blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ? c->startup_blockio_weight :
-                                c->blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ? c->blockio_weight : CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_DEFAULT);
-                        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, "blkio.weight", buf);
+                        char buf[8+DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1];
+                        uint64_t weight;
+
+                        if (has_io)
+                                weight = cgroup_context_io_weight(c, state);
+                        else if (has_blockio) {
+                                uint64_t blkio_weight = cgroup_context_blkio_weight(c, state);
+
+                                weight = cgroup_weight_blkio_to_io(blkio_weight);
+
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying [Startup]BlockIOWeight %" PRIu64 " as [Startup]IOWeight %" PRIu64,
+                                                  blkio_weight, weight);
+                        } else
+                                weight = CGROUP_WEIGHT_DEFAULT;
+
+                        xsprintf(buf, "default %" PRIu64 "\n", weight);
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("io", path, "io.weight", buf);
                         if (r < 0)
-                                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                               "Failed to set blkio.weight on %s: %m", path);
-
-                        /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
-                        LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights) {
-                                dev_t dev;
-
-                                r = lookup_blkio_device(w->path, &dev);
-                                if (r < 0)
-                                        continue;
-
-                                sprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), w->weight);
-                                r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, "blkio.weight_device", buf);
-                                if (r < 0)
-                                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                                       "Failed to set blkio.weight_device on %s: %m", path);
+                                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                              "Failed to set io.weight: %m");
+
+                        if (has_io) {
+                                CGroupIODeviceWeight *w;
+
+                                /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->io_device_weights)
+                                        cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(u, w->path, w->weight);
+                        } else if (has_blockio) {
+                                CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
+
+                                /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights) {
+                                        weight = cgroup_weight_blkio_to_io(w->weight);
+
+                                        log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying BlockIODeviceWeight %" PRIu64 " as IODeviceWeight %" PRIu64 " for %s",
+                                                          w->weight, weight, w->path);
+
+                                        cgroup_apply_io_device_weight(u, w->path, weight);
+                                }
                         }
                 }
 
-                /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
-                LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, b, c->blockio_device_bandwidths) {
-                        const char *a;
-                        dev_t dev;
+                /* Apply limits and free ones without config. */
+                if (has_io) {
+                        CGroupIODeviceLimit *l;
 
-                        r = lookup_blkio_device(b->path, &dev);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                continue;
+                        LIST_FOREACH(device_limits, l, c->io_device_limits)
+                                cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(u, l->path, l->limits);
 
-                        a = b->read ? "blkio.throttle.read_bps_device" : "blkio.throttle.write_bps_device";
+                } else if (has_blockio) {
+                        CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b;
 
-                        sprintf(buf, "%u:%u %" PRIu64 "\n", major(dev), minor(dev), b->bandwidth);
-                        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, a, buf);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                               "Failed to set %s on %s: %m", a, path);
+                        LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, b, c->blockio_device_bandwidths) {
+                                uint64_t limits[_CGROUP_IO_LIMIT_TYPE_MAX];
+                                CGroupIOLimitType type;
+
+                                for (type = 0; type < _CGROUP_IO_LIMIT_TYPE_MAX; type++)
+                                        limits[type] = cgroup_io_limit_defaults[type];
+
+                                limits[CGROUP_IO_RBPS_MAX] = b->rbps;
+                                limits[CGROUP_IO_WBPS_MAX] = b->wbps;
+
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying BlockIO{Read|Write}Bandwidth %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " as IO{Read|Write}BandwidthMax for %s",
+                                                  b->rbps, b->wbps, b->path);
+
+                                cgroup_apply_io_device_limit(u, b->path, limits);
+                        }
                 }
         }
 
-        if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY) && !is_root) {
-                if (c->memory_limit != (uint64_t) -1) {
-                        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 1];
+        if (apply_mask & CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO) {
+                bool has_io = cgroup_context_has_io_config(c);
+                bool has_blockio = cgroup_context_has_blockio_config(c);
+
+                if (!is_root) {
+                        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t)+1];
+                        uint64_t weight;
+
+                        if (has_io) {
+                                uint64_t io_weight = cgroup_context_io_weight(c, state);
 
-                        sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", c->memory_limit);
+                                weight = cgroup_weight_io_to_blkio(cgroup_context_io_weight(c, state));
 
-                        if (cg_unified() <= 0)
-                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.limit_in_bytes", buf);
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying [Startup]IOWeight %" PRIu64 " as [Startup]BlockIOWeight %" PRIu64,
+                                                  io_weight, weight);
+                        } else if (has_blockio)
+                                weight = cgroup_context_blkio_weight(c, state);
                         else
-                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.max", buf);
+                                weight = CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_DEFAULT;
+
+                        xsprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", weight);
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("blkio", path, "blkio.weight", buf);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                              "Failed to set blkio.weight: %m");
+
+                        if (has_io) {
+                                CGroupIODeviceWeight *w;
 
+                                /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->io_device_weights) {
+                                        weight = cgroup_weight_io_to_blkio(w->weight);
+
+                                        log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying IODeviceWeight %" PRIu64 " as BlockIODeviceWeight %" PRIu64 " for %s",
+                                                          w->weight, weight, w->path);
+
+                                        cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(u, w->path, weight);
+                                }
+                        } else if (has_blockio) {
+                                CGroupBlockIODeviceWeight *w;
+
+                                /* FIXME: no way to reset this list */
+                                LIST_FOREACH(device_weights, w, c->blockio_device_weights)
+                                        cgroup_apply_blkio_device_weight(u, w->path, w->weight);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Apply limits and free ones without config. */
+                if (has_io) {
+                        CGroupIODeviceLimit *l;
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(device_limits, l, c->io_device_limits) {
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying IO{Read|Write}Bandwidth %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " as BlockIO{Read|Write}BandwidthMax for %s",
+                                                  l->limits[CGROUP_IO_RBPS_MAX], l->limits[CGROUP_IO_WBPS_MAX], l->path);
+
+                                cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(u, l->path, l->limits[CGROUP_IO_RBPS_MAX], l->limits[CGROUP_IO_WBPS_MAX]);
+                        }
+                } else if (has_blockio) {
+                        CGroupBlockIODeviceBandwidth *b;
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(device_bandwidths, b, c->blockio_device_bandwidths)
+                                cgroup_apply_blkio_device_limit(u, b->path, b->rbps, b->wbps);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if ((apply_mask & CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY) && !is_root) {
+                if (cg_all_unified() > 0) {
+                        uint64_t max, swap_max = CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX;
+
+                        if (cgroup_context_has_unified_memory_config(c)) {
+                                max = c->memory_max;
+                                swap_max = c->memory_swap_max;
+                        } else {
+                                max = c->memory_limit;
+
+                                if (max != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                                        log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying MemoryLimit %" PRIu64 " as MemoryMax", max);
+                        }
+
+                        cgroup_apply_unified_memory_limit(u, "memory.low", c->memory_low);
+                        cgroup_apply_unified_memory_limit(u, "memory.high", c->memory_high);
+                        cgroup_apply_unified_memory_limit(u, "memory.max", max);
+                        cgroup_apply_unified_memory_limit(u, "memory.swap.max", swap_max);
                 } else {
-                        if (cg_unified() <= 0)
-                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.limit_in_bytes", "-1");
+                        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 1];
+                        uint64_t val;
+
+                        if (cgroup_context_has_unified_memory_config(c)) {
+                                val = c->memory_max;
+                                log_cgroup_compat(u, "Applying MemoryMax %" PRIi64 " as MemoryLimit", val);
+                        } else
+                                val = c->memory_limit;
+
+                        if (val == CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
+                                strncpy(buf, "-1\n", sizeof(buf));
                         else
-                                r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.max", "max");
-                }
+                                xsprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", val);
 
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set memory.limit_in_bytes/memory.max on %s: %m", path);
+                        r = cg_set_attribute("memory", path, "memory.limit_in_bytes", buf);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                              "Failed to set memory.limit_in_bytes: %m");
+                }
         }
 
-        if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_DEVICES) && !is_root) {
+        if ((apply_mask & CGROUP_MASK_DEVICES) && !is_root) {
                 CGroupDeviceAllow *a;
 
                 /* Changing the devices list of a populated cgroup
@@ -429,8 +959,8 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                 else
                         r = cg_set_attribute("devices", path, "devices.allow", "a");
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EINVAL, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to reset devices.list on %s: %m", path);
+                        log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EINVAL, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                      "Failed to reset devices.list: %m");
 
                 if (c->device_policy == CGROUP_CLOSED ||
                     (c->device_policy == CGROUP_AUTO && c->device_allow)) {
@@ -441,20 +971,22 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
                                 "/dev/random\0" "rwm\0"
                                 "/dev/urandom\0" "rwm\0"
                                 "/dev/tty\0" "rwm\0"
-                                "/dev/pts/ptmx\0" "rw\0"; /* /dev/pts/ptmx may not be duplicated, but accessed */
+                                "/dev/ptmx\0" "rwm\0"
+                                /* Allow /run/systemd/inaccessible/{chr,blk} devices for mapping InaccessiblePaths */
+                                "-/run/systemd/inaccessible/chr\0" "rwm\0"
+                                "-/run/systemd/inaccessible/blk\0" "rwm\0";
 
                         const char *x, *y;
 
                         NULSTR_FOREACH_PAIR(x, y, auto_devices)
                                 whitelist_device(path, x, y);
 
+                        /* PTS (/dev/pts) devices may not be duplicated, but accessed */
                         whitelist_major(path, "pts", 'c', "rw");
-                        whitelist_major(path, "kdbus", 'c', "rw");
-                        whitelist_major(path, "kdbus/*", 'c', "rw");
                 }
 
                 LIST_FOREACH(device_allow, a, c->device_allow) {
-                        char acc[4];
+                        char acc[4], *val;
                         unsigned k = 0;
 
                         if (a->r)
@@ -469,31 +1001,61 @@ void cgroup_context_apply(CGroupContext *c, CGroupMask mask, const char *path, M
 
                         acc[k++] = 0;
 
-                        if (startswith(a->path, "/dev/"))
+                        if (path_startswith(a->path, "/dev/"))
                                 whitelist_device(path, a->path, acc);
-                        else if (startswith(a->path, "block-"))
-                                whitelist_major(path, a->path + 6, 'b', acc);
-                        else if (startswith(a->path, "char-"))
-                                whitelist_major(path, a->path + 5, 'c', acc);
+                        else if ((val = startswith(a->path, "block-")))
+                                whitelist_major(path, val, 'b', acc);
+                        else if ((val = startswith(a->path, "char-")))
+                                whitelist_major(path, val, 'c', acc);
                         else
-                                log_debug("Ignoring device %s while writing cgroup attribute.", a->path);
+                                log_unit_debug(u, "Ignoring device %s while writing cgroup attribute.", a->path);
                 }
         }
 
-        if ((mask & CGROUP_MASK_PIDS) && !is_root) {
+        if (apply_mask & CGROUP_MASK_PIDS) {
+
+                if (is_root) {
+                        /* So, the "pids" controller does not expose anything on the root cgroup, in order not to
+                         * replicate knobs exposed elsewhere needlessly. We abstract this away here however, and when
+                         * the knobs of the root cgroup are modified propagate this to the relevant sysctls. There's a
+                         * non-obvious asymmetry however: unlike the cgroup properties we don't really want to take
+                         * exclusive ownership of the sysctls, but we still want to honour things if the user sets
+                         * limits. Hence we employ sort of a one-way strategy: when the user sets a bounded limit
+                         * through us it counts. When the user afterwards unsets it again (i.e. sets it to unbounded)
+                         * it also counts. But if the user never set a limit through us (i.e. we are the default of
+                         * "unbounded") we leave things unmodified. For this we manage a global boolean that we turn on
+                         * the first time we set a limit. Note that this boolean is flushed out on manager reload,
+                         * which is desirable so that there's an offical way to release control of the sysctl from
+                         * systemd: set the limit to unbounded and reload. */
+
+                        if (c->tasks_max != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX) {
+                                u->manager->sysctl_pid_max_changed = true;
+                                r = procfs_tasks_set_limit(c->tasks_max);
+                        } else if (u->manager->sysctl_pid_max_changed)
+                                r = procfs_tasks_set_limit(TASKS_MAX);
+                        else
+                                r = 0;
 
-                if (c->tasks_max != (uint64_t) -1) {
-                        char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 2];
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                              "Failed to write to tasks limit sysctls: %m");
 
-                        sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", c->tasks_max);
-                        r = cg_set_attribute("pids", path, "pids.max", buf);
-                } else
-                        r = cg_set_attribute("pids", path, "pids.max", "max");
+                } else {
+                        if (c->tasks_max != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX) {
+                                char buf[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(uint64_t) + 2];
 
-                if (r < 0)
-                        log_full_errno(IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
-                                       "Failed to set pids.max on %s: %m", path);
+                                sprintf(buf, "%" PRIu64 "\n", c->tasks_max);
+                                r = cg_set_attribute("pids", path, "pids.max", buf);
+                        } else
+                                r = cg_set_attribute("pids", path, "pids.max", "max");
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_unit_full(u, IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -EROFS, -EACCES) ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, r,
+                                              "Failed to set pids.max: %m");
+                }
         }
+
+        if (apply_bpf)
+                cgroup_apply_firewall(u);
 }
 
 CGroupMask cgroup_context_get_mask(CGroupContext *c) {
@@ -502,20 +1064,17 @@ CGroupMask cgroup_context_get_mask(CGroupContext *c) {
         /* Figure out which controllers we need */
 
         if (c->cpu_accounting ||
-            c->cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ||
-            c->startup_cpu_shares != CGROUP_CPU_SHARES_INVALID ||
+            cgroup_context_has_cpu_weight(c) ||
+            cgroup_context_has_cpu_shares(c) ||
             c->cpu_quota_per_sec_usec != USEC_INFINITY)
                 mask |= CGROUP_MASK_CPUACCT | CGROUP_MASK_CPU;
 
-        if (c->blockio_accounting ||
-            c->blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ||
-            c->startup_blockio_weight != CGROUP_BLKIO_WEIGHT_INVALID ||
-            c->blockio_device_weights ||
-            c->blockio_device_bandwidths)
-                mask |= CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO;
+        if (cgroup_context_has_io_config(c) || cgroup_context_has_blockio_config(c))
+                mask |= CGROUP_MASK_IO | CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO;
 
         if (c->memory_accounting ||
-            c->memory_limit != (uint64_t) -1)
+            c->memory_limit != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX ||
+            cgroup_context_has_unified_memory_config(c))
                 mask |= CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY;
 
         if (c->device_allow ||
@@ -523,7 +1082,7 @@ CGroupMask cgroup_context_get_mask(CGroupContext *c) {
                 mask |= CGROUP_MASK_DEVICES;
 
         if (c->tasks_accounting ||
-            c->tasks_max != (uint64_t) -1)
+            c->tasks_max != CGROUP_LIMIT_MAX)
                 mask |= CGROUP_MASK_PIDS;
 
         return mask;
@@ -538,32 +1097,36 @@ CGroupMask unit_get_own_mask(Unit *u) {
         if (!c)
                 return 0;
 
-        /* If delegation is turned on, then turn on all cgroups,
-         * unless we are on the legacy hierarchy and the process we
-         * fork into it is known to drop privileges, and hence
-         * shouldn't get access to the controllers.
+        return cgroup_context_get_mask(c) | unit_get_delegate_mask(u);
+}
+
+CGroupMask unit_get_delegate_mask(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupContext *c;
+
+        /* If delegation is turned on, then turn on selected controllers, unless we are on the legacy hierarchy and the
+         * process we fork into is known to drop privileges, and hence shouldn't get access to the controllers.
          *
-         * Note that on the unified hierarchy it is safe to delegate
-         * controllers to unprivileged services. */
+         * Note that on the unified hierarchy it is safe to delegate controllers to unprivileged services. */
 
-        if (c->delegate) {
+        if (!unit_cgroup_delegate(u))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (cg_all_unified() <= 0) {
                 ExecContext *e;
 
                 e = unit_get_exec_context(u);
-                if (!e ||
-                    exec_context_maintains_privileges(e) ||
-                    cg_unified() > 0)
-                        return _CGROUP_MASK_ALL;
+                if (e && !exec_context_maintains_privileges(e))
+                        return 0;
         }
 
-        return cgroup_context_get_mask(c);
+        assert_se(c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u));
+        return c->delegate_controllers;
 }
 
 CGroupMask unit_get_members_mask(Unit *u) {
         assert(u);
 
-        /* Returns the mask of controllers all of the unit's children
-         * require, merged */
+        /* Returns the mask of controllers all of the unit's children require, merged */
 
         if (u->cgroup_members_mask_valid)
                 return u->cgroup_members_mask;
@@ -571,10 +1134,11 @@ CGroupMask unit_get_members_mask(Unit *u) {
         u->cgroup_members_mask = 0;
 
         if (u->type == UNIT_SLICE) {
+                void *v;
                 Unit *member;
                 Iterator i;
 
-                SET_FOREACH(member, u->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(v, member, u->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
 
                         if (member == u)
                                 continue;
@@ -582,9 +1146,7 @@ CGroupMask unit_get_members_mask(Unit *u) {
                         if (UNIT_DEREF(member->slice) != u)
                                 continue;
 
-                        u->cgroup_members_mask |=
-                                unit_get_own_mask(member) |
-                                unit_get_members_mask(member);
+                        u->cgroup_members_mask |= unit_get_subtree_mask(member); /* note that this calls ourselves again, for the children */
                 }
         }
 
@@ -602,7 +1164,7 @@ CGroupMask unit_get_siblings_mask(Unit *u) {
         if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice))
                 return unit_get_members_mask(UNIT_DEREF(u->slice));
 
-        return unit_get_own_mask(u) | unit_get_members_mask(u);
+        return unit_get_subtree_mask(u); /* we are the top-level slice */
 }
 
 CGroupMask unit_get_subtree_mask(Unit *u) {
@@ -643,6 +1205,34 @@ CGroupMask unit_get_enable_mask(Unit *u) {
         return mask;
 }
 
+bool unit_get_needs_bpf(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupContext *c;
+        Unit *p;
+        assert(u);
+
+        c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return false;
+
+        if (c->ip_accounting ||
+            c->ip_address_allow ||
+            c->ip_address_deny)
+                return true;
+
+        /* If any parent slice has an IP access list defined, it applies too */
+        for (p = UNIT_DEREF(u->slice); p; p = UNIT_DEREF(p->slice)) {
+                c = unit_get_cgroup_context(p);
+                if (!c)
+                        return false;
+
+                if (c->ip_address_allow ||
+                    c->ip_address_deny)
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
 /* Recurse from a unit up through its containing slices, propagating
  * mask bits upward. A unit is also member of itself. */
 void unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(Unit *u) {
@@ -692,16 +1282,15 @@ void unit_update_cgroup_members_masks(Unit *u) {
         }
 }
 
-static const char *migrate_callback(CGroupMask mask, void *userdata) {
-        Unit *u = userdata;
+const char *unit_get_realized_cgroup_path(Unit *u, CGroupMask mask) {
 
-        assert(mask != 0);
-        assert(u);
+        /* Returns the realized cgroup path of the specified unit where all specified controllers are available. */
 
         while (u) {
+
                 if (u->cgroup_path &&
                     u->cgroup_realized &&
-                    (u->cgroup_realized_mask & mask) == mask)
+                    FLAGS_SET(u->cgroup_realized_mask, mask))
                         return u->cgroup_path;
 
                 u = UNIT_DEREF(u->slice);
@@ -710,6 +1299,10 @@ static const char *migrate_callback(CGroupMask mask, void *userdata) {
         return NULL;
 }
 
+static const char *migrate_callback(CGroupMask mask, void *userdata) {
+        return unit_get_realized_cgroup_path(userdata, mask);
+}
+
 char *unit_default_cgroup_path(Unit *u) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *escaped = NULL, *slice = NULL;
         int r;
@@ -730,9 +1323,10 @@ char *unit_default_cgroup_path(Unit *u) {
                 return NULL;
 
         if (slice)
-                return strjoin(u->manager->cgroup_root, "/", slice, "/", escaped, NULL);
+                return strjoin(u->manager->cgroup_root, "/", slice, "/",
+                               escaped);
         else
-                return strjoin(u->manager->cgroup_root, "/", escaped, NULL);
+                return strjoin(u->manager->cgroup_root, "/", escaped);
 }
 
 int unit_set_cgroup_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
@@ -759,8 +1353,7 @@ int unit_set_cgroup_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
 
         unit_release_cgroup(u);
 
-        u->cgroup_path = p;
-        p = NULL;
+        u->cgroup_path = TAKE_PTR(p);
 
         return 1;
 }
@@ -778,9 +1371,9 @@ int unit_watch_cgroup(Unit *u) {
                 return 0;
 
         /* Only applies to the unified hierarchy */
-        r = cg_unified();
+        r = cg_unified_controller(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER);
         if (r < 0)
-                return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed detect wether the unified hierarchy is used: %m");
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether the name=systemd hierarchy is unified: %m");
         if (r == 0)
                 return 0;
 
@@ -814,13 +1407,40 @@ int unit_watch_cgroup(Unit *u) {
         return 0;
 }
 
+int unit_pick_cgroup_path(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->cgroup_path)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        path = unit_default_cgroup_path(u);
+        if (!path)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = unit_set_cgroup_path(u, path);
+        if (r == -EEXIST)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Control group %s exists already.", path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to set unit's control group path to %s: %m", path);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 static int unit_create_cgroup(
                 Unit *u,
                 CGroupMask target_mask,
-                CGroupMask enable_mask) {
+                CGroupMask enable_mask,
+                bool needs_bpf) {
 
         CGroupContext *c;
         int r;
+        bool created;
 
         assert(u);
 
@@ -828,38 +1448,37 @@ static int unit_create_cgroup(
         if (!c)
                 return 0;
 
-        if (!u->cgroup_path) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
-
-                path = unit_default_cgroup_path(u);
-                if (!path)
-                        return log_oom();
-
-                r = unit_set_cgroup_path(u, path);
-                if (r == -EEXIST)
-                        return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Control group %s exists already.", path);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to set unit's control group path to %s: %m", path);
-        }
+        /* Figure out our cgroup path */
+        r = unit_pick_cgroup_path(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
 
         /* First, create our own group */
         r = cg_create_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, target_mask, u->cgroup_path);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_unit_error_errno(u, r, "Failed to create cgroup %s: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+        created = !!r;
 
         /* Start watching it */
         (void) unit_watch_cgroup(u);
 
-        /* Enable all controllers we need */
-        r = cg_enable_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, enable_mask, u->cgroup_path);
-        if (r < 0)
-                log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to enable controllers on cgroup %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+        /* Preserve enabled controllers in delegated units, adjust others. */
+        if (created || !unit_cgroup_delegate(u)) {
+
+                /* Enable all controllers we need */
+                r = cg_enable_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, enable_mask, u->cgroup_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_unit_warning_errno(u, r, "Failed to enable controllers on cgroup %s, ignoring: %m",
+                                               u->cgroup_path);
+        }
 
         /* Keep track that this is now realized */
         u->cgroup_realized = true;
         u->cgroup_realized_mask = target_mask;
+        u->cgroup_enabled_mask = enable_mask;
+        u->cgroup_bpf_state = needs_bpf ? UNIT_CGROUP_BPF_ON : UNIT_CGROUP_BPF_OFF;
 
-        if (u->type != UNIT_SLICE && !c->delegate) {
+        if (u->type != UNIT_SLICE && !unit_cgroup_delegate(u)) {
 
                 /* Then, possibly move things over, but not if
                  * subgroups may contain processes, which is the case
@@ -872,25 +1491,197 @@ static int unit_create_cgroup(
         return 0;
 }
 
-int unit_attach_pids_to_cgroup(Unit *u) {
+static int unit_attach_pid_to_cgroup_via_bus(Unit *u, pid_t pid, const char *suffix_path) {
+        _cleanup_(sd_bus_error_free) sd_bus_error error = SD_BUS_ERROR_NULL;
+        char *pp;
         int r;
+
         assert(u);
 
+        if (MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(u->manager))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!u->manager->system_bus)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* Determine this unit's cgroup path relative to our cgroup root */
+        pp = path_startswith(u->cgroup_path, u->manager->cgroup_root);
+        if (!pp)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        pp = strjoina("/", pp, suffix_path);
+        path_simplify(pp, false);
+
+        r = sd_bus_call_method(u->manager->system_bus,
+                               "org.freedesktop.systemd1",
+                               "/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                               "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                               "AttachProcessesToUnit",
+                               &error, NULL,
+                               "ssau",
+                               NULL /* empty unit name means client's unit, i.e. us */, pp, 1, (uint32_t) pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to attach unit process " PID_FMT " via the bus: %s", pid, bus_error_message(&error, r));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_attach_pids_to_cgroup(Unit *u, Set *pids, const char *suffix_path) {
+        CGroupMask delegated_mask;
+        const char *p;
+        Iterator i;
+        void *pidp;
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (set_isempty(pids))
+                return 0;
+
         r = unit_realize_cgroup(u);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = cg_attach_many_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, u->cgroup_path, u->pids, migrate_callback, u);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
+        if (isempty(suffix_path))
+                p = u->cgroup_path;
+        else
+                p = strjoina(u->cgroup_path, "/", suffix_path);
+
+        delegated_mask = unit_get_delegate_mask(u);
+
+        r = 0;
+        SET_FOREACH(pidp, pids, i) {
+                pid_t pid = PTR_TO_PID(pidp);
+                CGroupController c;
+
+                /* First, attach the PID to the main cgroup hierarchy */
+                q = cg_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, p, pid);
+                if (q < 0) {
+                        log_unit_debug_errno(u, q, "Couldn't move process " PID_FMT " to requested cgroup '%s': %m", pid, p);
+
+                        if (MANAGER_IS_USER(u->manager) && IN_SET(q, -EPERM, -EACCES)) {
+                                int z;
+
+                                /* If we are in a user instance, and we can't move the process ourselves due to
+                                 * permission problems, let's ask the system instance about it instead. Since it's more
+                                 * privileged it might be able to move the process across the leaves of a subtree who's
+                                 * top node is not owned by us. */
+
+                                z = unit_attach_pid_to_cgroup_via_bus(u, pid, suffix_path);
+                                if (z < 0)
+                                        log_unit_debug_errno(u, z, "Couldn't move process " PID_FMT " to requested cgroup '%s' via the system bus either: %m", pid, p);
+                                else
+                                        continue; /* When the bus thing worked via the bus we are fully done for this PID. */
+                        }
+
+                        if (r >= 0)
+                                r = q; /* Remember first error */
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                q = cg_all_unified();
+                if (q < 0)
+                        return q;
+                if (q > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* In the legacy hierarchy, attach the process to the request cgroup if possible, and if not to the
+                 * innermost realized one */
+
+                for (c = 0; c < _CGROUP_CONTROLLER_MAX; c++) {
+                        CGroupMask bit = CGROUP_CONTROLLER_TO_MASK(c);
+                        const char *realized;
+
+                        if (!(u->manager->cgroup_supported & bit))
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* If this controller is delegated and realized, honour the caller's request for the cgroup suffix. */
+                        if (delegated_mask & u->cgroup_realized_mask & bit) {
+                                q = cg_attach(cgroup_controller_to_string(c), p, pid);
+                                if (q >= 0)
+                                        continue; /* Success! */
+
+                                log_unit_debug_errno(u, q, "Failed to attach PID " PID_FMT " to requested cgroup %s in controller %s, falling back to unit's cgroup: %m",
+                                                     pid, p, cgroup_controller_to_string(c));
+                        }
+
+                        /* So this controller is either not delegate or realized, or something else weird happened. In
+                         * that case let's attach the PID at least to the closest cgroup up the tree that is
+                         * realized. */
+                        realized = unit_get_realized_cgroup_path(u, bit);
+                        if (!realized)
+                                continue; /* Not even realized in the root slice? Then let's not bother */
+
+                        q = cg_attach(cgroup_controller_to_string(c), realized, pid);
+                        if (q < 0)
+                                log_unit_debug_errno(u, q, "Failed to attach PID " PID_FMT " to realized cgroup %s in controller %s, ignoring: %m",
+                                                     pid, realized, cgroup_controller_to_string(c));
+                }
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void cgroup_xattr_apply(Unit *u) {
+        char ids[SD_ID128_STRING_MAX];
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(u->manager))
+                return;
+
+        if (sd_id128_is_null(u->invocation_id))
+                return;
+
+        r = cg_set_xattr(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path,
+                         "trusted.invocation_id",
+                         sd_id128_to_string(u->invocation_id, ids), 32,
+                         0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to set invocation ID on control group %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+}
+
+static bool unit_has_mask_realized(
+                Unit *u,
+                CGroupMask target_mask,
+                CGroupMask enable_mask,
+                bool needs_bpf) {
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        return u->cgroup_realized &&
+                u->cgroup_realized_mask == target_mask &&
+                u->cgroup_enabled_mask == enable_mask &&
+                ((needs_bpf && u->cgroup_bpf_state == UNIT_CGROUP_BPF_ON) ||
+                 (!needs_bpf && u->cgroup_bpf_state == UNIT_CGROUP_BPF_OFF));
+}
+
+static void unit_add_to_cgroup_realize_queue(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_cgroup_realize_queue)
+                return;
 
-        return 0;
+        LIST_PREPEND(cgroup_realize_queue, u->manager->cgroup_realize_queue, u);
+        u->in_cgroup_realize_queue = true;
 }
 
-static bool unit_has_mask_realized(Unit *u, CGroupMask target_mask) {
+static void unit_remove_from_cgroup_realize_queue(Unit *u) {
         assert(u);
 
-        return u->cgroup_realized && u->cgroup_realized_mask == target_mask;
+        if (!u->in_cgroup_realize_queue)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(cgroup_realize_queue, u->manager->cgroup_realize_queue, u);
+        u->in_cgroup_realize_queue = false;
 }
 
 /* Check if necessary controllers and attributes for a unit are in place.
@@ -901,19 +1692,25 @@ static bool unit_has_mask_realized(Unit *u, CGroupMask target_mask) {
  * Returns 0 on success and < 0 on failure. */
 static int unit_realize_cgroup_now(Unit *u, ManagerState state) {
         CGroupMask target_mask, enable_mask;
+        bool needs_bpf, apply_bpf;
         int r;
 
         assert(u);
 
-        if (u->in_cgroup_queue) {
-                LIST_REMOVE(cgroup_queue, u->manager->cgroup_queue, u);
-                u->in_cgroup_queue = false;
-        }
+        unit_remove_from_cgroup_realize_queue(u);
 
         target_mask = unit_get_target_mask(u);
-        if (unit_has_mask_realized(u, target_mask))
+        enable_mask = unit_get_enable_mask(u);
+        needs_bpf = unit_get_needs_bpf(u);
+
+        if (unit_has_mask_realized(u, target_mask, enable_mask, needs_bpf))
                 return 0;
 
+        /* Make sure we apply the BPF filters either when one is configured, or if none is configured but previously
+         * the state was anything but off. This way, if a unit with a BPF filter applied is reconfigured to lose it
+         * this will trickle down properly to cgroupfs. */
+        apply_bpf = needs_bpf || u->cgroup_bpf_state != UNIT_CGROUP_BPF_OFF;
+
         /* First, realize parents */
         if (UNIT_ISSET(u->slice)) {
                 r = unit_realize_cgroup_now(UNIT_DEREF(u->slice), state);
@@ -922,36 +1719,35 @@ static int unit_realize_cgroup_now(Unit *u, ManagerState state) {
         }
 
         /* And then do the real work */
-        enable_mask = unit_get_enable_mask(u);
-        r = unit_create_cgroup(u, target_mask, enable_mask);
+        r = unit_create_cgroup(u, target_mask, enable_mask, needs_bpf);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
         /* Finally, apply the necessary attributes. */
-        cgroup_context_apply(unit_get_cgroup_context(u), target_mask, u->cgroup_path, state);
+        cgroup_context_apply(u, target_mask, apply_bpf, state);
+        cgroup_xattr_apply(u);
 
         return 0;
 }
 
-static void unit_add_to_cgroup_queue(Unit *u) {
-
-        if (u->in_cgroup_queue)
-                return;
-
-        LIST_PREPEND(cgroup_queue, u->manager->cgroup_queue, u);
-        u->in_cgroup_queue = true;
-}
-
-unsigned manager_dispatch_cgroup_queue(Manager *m) {
+unsigned manager_dispatch_cgroup_realize_queue(Manager *m) {
         ManagerState state;
         unsigned n = 0;
         Unit *i;
         int r;
 
+        assert(m);
+
         state = manager_state(m);
 
-        while ((i = m->cgroup_queue)) {
-                assert(i->in_cgroup_queue);
+        while ((i = m->cgroup_realize_queue)) {
+                assert(i->in_cgroup_realize_queue);
+
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(i))) {
+                        /* Maybe things changed, and the unit is not actually active anymore? */
+                        unit_remove_from_cgroup_realize_queue(i);
+                        continue;
+                }
 
                 r = unit_realize_cgroup_now(i, state);
                 if (r < 0)
@@ -963,7 +1759,7 @@ unsigned manager_dispatch_cgroup_queue(Manager *m) {
         return n;
 }
 
-static void unit_queue_siblings(Unit *u) {
+static void unit_add_siblings_to_cgroup_realize_queue(Unit *u) {
         Unit *slice;
 
         /* This adds the siblings of the specified unit and the
@@ -973,8 +1769,9 @@ static void unit_queue_siblings(Unit *u) {
         while ((slice = UNIT_DEREF(u->slice))) {
                 Iterator i;
                 Unit *m;
+                void *v;
 
-                SET_FOREACH(m, slice->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(v, m, u->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
                         if (m == u)
                                 continue;
 
@@ -991,10 +1788,13 @@ static void unit_queue_siblings(Unit *u) {
                         /* If the unit doesn't need any new controllers
                          * and has current ones realized, it doesn't need
                          * any changes. */
-                        if (unit_has_mask_realized(m, unit_get_target_mask(m)))
+                        if (unit_has_mask_realized(m,
+                                                   unit_get_target_mask(m),
+                                                   unit_get_enable_mask(m),
+                                                   unit_get_needs_bpf(m)))
                                 continue;
 
-                        unit_add_to_cgroup_queue(m);
+                        unit_add_to_cgroup_realize_queue(m);
                 }
 
                 u = slice;
@@ -1019,7 +1819,7 @@ int unit_realize_cgroup(Unit *u) {
          * iteration. */
 
         /* Add all sibling slices to the cgroup queue. */
-        unit_queue_siblings(u);
+        unit_add_siblings_to_cgroup_realize_queue(u);
 
         /* And realize this one now (and apply the values) */
         return unit_realize_cgroup_now(u, manager_state(u->manager));
@@ -1055,11 +1855,13 @@ void unit_prune_cgroup(Unit *u) {
         if (!u->cgroup_path)
                 return;
 
+        (void) unit_get_cpu_usage(u, NULL); /* Cache the last CPU usage value before we destroy the cgroup */
+
         is_root_slice = unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_ROOT_SLICE);
 
         r = cg_trim_everywhere(u->manager->cgroup_supported, u->cgroup_path, !is_root_slice);
         if (r < 0) {
-                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to destroy cgroup %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to destroy cgroup %s, ignoring: %m", u->cgroup_path);
                 return;
         }
 
@@ -1070,6 +1872,7 @@ void unit_prune_cgroup(Unit *u) {
 
         u->cgroup_realized = false;
         u->cgroup_realized_mask = 0;
+        u->cgroup_enabled_mask = 0;
 }
 
 int unit_search_main_pid(Unit *u, pid_t *ret) {
@@ -1087,7 +1890,7 @@ int unit_search_main_pid(Unit *u, pid_t *ret) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        mypid = getpid();
+        mypid = getpid_cached();
         while (cg_read_pid(f, &npid) > 0)  {
                 pid_t ppid;
 
@@ -1146,7 +1949,7 @@ static int unit_watch_pids_in_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
                 while ((r = cg_read_subgroup(d, &fn)) > 0) {
                         _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
 
-                        p = strjoin(path, "/", fn, NULL);
+                        p = strjoin(path, "/", fn);
                         free(fn);
 
                         if (!p)
@@ -1164,7 +1967,34 @@ static int unit_watch_pids_in_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
         return ret;
 }
 
+int unit_synthesize_cgroup_empty_event(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Enqueue a synthetic cgroup empty event if this unit doesn't watch any PIDs anymore. This is compatibility
+         * support for non-unified systems where notifications aren't reliable, and hence need to take whatever we can
+         * get as notification source as soon as we stopped having any useful PIDs to watch for. */
+
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        r = cg_unified_controller(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) /* On unified we have reliable notifications, and don't need this */
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!set_isempty(u->pids))
+                return 0;
+
+        unit_add_to_cgroup_empty_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int unit_watch_all_pids(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
         assert(u);
 
         /* Adds all PIDs from our cgroup to the set of PIDs we
@@ -1175,23 +2005,37 @@ int unit_watch_all_pids(Unit *u) {
         if (!u->cgroup_path)
                 return -ENOENT;
 
-        if (cg_unified() > 0) /* On unified we can use proper notifications */
+        r = cg_unified_controller(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) /* On unified we can use proper notifications */
                 return 0;
 
         return unit_watch_pids_in_path(u, u->cgroup_path);
 }
 
-int unit_notify_cgroup_empty(Unit *u) {
+static int on_cgroup_empty_event(sd_event_source *s, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        Unit *u;
         int r;
 
-        assert(u);
+        assert(s);
+        assert(m);
 
-        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+        u = m->cgroup_empty_queue;
+        if (!u)
                 return 0;
 
-        r = cg_is_empty_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path);
-        if (r <= 0)
-                return r;
+        assert(u->in_cgroup_empty_queue);
+        u->in_cgroup_empty_queue = false;
+        LIST_REMOVE(cgroup_empty_queue, m->cgroup_empty_queue, u);
+
+        if (m->cgroup_empty_queue) {
+                /* More stuff queued, let's make sure we remain enabled */
+                r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(s, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to reenable cgroup empty event source, ignoring: %m");
+        }
 
         unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
 
@@ -1201,6 +2045,51 @@ int unit_notify_cgroup_empty(Unit *u) {
         return 0;
 }
 
+void unit_add_to_cgroup_empty_queue(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Note that there are four different ways how cgroup empty events reach us:
+         *
+         * 1. On the unified hierarchy we get an inotify event on the cgroup
+         *
+         * 2. On the legacy hierarchy, when running in system mode, we get a datagram on the cgroup agent socket
+         *
+         * 3. On the legacy hierarchy, when running in user mode, we get a D-Bus signal on the system bus
+         *
+         * 4. On the legacy hierarchy, in service units we start watching all processes of the cgroup for SIGCHLD as
+         *    soon as we get one SIGCHLD, to deal with unreliable cgroup notifications.
+         *
+         * Regardless which way we got the notification, we'll verify it here, and then add it to a separate
+         * queue. This queue will be dispatched at a lower priority than the SIGCHLD handler, so that we always use
+         * SIGCHLD if we can get it first, and only use the cgroup empty notifications if there's no SIGCHLD pending
+         * (which might happen if the cgroup doesn't contain processes that are our own child, which is typically the
+         * case for scope units). */
+
+        if (u->in_cgroup_empty_queue)
+                return;
+
+        /* Let's verify that the cgroup is really empty */
+        if (!u->cgroup_path)
+                return;
+        r = cg_is_empty_recursive(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, u->cgroup_path);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_unit_debug_errno(u, r, "Failed to determine whether cgroup %s is empty: %m", u->cgroup_path);
+                return;
+        }
+        if (r == 0)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(cgroup_empty_queue, u->manager->cgroup_empty_queue, u);
+        u->in_cgroup_empty_queue = true;
+
+        /* Trigger the defer event */
+        r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(u->manager->cgroup_empty_event_source, SD_EVENT_ONESHOT);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_debug_errno(r, "Failed to enable cgroup empty event source: %m");
+}
+
 static int on_cgroup_inotify_event(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents, void *userdata) {
         Manager *m = userdata;
 
@@ -1215,7 +2104,7 @@ static int on_cgroup_inotify_event(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents,
 
                 l = read(fd, &buffer, sizeof(buffer));
                 if (l < 0) {
-                        if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
+                        if (IN_SET(errno, EINTR, EAGAIN))
                                 return 0;
 
                         return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read control group inotify events: %m");
@@ -1240,7 +2129,7 @@ static int on_cgroup_inotify_event(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents,
                                  * this here safely. */
                                 continue;
 
-                        (void) unit_notify_cgroup_empty(u);
+                        unit_add_to_cgroup_empty_queue(u);
                 }
         }
 }
@@ -1248,15 +2137,22 @@ static int on_cgroup_inotify_event(sd_event_source *s, int fd, uint32_t revents,
 
 int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        const char *scope_path;
         CGroupController c;
-        int r, unified;
+        int r, all_unified;
+#if 0 /// UNNEEDED by elogind
         char *e;
+#endif // 0
 
         assert(m);
 
         /* 1. Determine hierarchy */
         m->cgroup_root = mfree(m->cgroup_root);
+#if 0 /// elogind is not init and must therefore search for PID 1 instead of self.
         r = cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, 0, &m->cgroup_root);
+#else
+        r = cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, 1, &m->cgroup_root);
+#endif // 0
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot determine cgroup we are running in: %m");
 
@@ -1268,7 +2164,7 @@ int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m) {
          * it. This is to support live upgrades from older systemd
          * versions where PID 1 was moved there. Also see
          * cg_get_root_path(). */
-        if (!e && m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+        if (!e && MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(m)) {
                 e = endswith(m->cgroup_root, "/" SPECIAL_SYSTEM_SLICE);
                 if (!e)
                         e = endswith(m->cgroup_root, "/system"); /* even more legacy */
@@ -1277,120 +2173,140 @@ int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m) {
                 *e = 0;
 #endif // 0
 
-        /* And make sure to store away the root value without trailing
-         * slash, even for the root dir, so that we can easily prepend
-         * it everywhere. */
-        while ((e = endswith(m->cgroup_root, "/")))
-                *e = 0;
         log_debug_elogind("Cgroup Controller \"%s\" -> root \"%s\"",
                           SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root);
+        /* And make sure to store away the root value without trailing slash, even for the root dir, so that we can
+         * easily prepend it everywhere. */
+        delete_trailing_chars(m->cgroup_root, "/");
 
         /* 2. Show data */
         r = cg_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root, NULL, &path);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Cannot find cgroup mount point: %m");
 
-        unified = cg_unified();
-        if (unified < 0)
+        r = cg_unified_flush();
+        if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Couldn't determine if we are running in the unified hierarchy: %m");
-        if (unified > 0)
+
+        all_unified = cg_all_unified();
+        if (all_unified < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(all_unified, "Couldn't determine whether we are in all unified mode: %m");
+        if (all_unified > 0)
                 log_debug("Unified cgroup hierarchy is located at %s.", path);
-        else
-                log_debug("Using cgroup controller " SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER ". File system hierarchy is at %s.", path);
+        else {
+                r = cg_unified_controller(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine whether systemd's own controller is in unified mode: %m");
+                if (r > 0)
+                        log_debug("Unified cgroup hierarchy is located at %s. Controllers are on legacy hierarchies.", path);
+                else
+                        log_debug("Using cgroup controller " SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER_LEGACY ". File system hierarchy is at %s.", path);
+        }
+
+#if 0 /// elogind is not init, and does not install the agent here.
+        /* 3. Allocate cgroup empty defer event source */
+        m->cgroup_empty_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->cgroup_empty_event_source);
+        r = sd_event_add_defer(m->event, &m->cgroup_empty_event_source, on_cgroup_empty_event, m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create cgroup empty event source: %m");
+
+        r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->cgroup_empty_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL-5);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set priority of cgroup empty event source: %m");
 
-        if (!m->test_run) {
-                const char *scope_path;
+        r = sd_event_source_set_enabled(m->cgroup_empty_event_source, SD_EVENT_OFF);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to disable cgroup empty event source: %m");
 
-                /* 3. Install agent */
-                if (unified) {
+        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->cgroup_empty_event_source, "cgroup-empty");
 
-                        /* In the unified hierarchy we can can get
-                         * cgroup empty notifications via inotify. */
+        /* 4. Install notifier inotify object, or agent */
+        if (cg_unified_controller(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER) > 0) {
 
-#if 0 /// elogind does not support the unified hierarchy, yet.
-                        m->cgroup_inotify_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source);
-                        safe_close(m->cgroup_inotify_fd);
+                /* In the unified hierarchy we can get cgroup empty notifications via inotify. */
 
-                        m->cgroup_inotify_fd = inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK|IN_CLOEXEC);
-                        if (m->cgroup_inotify_fd < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create control group inotify object: %m");
+                m->cgroup_inotify_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source);
+                safe_close(m->cgroup_inotify_fd);
 
-                        r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->cgroup_inotify_event_source, m->cgroup_inotify_fd, EPOLLIN, on_cgroup_inotify_event, m);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to watch control group inotify object: %m");
+                m->cgroup_inotify_fd = inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK|IN_CLOEXEC);
+                if (m->cgroup_inotify_fd < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create control group inotify object: %m");
 
-                        r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_IDLE - 5);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set priority of inotify event source: %m");
+                r = sd_event_add_io(m->event, &m->cgroup_inotify_event_source, m->cgroup_inotify_fd, EPOLLIN, on_cgroup_inotify_event, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to watch control group inotify object: %m");
 
-                        (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source, "cgroup-inotify");
+                /* Process cgroup empty notifications early, but after service notifications and SIGCHLD. Also
+                 * see handling of cgroup agent notifications, for the classic cgroup hierarchy support. */
+                r = sd_event_source_set_priority(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source, SD_EVENT_PRIORITY_NORMAL-4);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set priority of inotify event source: %m");
 
-#else
-                        return log_error_errno(EOPNOTSUPP, "Unified cgroup hierarchy not supported: %m");
-#endif // 0
-                } else if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
+                (void) sd_event_source_set_description(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source, "cgroup-inotify");
 
-                        /* On the legacy hierarchy we only get
-                         * notifications via cgroup agents. (Which
-                         * isn't really reliable, since it does not
-                         * generate events when control groups with
-                         * children run empty. */
+        } else if (MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(m) && m->test_run_flags == 0) {
 
-                        r = cg_install_release_agent(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, ELOGIND_CGROUP_AGENT_PATH);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to install release agent, ignoring: %m");
-                        else if (r > 0)
-                                log_debug("Installed release agent.");
-                        else if (r == 0)
-                                log_debug("Release agent already installed.");
-                }
+                /* On the legacy hierarchy we only get notifications via cgroup agents. (Which isn't really reliable,
+                 * since it does not generate events when control groups with children run empty. */
 
-#if 0 /// elogind is not meant to run in systemd init scope
-                /* 4. Make sure we are in the special "init.scope" unit in the root slice. */
-                scope_path = strjoina(m->cgroup_root, "/" SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE);
-                r = cg_create_and_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, 0);
-#else
-                if (streq(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, "name=elogind"))
-                        // we are our own cgroup controller
-                        scope_path = strjoina("");
-                else if (streq(m->cgroup_root, "/elogind"))
-                        // root already is our cgroup
-                        scope_path = strjoina(m->cgroup_root);
-                else
-                        // we have to create our own group
-                        scope_path = strjoina(m->cgroup_root, "/elogind");
-                r = cg_create_and_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, 0);
-#endif // 0
+                r = cg_install_release_agent(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_AGENT_PATH);
                 if (r < 0)
-                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create %s control group: %m", scope_path);
-                log_debug_elogind("Created control group \"%s\"", scope_path);
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to install release agent, ignoring: %m");
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        log_debug("Installed release agent.");
+                else if (r == 0)
+                        log_debug("Release agent already installed.");
+        }
 
-                /* also, move all other userspace processes remaining
-                 * in the root cgroup into that scope. */
-                if (!streq(m->cgroup_root, scope_path)) {
-                        r = cg_migrate(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, false);
-                        if (r < 0)
-                                log_warning_errno(r, "Couldn't move remaining userspace processes, ignoring: %m");
-                }
+        /* 5. Make sure we are in the special "init.scope" unit in the root slice. */
+        scope_path = strjoina(m->cgroup_root, "/" SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE);
+        r = cg_create_and_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, 0);
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                /* Also, move all other userspace processes remaining in the root cgroup into that scope. */
+                r = cg_migrate(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, 0);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Couldn't move remaining userspace processes, ignoring: %m");
+#else
+        /* Note:
+                * This method is in core, and normally called by systemd
+                * being init. As elogind is never init, we can not install
+                * our agent here. We do so when mounting our cgroup file
+                * system, so only if elogind is its own tiny controller.
+                * Further, elogind is not meant to run in systemd init scope. */
+        if (MANAGER_IS_SYSTEM(m))
+                // we are our own cgroup controller
+                scope_path = strjoina("");
+        else if (streq(m->cgroup_root, "/elogind"))
+                // root already is our cgroup
+                scope_path = strjoina(m->cgroup_root);
+        else
+                // we have to create our own group
+                scope_path = strjoina(m->cgroup_root, "/elogind");
+        r = cg_create_and_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, scope_path, 0);
+#endif // 0
+        log_debug_elogind("Created control group \"%s\"", scope_path);
 
-                /* 5. And pin it, so that it cannot be unmounted */
+                /* 6. And pin it, so that it cannot be unmounted */
                 safe_close(m->pin_cgroupfs_fd);
                 m->pin_cgroupfs_fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK);
                 if (m->pin_cgroupfs_fd < 0)
                         return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open pin file: %m");
 
-                /* 6.  Always enable hierarchical support if it exists... */
-                if (!unified)
-                        (void) cg_set_attribute("memory", "/", "memory.use_hierarchy", "1");
-        }
+#if 0 /// this is from the cgroup migration above that elogind does not need.
+        } else if (r < 0 && !m->test_run_flags)
+                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create %s control group: %m", scope_path);
+#endif // 0
 
-        /* 7. Figure out which controllers are supported */
+        /* 7. Always enable hierarchical support if it exists... */
+        if (!all_unified && m->test_run_flags == 0)
+                (void) cg_set_attribute("memory", "/", "memory.use_hierarchy", "1");
+
+        /* 8. Figure out which controllers are supported, and log about it */
         r = cg_mask_supported(&m->cgroup_supported);
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine supported controllers: %m");
-
         for (c = 0; c < _CGROUP_CONTROLLER_MAX; c++)
-                log_debug("Controller '%s' supported: %s", cgroup_controller_to_string(c), yes_no(m->cgroup_supported & c));
+                log_debug("Controller '%s' supported: %s", cgroup_controller_to_string(c), yes_no(m->cgroup_supported & CGROUP_CONTROLLER_TO_MASK(c)));
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -1398,12 +2314,14 @@ int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m) {
 void manager_shutdown_cgroup(Manager *m, bool delete) {
         assert(m);
 
+#if 0 /// elogind is not init
         /* We can't really delete the group, since we are in it. But
          * let's trim it. */
-        if (delete && m->cgroup_root)
+        if (delete && m->cgroup_root && m->test_run_flags != MANAGER_TEST_RUN_MINIMAL)
                 (void) cg_trim(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_root, false);
 
-#if 0 /// elogind does not support the unified hierarchy, yet.
+        m->cgroup_empty_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->cgroup_empty_event_source);
+
         m->cgroup_inotify_wd_unit = hashmap_free(m->cgroup_inotify_wd_unit);
 
         m->cgroup_inotify_event_source = sd_event_source_unref(m->cgroup_inotify_event_source);
@@ -1445,55 +2363,89 @@ Unit* manager_get_unit_by_cgroup(Manager *m, const char *cgroup) {
 
 Unit *manager_get_unit_by_pid_cgroup(Manager *m, pid_t pid) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *cgroup = NULL;
-        int r;
 
         assert(m);
 
-        if (pid <= 0)
+        if (!pid_is_valid(pid))
                 return NULL;
 
-        r = cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, pid, &cgroup);
-        if (r < 0)
+        if (cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, pid, &cgroup) < 0)
                 return NULL;
 
         return manager_get_unit_by_cgroup(m, cgroup);
 }
 
 Unit *manager_get_unit_by_pid(Manager *m, pid_t pid) {
-        Unit *u;
+        Unit *u, **array;
 
         assert(m);
 
-        if (pid <= 0)
+        /* Note that a process might be owned by multiple units, we return only one here, which is good enough for most
+         * cases, though not strictly correct. We prefer the one reported by cgroup membership, as that's the most
+         * relevant one as children of the process will be assigned to that one, too, before all else. */
+
+        if (!pid_is_valid(pid))
                 return NULL;
 
-        if (pid == 1)
+        if (pid == getpid_cached())
                 return hashmap_get(m->units, SPECIAL_INIT_SCOPE);
 
-        u = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids1, PID_TO_PTR(pid));
+        u = manager_get_unit_by_pid_cgroup(m, pid);
         if (u)
                 return u;
 
-        u = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids2, PID_TO_PTR(pid));
+        u = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids, PID_TO_PTR(pid));
         if (u)
                 return u;
 
-        return manager_get_unit_by_pid_cgroup(m, pid);
+        array = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids, PID_TO_PTR(-pid));
+        if (array)
+                return array[0];
+
+        return NULL;
 }
+#endif // 0
 
+#if 0 /// elogind must substitute this with its own variant
 int manager_notify_cgroup_empty(Manager *m, const char *cgroup) {
         Unit *u;
 
         assert(m);
         assert(cgroup);
 
+        /* Called on the legacy hierarchy whenever we get an explicit cgroup notification from the cgroup agent process
+         * or from the --system instance */
+
+        log_debug("Got cgroup empty notification for: %s", cgroup);
+
         u = manager_get_unit_by_cgroup(m, cgroup);
         if (!u)
                 return 0;
 
-        return unit_notify_cgroup_empty(u);
+        unit_add_to_cgroup_empty_queue(u);
+        return 1;
 }
+#else
+int manager_notify_cgroup_empty(Manager *m, const char *cgroup) {
+        Session *s;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(cgroup);
 
+        log_debug("Got cgroup empty notification for: %s", cgroup);
+
+        s = hashmap_get(m->sessions, cgroup);
+
+        if (s) {
+                session_finalize(s);
+                session_free(s);
+        } else
+                log_warning("Session not found: %s", cgroup);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif // 0
+#if 0 /// UNNEEDED by elogind
 int unit_get_memory_current(Unit *u, uint64_t *ret) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
         int r;
@@ -1501,16 +2453,26 @@ int unit_get_memory_current(Unit *u, uint64_t *ret) {
         assert(u);
         assert(ret);
 
+        if (!UNIT_CGROUP_BOOL(u, memory_accounting))
+                return -ENODATA;
+
         if (!u->cgroup_path)
                 return -ENODATA;
 
+        /* The root cgroup doesn't expose this information, let's get it from /proc instead */
+        if (unit_has_root_cgroup(u))
+                return procfs_memory_get_current(ret);
+
         if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & CGROUP_MASK_MEMORY) == 0)
                 return -ENODATA;
 
-        if (cg_unified() <= 0)
-                r = cg_get_attribute("memory", u->cgroup_path, "memory.usage_in_bytes", &v);
-        else
+        r = cg_all_unified();
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0)
                 r = cg_get_attribute("memory", u->cgroup_path, "memory.current", &v);
+        else
+                r = cg_get_attribute("memory", u->cgroup_path, "memory.usage_in_bytes", &v);
         if (r == -ENOENT)
                 return -ENODATA;
         if (r < 0)
@@ -1526,9 +2488,16 @@ int unit_get_tasks_current(Unit *u, uint64_t *ret) {
         assert(u);
         assert(ret);
 
+        if (!UNIT_CGROUP_BOOL(u, tasks_accounting))
+                return -ENODATA;
+
         if (!u->cgroup_path)
                 return -ENODATA;
 
+        /* The root cgroup doesn't expose this information, let's get it from /proc instead */
+        if (unit_has_root_cgroup(u))
+                return procfs_tasks_get_current(ret);
+
         if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & CGROUP_MASK_PIDS) == 0)
                 return -ENODATA;
 
@@ -1552,18 +2521,45 @@ static int unit_get_cpu_usage_raw(Unit *u, nsec_t *ret) {
         if (!u->cgroup_path)
                 return -ENODATA;
 
-        if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & CGROUP_MASK_CPUACCT) == 0)
-                return -ENODATA;
+        /* The root cgroup doesn't expose this information, let's get it from /proc instead */
+        if (unit_has_root_cgroup(u))
+                return procfs_cpu_get_usage(ret);
 
-        r = cg_get_attribute("cpuacct", u->cgroup_path, "cpuacct.usage", &v);
-        if (r == -ENOENT)
-                return -ENODATA;
+        r = cg_all_unified();
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *val = NULL;
+                uint64_t us;
 
-        r = safe_atou64(v, &ns);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
+                if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & CGROUP_MASK_CPU) == 0)
+                        return -ENODATA;
+
+                r = cg_get_keyed_attribute("cpu", u->cgroup_path, "cpu.stat", STRV_MAKE("usage_usec"), &val);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -ENXIO))
+                        return -ENODATA;
+
+                r = safe_atou64(val, &us);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                ns = us * NSEC_PER_USEC;
+        } else {
+                if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & CGROUP_MASK_CPUACCT) == 0)
+                        return -ENODATA;
+
+                r = cg_get_attribute("cpuacct", u->cgroup_path, "cpuacct.usage", &v);
+                if (r == -ENOENT)
+                        return -ENODATA;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = safe_atou64(v, &ns);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
 
         *ret = ns;
         return 0;
@@ -1573,45 +2569,109 @@ int unit_get_cpu_usage(Unit *u, nsec_t *ret) {
         nsec_t ns;
         int r;
 
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Retrieve the current CPU usage counter. This will subtract the CPU counter taken when the unit was
+         * started. If the cgroup has been removed already, returns the last cached value. To cache the value, simply
+         * call this function with a NULL return value. */
+
+        if (!UNIT_CGROUP_BOOL(u, cpu_accounting))
+                return -ENODATA;
+
         r = unit_get_cpu_usage_raw(u, &ns);
+        if (r == -ENODATA && u->cpu_usage_last != NSEC_INFINITY) {
+                /* If we can't get the CPU usage anymore (because the cgroup was already removed, for example), use our
+                 * cached value. */
+
+                if (ret)
+                        *ret = u->cpu_usage_last;
+                return 0;
+        }
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        if (ns > u->cpuacct_usage_base)
-                ns -= u->cpuacct_usage_base;
+        if (ns > u->cpu_usage_base)
+                ns -= u->cpu_usage_base;
         else
                 ns = 0;
 
-        *ret = ns;
+        u->cpu_usage_last = ns;
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = ns;
+
         return 0;
 }
 
-int unit_reset_cpu_usage(Unit *u) {
+int unit_get_ip_accounting(
+                Unit *u,
+                CGroupIPAccountingMetric metric,
+                uint64_t *ret) {
+
+        uint64_t value;
+        int fd, r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(metric >= 0);
+        assert(metric < _CGROUP_IP_ACCOUNTING_METRIC_MAX);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (!UNIT_CGROUP_BOOL(u, ip_accounting))
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        fd = IN_SET(metric, CGROUP_IP_INGRESS_BYTES, CGROUP_IP_INGRESS_PACKETS) ?
+                u->ip_accounting_ingress_map_fd :
+                u->ip_accounting_egress_map_fd;
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -ENODATA;
+
+        if (IN_SET(metric, CGROUP_IP_INGRESS_BYTES, CGROUP_IP_EGRESS_BYTES))
+                r = bpf_firewall_read_accounting(fd, &value, NULL);
+        else
+                r = bpf_firewall_read_accounting(fd, NULL, &value);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Add in additional metrics from a previous runtime. Note that when reexecing/reloading the daemon we compile
+         * all BPF programs and maps anew, but serialize the old counters. When deserializing we store them in the
+         * ip_accounting_extra[] field, and add them in here transparently. */
+
+        *ret = value + u->ip_accounting_extra[metric];
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_reset_cpu_accounting(Unit *u) {
         nsec_t ns;
         int r;
 
         assert(u);
 
+        u->cpu_usage_last = NSEC_INFINITY;
+
         r = unit_get_cpu_usage_raw(u, &ns);
         if (r < 0) {
-                u->cpuacct_usage_base = 0;
+                u->cpu_usage_base = 0;
                 return r;
         }
 
-        u->cpuacct_usage_base = ns;
+        u->cpu_usage_base = ns;
         return 0;
 }
 
-bool unit_cgroup_delegate(Unit *u) {
-        CGroupContext *c;
+int unit_reset_ip_accounting(Unit *u) {
+        int r = 0, q = 0;
 
         assert(u);
 
-        c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
-        if (!c)
-                return false;
+        if (u->ip_accounting_ingress_map_fd >= 0)
+                r = bpf_firewall_reset_accounting(u->ip_accounting_ingress_map_fd);
 
-        return c->delegate;
+        if (u->ip_accounting_egress_map_fd >= 0)
+                q = bpf_firewall_reset_accounting(u->ip_accounting_egress_map_fd);
+
+        zero(u->ip_accounting_extra);
+
+        return r < 0 ? r : q;
 }
 
 void unit_invalidate_cgroup(Unit *u, CGroupMask m) {
@@ -1623,11 +2683,64 @@ void unit_invalidate_cgroup(Unit *u, CGroupMask m) {
         if (m == 0)
                 return;
 
-        if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & m) == 0)
+        /* always invalidate compat pairs together */
+        if (m & (CGROUP_MASK_IO | CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO))
+                m |= CGROUP_MASK_IO | CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO;
+
+        if (m & (CGROUP_MASK_CPU | CGROUP_MASK_CPUACCT))
+                m |= CGROUP_MASK_CPU | CGROUP_MASK_CPUACCT;
+
+        if ((u->cgroup_realized_mask & m) == 0) /* NOP? */
                 return;
 
         u->cgroup_realized_mask &= ~m;
-        unit_add_to_cgroup_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_cgroup_realize_queue(u);
+}
+
+void unit_invalidate_cgroup_bpf(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_HAS_CGROUP_CONTEXT(u))
+                return;
+
+        if (u->cgroup_bpf_state == UNIT_CGROUP_BPF_INVALIDATED) /* NOP? */
+                return;
+
+        u->cgroup_bpf_state = UNIT_CGROUP_BPF_INVALIDATED;
+        unit_add_to_cgroup_realize_queue(u);
+
+        /* If we are a slice unit, we also need to put compile a new BPF program for all our children, as the IP access
+         * list of our children includes our own. */
+        if (u->type == UNIT_SLICE) {
+                Unit *member;
+                Iterator i;
+                void *v;
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(v, member, u->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
+                        if (member == u)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (UNIT_DEREF(member->slice) != u)
+                                continue;
+
+                        unit_invalidate_cgroup_bpf(member);
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+bool unit_cgroup_delegate(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupContext *c;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->can_delegate)
+                return false;
+
+        c = unit_get_cgroup_context(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return false;
+
+        return c->delegate;
 }
 
 void manager_invalidate_startup_units(Manager *m) {
@@ -1637,7 +2750,7 @@ void manager_invalidate_startup_units(Manager *m) {
         assert(m);
 
         SET_FOREACH(u, m->startup_units, i)
-                unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_CPU|CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO);
+                unit_invalidate_cgroup(u, CGROUP_MASK_CPU|CGROUP_MASK_IO|CGROUP_MASK_BLKIO);
 }
 
 static const char* const cgroup_device_policy_table[_CGROUP_DEVICE_POLICY_MAX] = {