--- /dev/null
+<HTML>
+<HEAD><TITLE>
+Text Strings
+</TITLE></HEAD>
+<BODY>
+<P>
+ <A HREF="shaped.html"><-- previous page</A>
+
+ <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="stuff.html">next page --></A>
+</P>
+
+<H1>
+TEXT STRINGS
+</H1>
+<P>
+Text strings are used in many different ways.
+A text string is enclosed in double quotes,
+and can contain any combination of letters, numbers, spaces,
+and punctuation.
+It can contain a \n to indicate a newline or \b to indicate a backspace,
+but otherwise cannot contain tabs or other
+control characters. If you want a double quote mark inside a string, it
+has to be preceded by a backslash, to indicate it is not ending the string:
+<BR><PRE>
+"A \"word\" in quotes"
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+If you want an actual backslash in a string, it must be entered as two
+backslashes.
+</P>
+<P>
+<A NAME="strcat">You can concatenate strings with a + sign. Thus the following are equivalent:</A>
+<BR><PRE>
+"this is a string"
+"this is " + "a string"
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<H2>
+Special characters
+</H2>
+<P>
+<A NAME="symlist">A string can also contain special</A>
+music characters.
+These are specified
+by \(<I>xxx</I>), where the <I>xxx</I> is a code from the following table:
+</P>
+<H3>
+Clef
+</H3>
+<PRE>
+gclef G clef (treble clef)
+fclef F clef (bass clef)
+cclef C clef (used for alto clef, tenor clef, etc.)
+</PRE>
+<H3>
+Time Signature
+</H3>
+<PRE>
+com common time
+cut cut time
+</PRE>
+<H3>
+Accidentals
+</H3>
+<PRE>
+flat flat
+dblflat double flat
+sharp sharp
+dblsharp double sharp
+nat natural
+</PRE>
+<H3>
+Notes
+</H3>
+<PRE>
+dn2n half note with stem down
+dn4n quarter note with stem down
+dn8n eighth note with stem down
+dn16n 16th note with stem down
+dn32n 32nd note with stem down
+dn64n 64th note with stem down
+dn128n 128th note with stem down
+dn256n 256th note with stem down
+up2n half note with stem up
+up4n quarter note with stem up
+up8n eighth note with stem up
+up16n 16th note with stem up
+up32n 32nd note with stem up
+up64n 64th note with stem up
+up128n 128th note with stem up
+up256n 256th note with stem up
+upflag upward flag
+dnflag downward flag
+</PRE>
+<H3>
+Noteheads
+</H3>
+<PRE>
+4n quarter (and shorter) note head
+2n half note head
+1n whole note
+dblwhole double whole note
+xnote X-shaped note head
+diamond open diamond-shaped note head
+filldiamond filled diamond-shaped note head
+dwhdiamond double whole diamond-shaped note
+isostriangle open isosceles triangle notehead
+fillisostriangle filled isosceles triangle notehead
+dwhisostriangle double whole isosceles triangle notehead
+piewedge open piewedge notehead
+fillpiewedge filled piewedge notehead
+dwhpiewedge double whole piewedge notehead
+rectangle open rectangle notehead
+fillrectangle filled rectangle notehead
+dwhrectangle double whole rectangle notehead
+righttriangle open right triangle notehead
+fillrighttriangle filled right triangle notehead
+dwhrighttriangle double whole right triangle notehead
+urighttriangle upside-down open right triangle notehead
+ufillrighttriangle upside-down filled right triangle notehead
+udwhrighttriangle upside-down double whole right triangle notehead
+semicircle open semicircle notehead
+fillsemicircle filled semicircle notehead
+dwhsemicircle double whole semicircle notehead
+slashhead open slash notehead
+fillslashhead filled slash notehead
+dwhslashhead double whole slash notehead
+blankhead blank notehead
+</PRE>
+<H3>
+Rests
+</H3>
+<PRE>
+qwhrest quadruple whole rest
+dwhrest double whole rest
+1rest whole rest
+2rest half rest
+4rest quarter rest
+8rest eighth rest
+16rest sixteenth rest
+32rest thirty-second rest
+64rest sixty-fourth rest
+128rest 128th rest
+256rest 256th rest
+</PRE>
+<H3>
+Pedal
+</H3>
+<PRE>
+begped begin pedal mark
+endped end pedal mark
+pedal pedal up/down mark
+</PRE>
+<H3>
+Ornaments
+</H3>
+<PRE>
+tr trill
+mor mordent
+invmor inverted mordent
+turn turn
+invturn inverted turn
+</PRE>
+<H3>
+Miscellaneous
+</H3>
+<PRE>
+ferm fermata
+uferm upside-down fermata
+acc_gt accent like a greater-than sign
+acc_hat accent like a "hat" or ^ (circumflex or "up-arrow")
+acc_uhat accent like an upside down hat
+leg legato mark
+dot dot
+wedge wedge
+uwedge upside-down wedge
+sign sign for D. S.
+coda coda mark
+upbow up bow
+dnbow down bow
+rr "railroad tracks" or caesura (2 slanted lines sometimes put
+ at the top of a staff to indicate the end of a musical thought)
+measrpt measure repeat
+copyright C-in-circle copyright symbol
+dim diminished
+halfdim half diminished
+triangle triangle
+</PRE>
+<BR>
+<IMG SRC="muschar.gif" ALT="music characters">
+<BR>
+<P>
+Any of these music character names can be prefixed by "sm" to indicate a
+smaller version of the character. For example, "smup4n" is a small quarter
+note, as might be used for a "cue" note.
+Small music characters are 0.65 times as big as regular characters.
+</P>
+<P>
+<A NAME="special">Various non-ASCII characters</A>
+can be included in text strings. If you have a non-United States keyboard
+which can produce characters listed in the table below
+from the "Latin-1" alphabet, you can simply type them into strings as
+you normally would. If you want a character that your keyboard does not
+support, you can put them in strings
+by using their names in a manner similar to the music characters.
+For example, you can include an 'a' with an acute accent on it in
+a string by using \(aacute), or an upside down question mark
+using \(questiondown). Many characters have shorthand names too.
+For example, \(a') is a shorter name for 'a' with an acute accent.
+The full names of the special characters and their shorthand names, if any,
+are given in the following table:
+<PRE>
+ full name shorthand full name shorthand
+------------------------------------------------------
+exclamdown questiondown
+sterling yen
+cent quotedblbase
+quotedblleft `` quotedblright ´´
+guillemotleft << guillemotright >>
+guilsinglleft guilsinglright
+dagger daggerdbl
+grave acute
+macron breve
+dotaccent dieresis
+ring cedilla
+hungarumlaut ogonek
+caron emdash
+AE ae
+ordfeminine ordmasculine
+Lslash L/ lslash l/
+Oslash O/ oslash o/
+OE oe
+dotlessi germandbls ss
+Aacute A´ aacute a´
+Acircumflex A^ acircumflex a^
+Adieresis A: adieresis a:
+Agrave A` agrave a`
+Aring Ao aring ao
+Atilde A~ atilde a~
+Ccedilla C, ccedilla c,
+Eacute E´ eacute e´
+Ecircumflex E^ ecircumflex e^
+Edieresis E: edieresis e:
+Egrave E` egrave e`
+Iacute I´ iacute i´
+Icircumflex I^ icircumflex i^
+Idieresis i: idieresis i:
+Igrave I` igrave i`
+Ntilde N~ ntilde n~
+Oacute O´ oacute o´
+Ocircumflex O^ ocircumflex o^
+Odieresis O: odieresis o:
+Ograve O` ograve o`
+Otilde O~ otilde o~
+Scaron Sv scaron sv
+Uacute U´ uacute u´
+Ucircumflex U^ ucircumflex u^
+Udieresis U: udieresis u:
+Ugrave U` ugrave u`
+Ydieresis Y: ydieresis y:
+Zcaron Zv zcaron Zv
+bullet
+</PRE>
+</P>
+<P>
+<A NAME="space">There is one additional special characters,</A>
+specified by \(space).
+This character appears as a normal space on output, but is not treated
+like a space when Mup is looking for word or syllable boundaries.
+The most common use for this is probably in
+<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics</A>
+when you want several words to be sung on a single note.
+Another use would be in cases where Mup would normally split up a long
+string between words in order to avoid running off the edge of a page,
+but you want to prevent that split.
+</P>
+<H2>
+Font and size changes
+</H2>
+<P>
+Strings can also contain special codes to indicate changes in font or size.
+The font codes begin with \f, and
+can either be spelled out, as in the first column of
+the table below, or as the abbreviations given in the second column.
+<PRE>
+ Code Abbr Meaning
+
+\f(avantgarde rom) \f(AR) Avant Garde roman font
+\f(avantgarde bold) \f(AB) Avant Garde bold font
+\f(avantgarde ital) \f(AI) Avant Garde italic font
+\f(avantgarde boldital) \f(AX) Avant Garde bold-italic font
+
+\f(bookman rom) \f(BR) Bookman roman font
+\f(bookman bold) \f(BB) Bookman bold font
+\f(bookman ital) \f(BI) Bookman italic font
+\f(bookman boldital) \f(BX) Bookman bold-italic font
+
+\f(courier rom) \f(CR) Courier roman font
+\f(courier bold) \f(CB) Courier bold font
+\f(courier ital) \f(CI) Courier italic font
+\f(courier boldital) \f(CX) Courier bold-italic font
+
+\f(helvetica rom) \f(HR) Helvetica* roman font
+\f(helvetica bold) \f(HB) Helvetica bold font
+\f(helvetica ital) \f(HI) Helvetica italic font
+\f(helvetica boldital) \f(HX) Helvetica bold-italic font
+
+\f(newcentury rom) \f(NR) New Century roman font
+\f(newcentury bold) \f(NB) New Century bold font
+\f(newcentury ital) \f(NI) New Century italic font
+\f(newcentury boldital) \f(NX) New Century bold-italic
+
+\f(palatino rom) \f(PR) Palatino roman font
+\f(palatino bold) \f(PB) Palatino bold font
+\f(palatino ital) \f(PI) Palatino italic font
+\f(palatino boldital) \f(PX) Palatino bold-italic font
+
+\f(times rom) \f(TR) Times* roman font
+\f(times bold) \f(TB) Times bold font
+\f(times ital) \f(TI) Times italic font
+\f(times boldital) \f(TX) Times bold-italic font
+
+\f(previous) \f(PV) previous font
+</PRE>
+Some of the
+<A HREF="textstr.html#special">special characters</A>
+look better in some fonts than others. We have found that
+some PostScript interpreters unfortunately don't always
+implement all the special characters in all fonts.
+</P>
+<P>
+If you need a font other than those Mup supports directly,
+it is possible to override Mup's builtin fonts with other fonts.
+This is described later in the
+<A HREF="fontfile.html">section on "Installing other fonts."</A>
+</P>
+<P>
+<A NAME="size">The point size can also be changed. (A "point" is about 1/72 of an inch.)</A>
+<PRE>
+ Code Meaning
+
+\s(<I>N)</I> change to point size <I>N</I>
+\s(+<I>N)</I> increase point size by <I>N</I> points
+\s(-<I>N)</I> decrease point size by <I>N</I> points
+\s(PV) or \s(previous) revert to previous size
+
+</PRE>
+The point size can range from 1 to 100. A font or size change will last until
+changed or until the end of the string. Any subsequent strings will begin
+with default font and size values, except in the case of
+<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics,</A>
+where font and size information is maintained separately
+for each staff and verse, and carried forward from measure to measure, and
+<A HREF="bars.html#reh">rehearsal marks,</A>
+where the information is also carried forward.
+The default values can be set as
+<A HREF="param.html">described in the "Parameters" section. The</A>
+<A HREF="textstr.html#symlist">music symbols</A>
+are affected by size changes.
+If a music symbol follows italics or bolditalics characters, it will be
+made italics to match.
+</P>
+<P>
+Here are some examples of strings:
+<BR><PRE>
+"hello"
+"( \(up2n) = 100 )"
+"\f(TB)this will be bold. \f(TI)this will be italics"
+"A \f(TX)\s(+12)BIG\f(PV)\s(-12) word"
+"\f(newcentury boldital)Allegro"
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<H2>
+Horizontal and vertical motion
+</H2>
+<P>
+It is also possible to specify a string that takes up more than one line,
+by putting a "\n" where you want to move to a new line. The place where
+this is most likely to be useful is for
+<A HREF="param.html#label">staff labels,</A>
+which you may want
+to make multi-line, to keep them from becoming excessively wide.
+For example:
+<BR><PRE>
+"Violins\nI&II"
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<P>
+A "\b" can be used to specify a backspace. This might be useful for
+adding underlines to text.
+If you wish to use letters with diacritical marks,
+you will probably want to use the
+<A HREF="textstr.html#special">special characters,</A>
+described earlier in this section,
+rather than trying to construct them using the plain letter,
+a backspace, and the mark.
+</P>
+<P>
+You are not allowed to back up to before the beginning of a line.
+Note that in all fonts except Courier,
+different characters have different widths, so
+using backspaces can be a bit tricky. For example, underlining a 5-letter
+word might require more than 5 underscores, if the characters in the word
+are wider than an underscore character. In general, it works better to
+enter an entire string, then backspace to add underscoring or accents, rather
+than doing them along the way. For example, "My\b\b___" will line up
+much better than "M\b_y\b_".
+</P>
+<P>
+<A NAME="vert">Vertical motion within a string</A>
+can be specified using "\v(<I>N</I>)"
+where <I>N</I> is some percentage of the current font height.
+The distance may be negative for downward motion
+or positive for upward motion, ranging from -100 to 100.
+This might be used for creating superscripts and subscripts, although
+the next section describes an alternate way of doing that which is
+usually better. It might also be used just to line something up differently
+than Mup normally would.
+You cannot put newlines (with \n) in the same string with vertical
+motion.
+</P>
+<H2>
+Piled text, for superscripts, subscripts, etc.
+</H2>
+<P>
+It is also possible to "pile up" lines of text in a string.
+Some common uses of this could be for superscripts and subscripts or for
+figured bass notation.
+Some facilities to specifically deal with
+<A HREF="textmark.html#chordmod">figured bass</A>
+will be described in a later section, but
+here we describe the general-purpose constructs for piling text.
+A \: is used to indicate the beginning of piling. Any subsequent
+instances of \: in the same string will alternately turn piling off and on.
+When a pile is begun, the text size is automatically made smaller, and
+the text baseline is moved up, so that the first line of piled text is
+like a superscript, and the next like a subscript. If there are additional
+lines, they are placed below the subscript.
+By default, the lines in a pile are placed such that the last digit
+in each line all line up, or if there is no digit, the last character.
+However, you can force different alignment.
+A \| will force alignment at that point, or a \^ will force alignment
+at the center of the following character. A maximum of one alignment marker
+can be specified on each line of a pile.
+You cannot put newlines (with \n) in the same string with piling.
+A new line of the pile is started at each <space> character in the input string.
+If you want an actual literal space inside a piled line, it must be
+preceded with a backslash. As an example:
+<BR><PRE>
+"Text\:superscript subscript\: back to normal.";
+"This pile \:has\ literal spaces\ in\ it.";
+"This pile \:h\^as align\|ment spec\^ified.";
+</PRE><BR>
+<IMG SRC="mugex65.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
+</P>
+<H2>
+Slash through number
+</H2>
+<P>
+Another thing which is common in figured bass notation
+is to draw a slash through a number. Again, the section on
+<A HREF="textmark.html#chordmod">figured bass</A>
+will describe how to do that inside figured bass,
+but it is possible to put a slash through a number elsewhere by
+placing a backslashed slash after a number, like this:
+<BR><PRE>
+ "6\/"
+ "10\/"
+</PRE><BR>
+</P>
+<H2>
+Boxed or circled text
+</H2>
+<P>
+<A NAME="boxed">You can cause the text to be</A>
+printed inside a box by placing a \[ at
+the beginning of the string and a \] at the end of the string.
+Similarly you can cause text to be placed inside a circle (or ellipse
+for strings that are wide) by placing a \{ at
+the beginning of the string and a \} at the end of the string.
+Boxed or circled text are not allowed in
+<A HREF="lyrics.html">lyrics.</A>
+<BR><PRE>
+ "\[This is in a box\]"
+ "\{This is in an ellipse\}"
+</PRE><BR>
+<IMG SRC="mugex66.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR>
+<HR>
+* Times is a trademark and Helvetica is a registered trademark of Allied Corporation.
+</P>
+<HR><P>
+ <A HREF="shaped.html"><-- previous page</A> <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="stuff.html">next page --></A>
+</P>
+</BODY></HTML>
~mdw / mup / blobdiff