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7 This file is part of systemd.
9 Copyright 2013 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
11 systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
12 under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
13 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
14 (at your option) any later version.
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25 <refentry id="systemd.resource-control">
27 <title>systemd.resource-control</title>
28 <productname>systemd</productname>
32 <contrib>Developer</contrib>
33 <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
34 <surname>Poettering</surname>
35 <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
41 <refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle>
42 <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
46 <refname>systemd.resource-control</refname>
47 <refpurpose>Resource control unit settings</refpurpose>
52 <filename><replaceable>slice</replaceable>.slice</filename>,
53 <filename><replaceable>scope</replaceable>.scope</filename>,
54 <filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename>,
55 <filename><replaceable>socket</replaceable>.socket</filename>,
56 <filename><replaceable>mount</replaceable>.mount</filename>,
57 <filename><replaceable>swap</replaceable>.swap</filename>
62 <title>Description</title>
64 <para>Unit configuration files for services, slices, scopes,
65 sockets, mount points, and swap devices share a subset of
66 configuration options for resource control of spawned
67 processes. Internally, this relies on the Control Groups
68 kernel concept for organizing processes in a hierarchical tree of
69 named groups for the purpose of resource management.</para>
71 <para>This man page lists the configuration options shared by
72 those six unit types. See
73 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
74 for the common options of all unit configuration files, and
75 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
76 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
77 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
78 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
79 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
81 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
82 for more information on the specific unit configuration files. The
83 resource control configuration options are configured in the
84 [Slice], [Scope], [Service], [Socket], [Mount], or [Swap]
85 sections, depending on the unit type.</para>
88 url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ControlGroupInterface/">New
89 Control Group Interfaces</ulink> for an introduction on how to make
90 use of resource control APIs from programs.</para>
94 <title>Options</title>
96 <para>Units of the types listed above can have settings
97 for resource control configuration:</para>
99 <variablelist class='unit-directives'>
102 <term><varname>CPUAccounting=</varname></term>
105 <para>Turn on CPU usage accounting for this unit. Takes a
106 boolean argument. Note that turning on CPU accounting for
107 one unit might also implicitly turn it on for all units
108 contained in the same slice and for all its parent slices
109 and the units contained therein. The system default for this
110 setting maybe controlled with
111 <varname>DefaultCPUAccounting=</varname> in
112 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
117 <term><varname>CPUShares=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
118 <term><varname>StartupCPUShares=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
121 <para>Assign the specified CPU time share weight to the
122 processes executed. Those options take an integer value and
123 control the <literal>cpu.shares</literal> control group
124 attribute, which defaults to 1024. For details about this
125 control group attribute, see <ulink
126 url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt">sched-design-CFS.txt</ulink>.
127 The available CPU time is split up among all units within
128 one slice relative to their CPU time share weight.</para>
130 <para>While <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname> only
131 applies to the startup phase of the system,
132 <varname>CPUShares=</varname> applies to normal runtime of
133 the system, and if the former is not set also to the startup
134 phase. Using <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname> allows
135 prioritizing specific services at boot-up differently than
136 during normal runtime.</para>
138 <para>Those options imply
139 <literal>CPUAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
144 <term><varname>CPUQuota=</varname></term>
147 <para>Assign the specified CPU time quota to the processes
148 executed. Takes a percentage value, suffixed with "%". The
149 percentage specifies how much CPU time the unit shall get at
150 maximum, relative to the total CPU time available on one
151 CPU. Use values > 100% for allotting CPU time on more than
152 one CPU. This controls the
153 <literal>cpu.cfs_quota_us</literal> control group
154 attribute. For details about this control group attribute,
156 url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt">sched-design-CFS.txt</ulink>.</para>
158 <para>Example: <varname>CPUQuota=20%</varname> ensures that
159 the executed processes will never get more than 20% CPU time
162 <para>Implies <literal>CPUAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
167 <term><varname>MemoryAccounting=</varname></term>
170 <para>Turn on process and kernel memory accounting for this
171 unit. Takes a boolean argument. Note that turning on memory
172 accounting for one unit might also implicitly turn it on for
173 all its parent slices. The system default for this setting
174 maybe controlled with
175 <varname>DefaultMemoryAccounting=</varname> in
176 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
181 <term><varname>MemoryLimit=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
184 <para>Specify the limit on maximum memory usage of the
185 executed processes. The limit specifies how much process and
186 kernel memory can be used by tasks in this unit. Takes a
187 memory size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M, G
188 or T, the specified memory size is parsed as Kilobytes,
189 Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes (with the base 1024),
190 respectively. This controls the
191 <literal>memory.limit_in_bytes</literal> control group
192 attribute. For details about this control group attribute,
194 url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt">memory.txt</ulink>.</para>
196 <para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
201 <term><varname>BlockIOAccounting=</varname></term>
204 <para>Turn on Block IO accounting for this unit. Takes a
205 boolean argument. Note that turning on block IO accounting
206 for one unit might also implicitly turn it on for all units
207 contained in the same slice and all for its parent slices
208 and the units contained therein. The system default for this
209 setting maybe controlled with
210 <varname>DefaultBlockIOAccounting=</varname> in
211 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
216 <term><varname>BlockIOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
217 <term><varname>StartupBlockIOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
219 <listitem><para>Set the default overall block IO weight for
220 the executed processes. Takes a single weight value (between
221 10 and 1000) to set the default block IO weight. This controls
222 the <literal>blkio.weight</literal> control group attribute,
223 which defaults to 1000. For details about this control group
224 attribute, see <ulink
225 url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.
226 The available IO bandwidth is split up among all units within
227 one slice relative to their block IO weight.</para>
229 <para>While <varname>StartupBlockIOWeight=</varname> only
230 applies to the startup phase of the system,
231 <varname>BlockIOWeight=</varname> applies to the later runtime
232 of the system, and if the former is not set also to the
233 startup phase. This allows prioritizing specific services at
234 boot-up differently than during runtime.</para>
237 <literal>BlockIOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
242 <term><varname>BlockIODeviceWeight=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
245 <para>Set the per-device overall block IO weight for the
246 executed processes. Takes a space-separated pair of a file
247 path and a weight value to specify the device specific
248 weight value, between 10 and 1000. (Example: "/dev/sda
249 500"). The file path may be specified as path to a block
250 device node or as any other file, in which case the backing
251 block device of the file system of the file is
252 determined. This controls the
253 <literal>blkio.weight_device</literal> control group
254 attribute, which defaults to 1000. Use this option multiple
255 times to set weights for multiple devices. For details about
256 this control group attribute, see <ulink
257 url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.</para>
260 <literal>BlockIOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
265 <term><varname>BlockIOReadBandwidth=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
266 <term><varname>BlockIOWriteBandwidth=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
269 <para>Set the per-device overall block IO bandwidth limit
270 for the executed processes. Takes a space-separated pair of
271 a file path and a bandwidth value (in bytes per second) to
272 specify the device specific bandwidth. The file path may be
273 a path to a block device node, or as any other file in which
274 case the backing block device of the file system of the file
275 is used. If the bandwidth is suffixed with K, M, G, or T,
276 the specified bandwidth is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes,
277 Gigabytes, or Terabytes, respectively, to the base of
279 "/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.2-scsi-0:0:0:0 5M"). This
280 controls the <literal>blkio.read_bps_device</literal> and
281 <literal>blkio.write_bps_device</literal> control group
282 attributes. Use this option multiple times to set bandwidth
283 limits for multiple devices. For details about these control
284 group attributes, see <ulink
285 url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.
289 <literal>BlockIOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
294 <term><varname>DeviceAllow=</varname></term>
297 <para>Control access to specific device nodes by the
298 executed processes. Takes two space-separated strings: a
299 device node specifier followed by a combination of
300 <constant>r</constant>, <constant>w</constant>,
301 <constant>m</constant> to control
302 <emphasis>r</emphasis>eading, <emphasis>w</emphasis>riting,
303 or creation of the specific device node(s) by the unit
304 (<emphasis>m</emphasis>knod), respectively. This controls
305 the <literal>devices.allow</literal> and
306 <literal>devices.deny</literal> control group
307 attributes. For details about these control group
308 attributes, see <ulink
309 url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/devices.txt">devices.txt</ulink>.</para>
311 <para>The device node specifier is either a path to a device
312 node in the file system, starting with
313 <filename>/dev/</filename>, or a string starting with either
314 <literal>char-</literal> or <literal>block-</literal>
315 followed by a device group name, as listed in
316 <filename>/proc/devices</filename>. The latter is useful to
317 whitelist all current and future devices belonging to a
318 specific device group at once. The device group is matched
319 according to file name globbing rules, you may hence use the
320 <literal>*</literal> and <literal>?</literal>
321 wildcards. Examples: <filename>/dev/sda5</filename> is a
322 path to a device node, referring to an ATA or SCSI block
323 device. <literal>char-pts</literal> and
324 <literal>char-alsa</literal> are specifiers for all pseudo
325 TTYs and all ALSA sound devices,
326 respectively. <literal>char-cpu/*</literal> is a specifier
327 matching all CPU related device groups.</para>
332 <term><varname>DevicePolicy=auto|closed|strict</varname></term>
336 Control the policy for allowing device access:
340 <term><option>strict</option></term>
342 <para>means to only allow types of access that are
343 explicitly specified.</para>
348 <term><option>closed</option></term>
350 <para>in addition, allows access to standard pseudo
352 <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
353 <filename>/dev/zero</filename>,
354 <filename>/dev/full</filename>,
355 <filename>/dev/random</filename>, and
356 <filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.
362 <term><option>auto</option></term>
365 in addition, allows access to all devices if no
366 explicit <varname>DeviceAllow=</varname> is present.
376 <term><varname>Slice=</varname></term>
379 <para>The name of the slice unit to place the unit
380 in. Defaults to <filename>system.slice</filename> for all
381 non-instantiated units of all unit types (except for slice
382 units themselves see below). Instance units are by default
383 placed in a subslice of <filename>system.slice</filename>
384 that is named after the template name.</para>
386 <para>This option may be used to arrange systemd units in a
387 hierarchy of slices each of which might have resource
388 settings applied.</para>
390 <para>For units of type slice, the only accepted value for
391 this setting is the parent slice. Since the name of a slice
392 unit implies the parent slice, it is hence redundant to ever
393 set this parameter directly for slice units.</para>
398 <term><varname>Delegate=</varname></term>
401 <para>Turns on delegation of further resource control
402 partitioning to processes of the unit. For unprivileged
403 services (i.e. those using the <varname>User=</varname>
404 setting) this allows processes to create a subhierarchy
405 beneath its control group path. For privileged services and
406 scopes this ensures the processes will have all control
407 group controllers enabled.</para>
415 <title>See Also</title>
417 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
418 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
419 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
420 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
421 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
422 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
423 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
424 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
425 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
426 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
427 The documentation for control groups and specific controllers in the Linux kernel:
428 <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>,
429 <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cpuacct.txt">cpuacct.txt</ulink>,
430 <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt">memory.txt</ulink>,
431 <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.