2 * Copyright (C) 2003,2004 Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>
3 * Copyright (C) 2003-2008 Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
5 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
6 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
7 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
8 * (at your option) any later version.
10 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
13 * GNU General Public License for more details.
15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
30 #include "udev-rules.h"
33 void udev_rules_iter_init(struct udev_rules_iter *iter, struct udev_rules *rules)
35 dbg(rules->udev, "bufsize=%zi\n", rules->bufsize);
40 struct udev_rule *udev_rules_iter_next(struct udev_rules_iter *iter)
42 struct udev_rules *rules;
43 struct udev_rule *rule;
49 dbg(rules->udev, "current=%zi\n", iter->current);
50 if (iter->current >= rules->bufsize) {
51 dbg(rules->udev, "no more rules\n");
56 rule = (struct udev_rule *) (rules->buf + iter->current);
57 iter->current += sizeof(struct udev_rule) + rule->bufsize;
62 struct udev_rule *udev_rules_iter_goto(struct udev_rules_iter *iter, size_t rule_off)
64 struct udev_rules *rules = iter->rules;
65 struct udev_rule *rule;
67 dbg(rules->udev, "current=%zi\n", iter->current);
68 iter->current = rule_off;
69 rule = (struct udev_rule *) (rules->buf + iter->current);
74 static size_t find_label(const struct udev_rules_iter *iter, const char *label)
76 struct udev_rule *rule;
77 struct udev_rules *rules = iter->rules;
78 size_t current = iter->current;
81 dbg(rules->udev, "current=%zi\n", current);
82 if (current >= rules->bufsize) {
83 dbg(rules->udev, "LABEL='%s' not found\n", label);
86 rule = (struct udev_rule *) (rules->buf + current);
88 if (strcmp(&rule->buf[rule->label.val_off], label) != 0) {
89 dbg(rules->udev, "moving forward, looking for label '%s'\n", label);
90 current += sizeof(struct udev_rule) + rule->bufsize;
94 dbg(rules->udev, "found label '%s'\n", label);
98 static int get_key(struct udev_rules *rules, char **line, char **key, enum key_operation *operation, char **value)
104 if (linepos == NULL && linepos[0] == '\0')
107 /* skip whitespace */
108 while (isspace(linepos[0]) || linepos[0] == ',')
112 if (linepos[0] == '\0')
118 if (linepos[0] == '\0')
120 if (isspace(linepos[0]))
122 if (linepos[0] == '=')
124 if ((linepos[0] == '+') || (linepos[0] == '!') || (linepos[0] == ':'))
125 if (linepos[1] == '=')
129 /* remember end of key */
132 /* skip whitespace after key */
133 while (isspace(linepos[0]))
135 if (linepos[0] == '\0')
138 /* get operation type */
139 if (linepos[0] == '=' && linepos[1] == '=') {
140 *operation = KEY_OP_MATCH;
142 dbg(rules->udev, "operator=match\n");
143 } else if (linepos[0] == '!' && linepos[1] == '=') {
144 *operation = KEY_OP_NOMATCH;
146 dbg(rules->udev, "operator=nomatch\n");
147 } else if (linepos[0] == '+' && linepos[1] == '=') {
148 *operation = KEY_OP_ADD;
150 dbg(rules->udev, "operator=add\n");
151 } else if (linepos[0] == '=') {
152 *operation = KEY_OP_ASSIGN;
154 dbg(rules->udev, "operator=assign\n");
155 } else if (linepos[0] == ':' && linepos[1] == '=') {
156 *operation = KEY_OP_ASSIGN_FINAL;
158 dbg(rules->udev, "operator=assign_final\n");
164 dbg(rules->udev, "key='%s'\n", *key);
166 /* skip whitespace after operator */
167 while (isspace(linepos[0]))
169 if (linepos[0] == '\0')
173 if (linepos[0] == '"')
179 temp = strchr(linepos, '"');
184 dbg(rules->udev, "value='%s'\n", *value);
186 /* move line to next key */
192 /* extract possible KEY{attr} */
193 static char *get_key_attribute(struct udev_rules *rules, char *str)
198 attr = strchr(str, '{');
201 pos = strchr(attr, '}');
203 err(rules->udev, "missing closing brace for format\n");
207 dbg(rules->udev, "attribute='%s'\n", attr);
214 static int add_rule_key(struct udev_rule *rule, struct key *key,
215 enum key_operation operation, const char *value)
217 size_t val_len = strnlen(value, UTIL_PATH_SIZE);
219 key->operation = operation;
221 key->val_off = rule->bufsize;
222 util_strlcpy(rule->buf + rule->bufsize, value, val_len+1);
223 rule->bufsize += val_len+1;
228 static int add_rule_key_pair(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_rule *rule, struct key_pairs *pairs,
229 enum key_operation operation, const char *key, const char *value)
231 size_t key_len = strnlen(key, UTIL_PATH_SIZE);
233 if (pairs->count >= PAIRS_MAX) {
234 err(rules->udev, "skip, too many keys of the same type in a single rule\n");
238 add_rule_key(rule, &pairs->keys[pairs->count].key, operation, value);
240 /* add the key-name of the pair */
241 pairs->keys[pairs->count].key_name_off = rule->bufsize;
242 util_strlcpy(rule->buf + rule->bufsize, key, key_len+1);
243 rule->bufsize += key_len+1;
250 static int add_to_rules(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line, const char *filename, unsigned int lineno)
252 char buf[sizeof(struct udev_rule) + UTIL_LINE_SIZE];
253 struct udev_rule *rule;
262 memset(buf, 0x00, sizeof(buf));
263 rule = (struct udev_rule *) buf;
264 rule->event_timeout = -1;
268 /* get all the keys */
272 enum key_operation operation = KEY_OP_UNSET;
274 retval = get_key(rules, &linepos, &key, &operation, &value);
278 if (strcasecmp(key, "ACTION") == 0) {
279 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
280 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
281 err(rules->udev, "invalid ACTION operation\n");
284 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->action, operation, value);
289 if (strcasecmp(key, "DEVPATH") == 0) {
290 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
291 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
292 err(rules->udev, "invalid DEVPATH operation\n");
295 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->devpath, operation, value);
300 if (strcasecmp(key, "KERNEL") == 0) {
301 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
302 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
303 err(rules->udev, "invalid KERNEL operation\n");
306 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->kernel, operation, value);
311 if (strcasecmp(key, "SUBSYSTEM") == 0) {
312 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
313 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
314 err(rules->udev, "invalid SUBSYSTEM operation\n");
317 /* bus, class, subsystem events should all be the same */
318 if (strcmp(value, "subsystem") == 0 ||
319 strcmp(value, "bus") == 0 ||
320 strcmp(value, "class") == 0) {
321 if (strcmp(value, "bus") == 0 || strcmp(value, "class") == 0)
322 err(rules->udev, "'%s' must be specified as 'subsystem' \n"
323 "please fix it in %s:%u", value, filename, lineno);
324 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->subsystem, operation, "subsystem|class|bus");
326 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->subsystem, operation, value);
331 if (strcasecmp(key, "DRIVER") == 0) {
332 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
333 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
334 err(rules->udev, "invalid DRIVER operation\n");
337 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->driver, operation, value);
342 if (strncasecmp(key, "ATTR{", sizeof("ATTR{")-1) == 0) {
343 attr = get_key_attribute(rules, key + sizeof("ATTR")-1);
345 err(rules->udev, "error parsing ATTR attribute\n");
348 if (add_rule_key_pair(rules, rule, &rule->attr, operation, attr, value) != 0)
354 if (strcasecmp(key, "KERNELS") == 0 ||
355 strcasecmp(key, "ID") == 0) {
356 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
357 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
358 err(rules->udev, "invalid KERNELS operation\n");
361 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->kernels, operation, value);
366 if (strcasecmp(key, "SUBSYSTEMS") == 0 ||
367 strcasecmp(key, "BUS") == 0) {
368 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
369 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
370 err(rules->udev, "invalid SUBSYSTEMS operation\n");
373 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->subsystems, operation, value);
378 if (strcasecmp(key, "DRIVERS") == 0) {
379 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
380 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
381 err(rules->udev, "invalid DRIVERS operation\n");
384 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->drivers, operation, value);
389 if (strncasecmp(key, "ATTRS{", sizeof("ATTRS{")-1) == 0 ||
390 strncasecmp(key, "SYSFS{", sizeof("SYSFS{")-1) == 0) {
391 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
392 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
393 err(rules->udev, "invalid ATTRS operation\n");
396 attr = get_key_attribute(rules, key + sizeof("ATTRS")-1);
398 err(rules->udev, "error parsing ATTRS attribute\n");
401 if (strncmp(attr, "device/", 7) == 0)
402 err(rules->udev, "the 'device' link is deprecated and will be removed from a future kernel, \n"
403 "please fix it in %s:%u", filename, lineno);
404 else if (strstr(attr, "../") != NULL)
405 err(rules->udev, "do not reference parent sysfs directories directly, that may break with a future kernel, \n"
406 "please fix it in %s:%u", filename, lineno);
407 if (add_rule_key_pair(rules, rule, &rule->attrs, operation, attr, value) != 0)
413 if (strncasecmp(key, "ENV{", sizeof("ENV{")-1) == 0) {
414 attr = get_key_attribute(rules, key + sizeof("ENV")-1);
416 err(rules->udev, "error parsing ENV attribute\n");
419 if (strncmp(attr, "PHYSDEV", 7) == 0)
421 if (add_rule_key_pair(rules, rule, &rule->env, operation, attr, value) != 0)
427 if (strcasecmp(key, "PROGRAM") == 0) {
428 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->program, operation, value);
433 if (strcasecmp(key, "RESULT") == 0) {
434 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
435 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
436 err(rules->udev, "invalid RESULT operation\n");
439 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->result, operation, value);
444 if (strncasecmp(key, "IMPORT", sizeof("IMPORT")-1) == 0) {
445 attr = get_key_attribute(rules, key + sizeof("IMPORT")-1);
446 if (attr != NULL && strstr(attr, "program")) {
447 dbg(rules->udev, "IMPORT will be executed\n");
448 rule->import_type = IMPORT_PROGRAM;
449 } else if (attr != NULL && strstr(attr, "file")) {
450 dbg(rules->udev, "IMPORT will be included as file\n");
451 rule->import_type = IMPORT_FILE;
452 } else if (attr != NULL && strstr(attr, "parent")) {
453 dbg(rules->udev, "IMPORT will include the parent values\n");
454 rule->import_type = IMPORT_PARENT;
456 /* figure it out if it is executable */
457 char file[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
461 util_strlcpy(file, value, sizeof(file));
462 pos = strchr(file, ' ');
466 /* allow programs in /lib/udev called without the path */
467 if (strchr(file, '/') == NULL) {
468 util_strlcpy(file, UDEV_PREFIX "/lib/udev/", sizeof(file));
469 util_strlcat(file, value, sizeof(file));
470 pos = strchr(file, ' ');
475 dbg(rules->udev, "IMPORT auto mode for '%s'\n", file);
476 if (!lstat(file, &statbuf) && (statbuf.st_mode & S_IXUSR)) {
477 dbg(rules->udev, "IMPORT is executable, will be executed (autotype)\n");
478 rule->import_type = IMPORT_PROGRAM;
480 dbg(rules->udev, "IMPORT is not executable, will be included as file (autotype)\n");
481 rule->import_type = IMPORT_FILE;
484 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->import, operation, value);
489 if (strncasecmp(key, "TEST", sizeof("TEST")-1) == 0) {
490 if (operation != KEY_OP_MATCH &&
491 operation != KEY_OP_NOMATCH) {
492 err(rules->udev, "invalid TEST operation\n");
495 attr = get_key_attribute(rules, key + sizeof("TEST")-1);
497 rule->test_mode_mask = strtol(attr, NULL, 8);
498 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->test, operation, value);
503 if (strncasecmp(key, "RUN", sizeof("RUN")-1) == 0) {
504 attr = get_key_attribute(rules, key + sizeof("RUN")-1);
506 if (strstr(attr, "ignore_error"))
507 rule->run_ignore_error = 1;
509 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->run, operation, value);
514 if (strcasecmp(key, "WAIT_FOR") == 0 || strcasecmp(key, "WAIT_FOR_SYSFS") == 0) {
515 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->wait_for, operation, value);
520 if (strcasecmp(key, "LABEL") == 0) {
521 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->label, operation, value);
526 if (strcasecmp(key, "GOTO") == 0) {
527 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->goto_label, operation, value);
532 if (strncasecmp(key, "NAME", sizeof("NAME")-1) == 0) {
533 attr = get_key_attribute(rules, key + sizeof("NAME")-1);
535 if (strstr(attr, "all_partitions") != NULL) {
536 dbg(rules->udev, "creation of partition nodes requested\n");
537 rule->partitions = DEFAULT_PARTITIONS_COUNT;
539 if (strstr(attr, "ignore_remove") != NULL) {
540 dbg(rules->udev, "remove event should be ignored\n");
541 rule->ignore_remove = 1;
544 if (value[0] == '\0')
545 dbg(rules->udev, "name empty, node creation supressed\n");
546 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->name, operation, value);
550 if (strcasecmp(key, "SYMLINK") == 0) {
551 if (operation == KEY_OP_MATCH ||
552 operation == KEY_OP_NOMATCH)
553 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->symlink_match, operation, value);
555 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->symlink, operation, value);
560 if (strcasecmp(key, "OWNER") == 0) {
562 if (rules->resolve_names && (!strchr(value, '$') && !strchr(value, '%'))) {
564 strtoul(value, &endptr, 10);
565 if (endptr[0] != '\0') {
567 uid_t uid = lookup_user(rules->udev, value);
568 dbg(rules->udev, "replacing username='%s' by id=%i\n", value, uid);
569 sprintf(owner, "%u", (unsigned int) uid);
570 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->owner, operation, owner);
575 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->owner, operation, value);
579 if (strcasecmp(key, "GROUP") == 0) {
581 if (rules->resolve_names && (!strchr(value, '$') && !strchr(value, '%'))) {
583 strtoul(value, &endptr, 10);
584 if (endptr[0] != '\0') {
586 gid_t gid = lookup_group(rules->udev, value);
587 dbg(rules->udev, "replacing groupname='%s' by id=%i\n", value, gid);
588 sprintf(group, "%u", (unsigned int) gid);
589 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->group, operation, group);
594 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->group, operation, value);
598 if (strcasecmp(key, "MODE") == 0) {
599 add_rule_key(rule, &rule->mode, operation, value);
604 if (strcasecmp(key, "OPTIONS") == 0) {
607 if (strstr(value, "last_rule") != NULL) {
608 dbg(rules->udev, "last rule to be applied\n");
611 if (strstr(value, "ignore_device") != NULL) {
612 dbg(rules->udev, "device should be ignored\n");
613 rule->ignore_device = 1;
615 if (strstr(value, "ignore_remove") != NULL) {
616 dbg(rules->udev, "remove event should be ignored\n");
617 rule->ignore_remove = 1;
619 pos = strstr(value, "link_priority=");
621 rule->link_priority = atoi(&pos[strlen("link_priority=")]);
622 dbg(rules->udev, "link priority=%i\n", rule->link_priority);
624 pos = strstr(value, "event_timeout=");
626 rule->event_timeout = atoi(&pos[strlen("event_timeout=")]);
627 dbg(rules->udev, "event timout=%i\n", rule->event_timeout);
629 pos = strstr(value, "string_escape=");
631 pos = &pos[strlen("string_escape=")];
632 if (strncmp(pos, "none", strlen("none")) == 0)
633 rule->string_escape = ESCAPE_NONE;
634 else if (strncmp(pos, "replace", strlen("replace")) == 0)
635 rule->string_escape = ESCAPE_REPLACE;
637 if (strstr(value, "all_partitions") != NULL) {
638 dbg(rules->udev, "creation of partition nodes requested\n");
639 rule->partitions = DEFAULT_PARTITIONS_COUNT;
645 err(rules->udev, "unknown key '%s' in %s:%u\n", key, filename, lineno);
648 if (physdev && rule->wait_for.operation == KEY_OP_UNSET)
649 err(rules->udev, "PHYSDEV* values are deprecated and will be removed from a future kernel, \n"
650 "please fix it in %s:%u", filename, lineno);
652 /* skip line if not any valid key was found */
656 /* grow buffer and add rule */
657 rule_size = sizeof(struct udev_rule) + rule->bufsize;
658 padding = (sizeof(size_t) - rule_size % sizeof(size_t)) % sizeof(size_t);
659 dbg(rules->udev, "add %zi padding bytes\n", padding);
660 rule_size += padding;
661 rule->bufsize += padding;
663 rules->buf = realloc(rules->buf, rules->bufsize + rule_size);
665 err(rules->udev, "realloc failed\n");
668 dbg(rules->udev, "adding rule to offset %zi\n", rules->bufsize);
669 memcpy(rules->buf + rules->bufsize, rule, rule_size);
670 rules->bufsize += rule_size;
675 err(rules->udev, "invalid rule '%s:%u'\n", filename, lineno);
679 static int parse_file(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *filename)
681 char line[UTIL_LINE_SIZE];
690 struct udev_rule *rule;
691 struct udev_rules_iter iter;
693 start = rules->bufsize;
695 if (file_map(filename, &buf, &bufsize) != 0) {
696 err(rules->udev, "can't open '%s' as rules file: %m\n", filename);
699 info(rules->udev, "reading '%s' as rules file\n", filename);
701 /* loop through the whole file */
704 while (cur < bufsize) {
707 count = buf_get_line(buf, bufsize, cur);
712 /* eat the whitespace */
713 while ((count > 0) && isspace(bufline[0])) {
720 /* see if this is a comment */
721 if (bufline[0] == '#')
724 if (count >= sizeof(line)) {
725 err(rules->udev, "line too long, rule skipped '%s:%u'\n", filename, lineno);
729 /* skip backslash and newline from multiline rules */
730 for (i = j = 0; i < count; i++) {
731 if (bufline[i] == '\\' && bufline[i+1] == '\n')
734 line[j++] = bufline[i];
738 dbg(rules->udev, "read '%s'\n", line);
739 add_to_rules(rules, line, filename, lineno);
742 /* Compute all goto targets within this file */
743 udev_rules_iter_init(&iter, rules);
744 udev_rules_iter_goto(&iter, start);
745 while((rule = udev_rules_iter_next(&iter))) {
746 if (rule->goto_label.operation != KEY_OP_UNSET) {
747 char *goto_label = &rule->buf[rule->goto_label.val_off];
749 dbg(rules->udev, "resolving goto label '%s'\n", goto_label);
750 rule->goto_rule_off = find_label(&iter, goto_label);
751 if (rule->goto_rule_off == 0) {
752 err(rules->udev, "ignore goto to nonexistent label '%s' in '%s'\n",
753 goto_label, filename);
754 rule->goto_rule_off = iter.current;
759 file_unmap(buf, bufsize);
763 static int add_matching_files(struct udev *udev, struct udev_list_node *file_list, const char *dirname, const char *suffix)
767 char filename[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
769 dbg(udev, "open directory '%s'\n", dirname);
770 dir = opendir(dirname);
772 err(udev, "unable to open '%s': %m\n", dirname);
778 if (ent == NULL || ent->d_name[0] == '\0')
781 if ((ent->d_name[0] == '.') || (ent->d_name[0] == '#'))
784 /* look for file matching with specified suffix */
785 if (suffix != NULL) {
788 ext = strrchr(ent->d_name, '.');
791 if (strcmp(ext, suffix) != 0)
794 dbg(udev, "put file '%s/%s' into list\n", dirname, ent->d_name);
796 snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%s/%s", dirname, ent->d_name);
797 filename[sizeof(filename)-1] = '\0';
798 udev_list_entry_add(udev, file_list, filename, NULL, 1, 1);
805 int udev_rules_init(struct udev *udev, struct udev_rules *rules, int resolve_names)
808 char filename[PATH_MAX];
809 struct udev_list_node file_list;
810 struct udev_list_entry *file_loop, *file_tmp;
813 memset(rules, 0x00, sizeof(struct udev_rules));
815 rules->resolve_names = resolve_names;
816 udev_list_init(&file_list);
818 if (udev_get_rules_path(udev) != NULL) {
819 /* custom rules location for testing */
820 add_matching_files(udev, &file_list, udev_get_rules_path(udev), ".rules");
822 struct udev_list_node sort_list;
823 struct udev_list_entry *sort_loop, *sort_tmp;
825 /* read user/custom rules */
826 add_matching_files(udev, &file_list, SYSCONFDIR "/udev/rules.d", ".rules");
828 /* read dynamic/temporary rules */
829 util_strlcpy(filename, udev_get_dev_path(udev), sizeof(filename));
830 util_strlcat(filename, "/.udev/rules.d", sizeof(filename));
831 if (stat(filename, &statbuf) != 0) {
832 create_path(udev, filename);
833 udev_selinux_setfscreatecon(udev, filename, S_IFDIR|0755);
834 mkdir(filename, 0755);
835 udev_selinux_resetfscreatecon(udev);
837 udev_list_init(&sort_list);
838 add_matching_files(udev, &sort_list, filename, ".rules");
840 /* read default rules */
841 add_matching_files(udev, &sort_list, UDEV_PREFIX "/lib/udev/rules.d", ".rules");
843 /* sort all rules files by basename into list of files */
844 udev_list_entry_foreach_safe(sort_loop, sort_tmp, udev_list_get_entry(&sort_list)) {
845 const char *sort_name = udev_list_entry_get_name(sort_loop);
846 const char *sort_base = strrchr(sort_name, '/');
848 if (sort_base == NULL)
851 udev_list_entry_foreach_safe(file_loop, file_tmp, udev_list_get_entry(&file_list)) {
852 const char *file_name = udev_list_entry_get_name(file_loop);
853 const char *file_base = strrchr(file_name, '/');
855 if (file_base == NULL)
857 if (strcmp(file_base, sort_base) == 0) {
858 info(udev, "rule file basename '%s' already added, ignoring '%s'\n",
859 file_name, sort_name);
860 udev_list_entry_remove(sort_loop);
864 if (strcmp(file_base, sort_base) > 0)
867 if (sort_loop != NULL)
868 udev_list_entry_move_before(sort_loop, file_loop);
872 /* parse list of files */
873 udev_list_entry_foreach_safe(file_loop, file_tmp, udev_list_get_entry(&file_list)) {
874 const char *file_name = udev_list_entry_get_name(file_loop);
876 if (stat(file_name, &statbuf) == 0 && statbuf.st_size > 0)
877 parse_file(rules, file_name);
879 info(udev, "can not read '%s'\n", file_name);
880 udev_list_entry_remove(file_loop);
885 void udev_rules_cleanup(struct udev_rules *rules)