+ *(t++) = 'x';
+ *(t++) = hexchar(*f >> 4);
+ *(t++) = hexchar(*f);
+ } else
+ *(t++) = *f;
+ }
+
+ *t = 0;
+
+ return r;
+}
+
+char *bus_path_escape(const char *s) {
+ char *r, *t;
+ const char *f;
+
+ assert(s);
+
+ /* Escapes all chars that D-Bus' object path cannot deal
+ * with. Can be reverse with bus_path_unescape() */
+
+ if (!(r = new(char, strlen(s)*3+1)))
+ return NULL;
+
+ for (f = s, t = r; *f; f++) {
+
+ if (!(*f >= 'A' && *f <= 'Z') &&
+ !(*f >= 'a' && *f <= 'z') &&
+ !(*f >= '0' && *f <= '9')) {
+ *(t++) = '_';
+ *(t++) = hexchar(*f >> 4);
+ *(t++) = hexchar(*f);
+ } else
+ *(t++) = *f;
+ }
+
+ *t = 0;
+
+ return r;
+}
+
+char *bus_path_unescape(const char *f) {
+ char *r, *t;
+
+ assert(f);
+
+ if (!(r = strdup(f)))
+ return NULL;
+
+ for (t = r; *f; f++) {
+
+ if (*f == '_') {
+ int a, b;
+
+ if ((a = unhexchar(f[1])) < 0 ||
+ (b = unhexchar(f[2])) < 0) {
+ /* Invalid escape code, let's take it literal then */
+ *(t++) = '_';
+ } else {
+ *(t++) = (char) ((a << 4) | b);
+ f += 2;
+ }
+ } else
+ *(t++) = *f;
+ }
+
+ *t = 0;
+
+ return r;
+}
+
+char *path_kill_slashes(char *path) {
+ char *f, *t;
+ bool slash = false;
+
+ /* Removes redundant inner and trailing slashes. Modifies the
+ * passed string in-place.
+ *
+ * ///foo///bar/ becomes /foo/bar
+ */
+
+ for (f = path, t = path; *f; f++) {
+
+ if (*f == '/') {
+ slash = true;
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ if (slash) {
+ slash = false;
+ *(t++) = '/';
+ }
+
+ *(t++) = *f;
+ }
+
+ /* Special rule, if we are talking of the root directory, a
+ trailing slash is good */
+
+ if (t == path && slash)
+ *(t++) = '/';
+
+ *t = 0;
+ return path;
+}
+
+bool path_startswith(const char *path, const char *prefix) {
+ assert(path);
+ assert(prefix);
+
+ if ((path[0] == '/') != (prefix[0] == '/'))
+ return false;
+
+ for (;;) {
+ size_t a, b;
+
+ path += strspn(path, "/");
+ prefix += strspn(prefix, "/");
+
+ if (*prefix == 0)
+ return true;
+
+ if (*path == 0)
+ return false;
+
+ a = strcspn(path, "/");
+ b = strcspn(prefix, "/");
+
+ if (a != b)
+ return false;
+
+ if (memcmp(path, prefix, a) != 0)
+ return false;
+
+ path += a;
+ prefix += b;
+ }
+}
+
+bool path_equal(const char *a, const char *b) {
+ assert(a);
+ assert(b);
+
+ if ((a[0] == '/') != (b[0] == '/'))
+ return false;
+
+ for (;;) {
+ size_t j, k;
+
+ a += strspn(a, "/");
+ b += strspn(b, "/");
+
+ if (*a == 0 && *b == 0)
+ return true;
+
+ if (*a == 0 || *b == 0)
+ return false;
+
+ j = strcspn(a, "/");
+ k = strcspn(b, "/");
+
+ if (j != k)
+ return false;
+
+ if (memcmp(a, b, j) != 0)
+ return false;
+
+ a += j;
+ b += k;
+ }
+}
+
+char *ascii_strlower(char *t) {
+ char *p;
+
+ assert(t);
+
+ for (p = t; *p; p++)
+ if (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'Z')
+ *p = *p - 'A' + 'a';
+
+ return t;
+}
+
+bool ignore_file(const char *filename) {
+ assert(filename);
+
+ return
+ filename[0] == '.' ||
+ streq(filename, "lost+found") ||
+ streq(filename, "aquota.user") ||
+ streq(filename, "aquota.group") ||
+ endswith(filename, "~") ||
+ endswith(filename, ".rpmnew") ||
+ endswith(filename, ".rpmsave") ||
+ endswith(filename, ".rpmorig") ||
+ endswith(filename, ".dpkg-old") ||
+ endswith(filename, ".dpkg-new") ||
+ endswith(filename, ".swp");
+}
+
+int fd_nonblock(int fd, bool nonblock) {
+ int flags;
+
+ assert(fd >= 0);
+
+ if ((flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0)) < 0)
+ return -errno;
+
+ if (nonblock)
+ flags |= O_NONBLOCK;
+ else
+ flags &= ~O_NONBLOCK;
+
+ if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags) < 0)
+ return -errno;
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+int fd_cloexec(int fd, bool cloexec) {
+ int flags;
+
+ assert(fd >= 0);
+
+ if ((flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0)) < 0)
+ return -errno;
+
+ if (cloexec)
+ flags |= FD_CLOEXEC;
+ else
+ flags &= ~FD_CLOEXEC;
+
+ if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags) < 0)
+ return -errno;
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+int close_all_fds(const int except[], unsigned n_except) {
+ DIR *d;
+ struct dirent *de;
+ int r = 0;
+
+ if (!(d = opendir("/proc/self/fd")))
+ return -errno;
+
+ while ((de = readdir(d))) {
+ int fd = -1;
+
+ if (ignore_file(de->d_name))
+ continue;
+
+ if (safe_atoi(de->d_name, &fd) < 0)
+ /* Let's better ignore this, just in case */
+ continue;
+
+ if (fd < 3)
+ continue;
+
+ if (fd == dirfd(d))
+ continue;
+
+ if (except) {
+ bool found;
+ unsigned i;
+
+ found = false;
+ for (i = 0; i < n_except; i++)
+ if (except[i] == fd) {
+ found = true;
+ break;
+ }
+
+ if (found)
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ if (close_nointr(fd) < 0) {
+ /* Valgrind has its own FD and doesn't want to have it closed */
+ if (errno != EBADF && r == 0)
+ r = -errno;
+ }
+ }
+
+ closedir(d);
+ return r;
+}
+
+bool chars_intersect(const char *a, const char *b) {
+ const char *p;
+
+ /* Returns true if any of the chars in a are in b. */
+ for (p = a; *p; p++)
+ if (strchr(b, *p))
+ return true;
+
+ return false;
+}
+
+char *format_timestamp(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
+ struct tm tm;
+ time_t sec;
+
+ assert(buf);
+ assert(l > 0);
+
+ if (t <= 0)
+ return NULL;
+
+ sec = (time_t) (t / USEC_PER_SEC);
+
+ if (strftime(buf, l, "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z", localtime_r(&sec, &tm)) <= 0)
+ return NULL;
+
+ return buf;
+}
+
+char *format_timestamp_pretty(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
+ usec_t n, d;
+
+ n = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+ if (t <= 0 || t > n || t + USEC_PER_DAY*7 <= t)
+ return NULL;
+
+ d = n - t;
+
+ if (d >= USEC_PER_YEAR)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%llu years and %llu months ago",
+ (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_YEAR),
+ (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_YEAR) / USEC_PER_MONTH));
+ else if (d >= USEC_PER_MONTH)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%llu months and %llu days ago",
+ (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MONTH),
+ (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_MONTH) / USEC_PER_DAY));
+ else if (d >= USEC_PER_WEEK)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%llu weeks and %llu days ago",
+ (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_WEEK),
+ (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_WEEK) / USEC_PER_DAY));
+ else if (d >= 2*USEC_PER_DAY)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%llu days ago", (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_DAY));
+ else if (d >= 25*USEC_PER_HOUR)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "1 day and %lluh ago",
+ (unsigned long long) ((d - USEC_PER_DAY) / USEC_PER_HOUR));
+ else if (d >= 6*USEC_PER_HOUR)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%lluh ago",
+ (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_HOUR));
+ else if (d >= USEC_PER_HOUR)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%lluh %llumin ago",
+ (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_HOUR),
+ (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_HOUR) / USEC_PER_MINUTE));
+ else if (d >= 5*USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%llumin ago",
+ (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MINUTE));
+ else if (d >= USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%llumin %llus ago",
+ (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MINUTE),
+ (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_MINUTE) / USEC_PER_SEC));
+ else if (d >= USEC_PER_SEC)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%llus ago",
+ (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_SEC));
+ else if (d >= USEC_PER_MSEC)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%llums ago",
+ (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MSEC));
+ else if (d > 0)
+ snprintf(buf, l, "%lluus ago",
+ (unsigned long long) d);
+ else
+ snprintf(buf, l, "now");
+
+ buf[l-1] = 0;
+ return buf;
+}
+
+char *format_timespan(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
+ static const struct {
+ const char *suffix;
+ usec_t usec;
+ } table[] = {
+ { "w", USEC_PER_WEEK },
+ { "d", USEC_PER_DAY },
+ { "h", USEC_PER_HOUR },
+ { "min", USEC_PER_MINUTE },
+ { "s", USEC_PER_SEC },
+ { "ms", USEC_PER_MSEC },
+ { "us", 1 },
+ };
+
+ unsigned i;
+ char *p = buf;
+
+ assert(buf);
+ assert(l > 0);
+
+ if (t == (usec_t) -1)
+ return NULL;
+
+ if (t == 0) {
+ snprintf(p, l, "0");
+ p[l-1] = 0;
+ return p;
+ }
+
+ /* The result of this function can be parsed with parse_usec */
+
+ for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++) {
+ int k;
+ size_t n;
+
+ if (t < table[i].usec)
+ continue;
+
+ if (l <= 1)