1841 is weird. The main weirdnesses seem to be that corporations can
own corporations, and that the map is divided into bits which get
smooshed together in a way corresponding to the historical unification
of Italy. In general, you can't place tokens across an active border,
and in Phase Two you can't lay track across one. You _can_ trace
routes and run trains across an active border.

The game begins with an auction of concessions for seven "historical"
corporations and one concession that just pays income. The player who
opens the first auction decides which concession to auction, with a
minimum bid of L. 20. In the seven subsequent auctions, the opening
player (who's next from the player who won? opened? the last one?) may
decline to auction anything, with the player on their left then making
the choice, etc. If all players decline to auction any concession, the
remaining concessions go to the bank. Player order is sorted into
ascending order of money remaining after this round.

In a stock round you sell then either buy or start a corporation.

You drop one row for each share sold. You can't sell so more than 50%
is in the Bank Pool, and you can't sell a corporation that hasn't
operated. Note that a corporation formed by merger or transformation
(minor->major) is a new corporation in this sense, and must operate
under its new identity before it can be sold.

You also drop one row for shares in the Bank Pool, and raise one row
if a corporation is sold out. You move right on payouts but there's no
double-jumping.

When you buy, other than in the first stock round, you can buy a
concession from the bank for L. 50. If you don't use a concession in a
stock round, it is returned to the bank without compensation - except
the Bayard, #1, which pays L. 20 and stays with its owner. I don't
know yet if normally all eight concessions get auctioned and used up,
or if this rule normally is important.

You can't own more than 60% of a company. A company can't hold more
than 5 certificates, not including its own IPO certificates.

The rules provide for direct inter-player trading in
stocks. 18xx.games has this as an optional rule, presumably because it
would cause sheer agony in async games, and we do not have it enabled.

During Phases Two and Three (phases correspond to train sizes, so
there is no Phase One) you need a concession to start a historical
corporation, and during phase Two you can't start anything else. In
Phase Four, all the concessions vanish.

When you start a non-historical corporation you pick minor or
major. Historical corporations have a predetermined size. You pick a
par value - L. 68, 100, 144, or - majors only - 216 or 340. You can
buy up to two additional certs immediately. Capitalisation is
incremental, and you get dividends from IPO shares.

You buy tokens immediately, and placement is free. A minor buys 1-2, a
major 2-5 - these include both tokens on the charter for placement
during an OR, and the initial base (or 2 bases for a major) on the
map. For a historical corporation, these cost L. 50 each, and the
initial base location(s) are fixed. For a non-historical, the cost
varies from L.25 to L.200, cheaper if you start further away from
connected track. (They all cost the same, so an expensive starting
location and a big token stack is _very_ expensive.) A major can, but
need not, place two bases.

The SFMA chooses between two locations in Firenze, and until it does
so or is removed, no other corporation may place a token there.

Non-historical corporations have a number of placement
restrictions. You can't pick Lugano (ever), Austrian cities until
Phase Four, the home bases of the historical corporations until Phase
Four, two bases separated by an active border, a mountain pass (which
is not a city), a city with another token - or any of Bolgna, Firenze,
Genova, Milano, Torino, or Venezia.

In Phase Two majors get one tile lay per base. You can't lay track to
create a route across an active border, even if you are laying on your
side of it.

In Phases Three and Four majors get one tile lay or upgrade per base,
maximum two, never in the same hex. Thereafter, you only ever get one.

The rules distinguish "medium" and "large" cities but I think it's
just that large cities get 'Y' tiles.

There are two kinds of "passes", Apennine (yellow, cost L. 100) and
Alpine (green, cost L. 200). They both look like cities with no value,
and take tiles with a marked zero value. Upgrading an Appenine pass
tile costs L. 50. A token in a mountain pass isn't a base for track
laying or being a legal route, it's just there to be a nuisance, I
think.

Towns (dits) and ports are free (don't count against your run), and
the zero-valued city in a pass is free for an 8-train. A route must
visit a token in a city (not a pass) and at least one other city,
town, or off-board area.

You can buy a token off another company with their consent, if you can
trace a route to it. You can buy trains from other companies in the
normal way. You are required to have a train only if you have a route
_and_ all the 8 trains have not yet been sold. Sales during Emergency
Money raising are at half price, can put Director's certs in the Bank
Pool (but you still can't change ownership of the acting company or
one of its chain of parent companies) and start with the certificates
owned by the company doing EMR. Because companies can own companies,
the chain of liability might trace up through several companies before
reaching a human.

There are a number of rules intended to stop you voluntarily
constructing a circular chain of ownership. If one happens anyway, the
"frozen" corporation procedure in 4.5.1.1 should rapidly force sales
to break the circle.

You can merge two minors into a major (4.7.4) with a normal sort of
procedure; you can merge two majors into one major (4.7.4.1); you can
turn a minor into a major (4.7.5) (which creates five additional
shares, diluting existing stock). I think you can do all these things
from Phase Three. When two companies merge, they must both have
operated once, which means the active company can't be in its first
OR. I can't see any similar restriction on growing up into majors.

Companies can buy stock. Companies can sell stock, including their own
IPO stock. Companies must sell stock in their parent companies (to
reduce the risk of circular chains of control). Companies can start
non-historical companies.

Besides the bank breaking, the game ends at the end of the current
operating company's turn if its market value reaches L. 516, or if
every off-map location is connected by a legal route to an on-board
city.

Beyond the usual sort of phase change stuff, there are some
geographical and other changes.

In Phase Two you can't build track that crosses an active border, even
from your own side.

Only in Phase Eight can companies enter the right-hand columns on the
stock market.

Lombardia is the bit of the map with Milano, F8, including cities up
to column 11. Until Phase Four, it is part of Austria.

Veneto is the bit of the map with Venezia, F16, including cities up to
column 12. Until Phase Five, it is part of Austria. During Phase Four,
there is an active border. The rulebook doesn't seem to formally
define where it is but I think at this stage borders only restrict
activities like token placement which involve cities, and we do know
which chunk of the map each city is in.

Austria at most holds Lombardia and Veneto. Non-historical
corporations can be started in Austria only from Phase Four.

At the start of Phase Four, if there is no route from Milano to
Venezia, the IRSFF (which starts with bases in those cities) splits
into two companies, one in Lombardia, one in Veneto. I think this is
bad for the shareholders, who end up with the same number of shares in
companies with about half as much stuff.

At the start of Phase Four, the SFLP (minor), SFMA (minor), and SSFL
(major) do the "Tuscan Merge" into one major (unless only one of them
exists). If both minors exist they merge into a major. If one minor
and one major exist, the minor grows up into a major. If two majors
now remain, they merge. This is done by the 4.7.4 procedure except
with exceptions in 4.6.10.

The "Conservative Zone" is the middle chunk of the map with Bologna
(L14). Its border with other bits of Italy (but not Veneto) is removed
at the start of Phase Four.

Tuscany is the south part of the map with off-map Roma. Piedmont is
the west part with M7 Genova. I am pretty sure the P10-Q11 border
vanishes at the start of Phase Four.

Lugano is in Switzerland. Its borders remain all game.