| 1 | <HTML> |
| 2 | <HEAD><TITLE> |
| 3 | Lyrics |
| 4 | </TITLE></HEAD> |
| 5 | <BODY> |
| 6 | <P> |
| 7 | <A HREF="multirst.html"><-- previous page</A> |
| 8 | |
| 9 | <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="tabstaff.html">next page --></A> |
| 10 | </P> |
| 11 | |
| 12 | <H2> |
| 13 | Lyrics |
| 14 | </H2> |
| 15 | <P> |
| 16 | Lyrics are specified in a somewhat similar manner to |
| 17 | <A HREF="chordinp.html">note groups.</A> |
| 18 | Lyrics for each staff are specified with the word "lyrics" |
| 19 | optionally followed by a <I>place</I>, |
| 20 | followed by the <I>staff number</I>, followed by a colon, then the timing and |
| 21 | syllable information. |
| 22 | </P> |
| 23 | <P> |
| 24 | The <I>place</I>, if specified, can be "above" or "below," to |
| 25 | indicate whether the lyrics are to be printed above or below the given |
| 26 | staff. The default is below. |
| 27 | </P> |
| 28 | <P> |
| 29 | The <I>staff number</I> can be a single number or list of ranges of numbers. |
| 30 | It can also be given as the keyword "all," which will place the lyrics |
| 31 | above the top visible staff or below the bottom visible staff. |
| 32 | </P> |
| 33 | <P> |
| 34 | The place can also be specified as "between <I>M</I><B>&</B><I>N</I>" |
| 35 | where <I>M</I> and <I>N</I> are numbers. |
| 36 | This will cause the lyrics to printed approximately halfway between staff |
| 37 | <I>M</I> and staff <I>N</I>. <I>N</I> must be exactly one greater than <I>M</I>. |
| 38 | <BR><PRE> |
| 39 | lyrics 1: |
| 40 | lyrics above 2,3: |
| 41 | lyrics between 1&2, 3&4: |
| 42 | </PRE><BR> |
| 43 | </P> |
| 44 | <P> |
| 45 | If you want the same lyrics above some staffs but below others, |
| 46 | you can specify several places and list of staffs, separated by semicolons. |
| 47 | For example: |
| 48 | <BR><PRE> |
| 49 | lyrics above 1,3 ; below 2,4 ; between 5&6 : |
| 50 | </PRE><BR> |
| 51 | </P> |
| 52 | <P> |
| 53 | After the colon comes a list of |
| 54 | time values. |
| 55 | Time values are separated by semicolons and are specified as they are |
| 56 | for notes: "2" for half notes, "8." for dotted eight, etc. |
| 57 | </P> |
| 58 | <P> |
| 59 | If the time values for lyrics are the same as the time values for the notes |
| 60 | on the staff, the time values need not be specified. If you don't |
| 61 | specify them, Mup will derive the appropriate values from the music input. |
| 62 | If you list more than one staff, the time values will be derived from the |
| 63 | first staff you list. Usually, the time values will be derived from voice 1, |
| 64 | but if voice 1 music data doesn't exist or is invisible, |
| 65 | or if the lyrics are explicitly specified as "below" |
| 66 | and there is a visible voice 2, then voice 2 will be used. |
| 67 | Voice 3, if any, is never used for automatically |
| 68 | deriving time values for lyrics. |
| 69 | Some examples: |
| 70 | <BR><PRE> |
| 71 | |
| 72 | 1: c;d;e;f; |
| 73 | lyrics 1: "The sun will shine"; |
| 74 | // The time values will be all quarter notes, |
| 75 | // as derived from the music on staff 1 |
| 76 | bar |
| 77 | |
| 78 | 1: 8g;4.f;4g;a; |
| 79 | lyrics 1: "up-on the earth."; |
| 80 | // The derived time values will be 8;4.;4;; |
| 81 | bar |
| 82 | |
| 83 | // In these examples, time values will be taken |
| 84 | // from staff 4, since it is the first one listed. |
| 85 | // In the last case, because "below" is specified explicitly, |
| 86 | // the times will be taken from voice 2 |
| 87 | // if there is a visible voice 2; in all the other cases |
| 88 | // it will be taken from voice 1 if voice 1 music |
| 89 | // has been entered and is visible. |
| 90 | lyrics 4,7,9: "for-ev-er"; |
| 91 | lyrics above 4-6: "nev-er-more"; |
| 92 | lyrics between 4&5,6&7: "this is it"; |
| 93 | lyrics below 4,2: "and so forth"; |
| 94 | </PRE><BR> |
| 95 | The line describing the music from which to derive the times |
| 96 | must appear in the input prior to the lyrics line that is deriving the times. |
| 97 | If chords in the music are tied or slurred together, Mup will |
| 98 | treat those chords as being for a single syllable. |
| 99 | However, there may be some |
| 100 | circumstances in which the rules Mup uses to derive time values may not |
| 101 | yield what you want, in which case you will have to explicitly specify the times |
| 102 | for that measure. |
| 103 | </P> |
| 104 | <P> |
| 105 | Following the time values is a list of one or more |
| 106 | verse numbers and lyric strings containing the words of the lyrics. |
| 107 | The verse number(s) are given within square brackets. If no verse is |
| 108 | specified on the first set of lyrics for a staff and |
| 109 | place, verse 1 is assumed. |
| 110 | On subsequent lyrics strings for that staff and place, |
| 111 | the verse number is assumed to be one more than the previous verse number. |
| 112 | Thus you only need to explicitly specify a verse |
| 113 | number if you want to skip over a verse or supply them out of order. |
| 114 | </P> |
| 115 | <P> |
| 116 | Verse numbers need not be consecutive. |
| 117 | The staff number and verse number can be given as lists or ranges. |
| 118 | Another example: |
| 119 | <BR><PRE> |
| 120 | 1-2: 4.c+;8c;{4e;f;g;}3; |
| 121 | lyrics below 1-2: 4.;8;{4;;;}3; \ |
| 122 | "This is some-thing else."; \ |
| 123 | [4,5] "How do you like this?"; \ |
| 124 | [2-3,6] "Now try this out too."; |
| 125 | bar |
| 126 | </PRE><BR> |
| 127 | <IMG SRC="mugex41.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 128 | </P> |
| 129 | <P> |
| 130 | In this example, the lyrics will go below staffs 1 and 2. There are |
| 131 | 5 syllables. The first is a dotted quarter in length, the second is |
| 132 | an eighth, and the last three make up a quarter note triplet. The first |
| 133 | string is for verse 1, since no verse number was specified. The second |
| 134 | string will be used for verses 4 and 5, and the last string for verses |
| 135 | 2, 3, and 6. |
| 136 | </P> |
| 137 | <P> |
| 138 | <A NAME="centered">You can also specify a verse number of "c" which means the verse is</A> |
| 139 | to be centered vertically. This is useful if you have a refrain that |
| 140 | is identical for several verses, and you don't want to have it printed |
| 141 | multiple times. |
| 142 | <BR><PRE> |
| 143 | 1: c;;e;; |
| 144 | lyrics 1: ;;2s; [1] "verse one"; [2] "verse two"; |
| 145 | lyrics 1: 2s;4;; [c] "The refrain"; // centered lyrics |
| 146 | bar |
| 147 | </PRE><BR> |
| 148 | <IMG SRC="mugex42.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 149 | </P> |
| 150 | <P> |
| 151 | The lyrics string is followed by a semicolon. |
| 152 | There must normally be one syllable in the lyrics string for each time value. |
| 153 | <A HREF="lyrics.html#except">(There is one exception,</A> |
| 154 | discussed later.) |
| 155 | Syllables are separated in the lyrics string by white space, |
| 156 | a dash, or an underscore. |
| 157 | </P> |
| 158 | <P> |
| 159 | Sometimes a syllable is to be held out for several counts |
| 160 | or over several notes. This can be indicated by dashes or underscores. |
| 161 | If the syllable in the lyric string ends with a dash, on output the dash |
| 162 | will be placed halfway between the given syllable and the next syllable. |
| 163 | If the distance between the two syllables is long, several evenly-spaced |
| 164 | dashes will be printed. |
| 165 | If a syllable in the lyric string ends with an underscore, |
| 166 | an underscore line will be printed from the end of the |
| 167 | current syllable to the edge of the last note associated with the syllable. |
| 168 | </P> |
| 169 | <P> |
| 170 | Here are some examples: |
| 171 | <BR><PRE> |
| 172 | // Verse 1. The first two words have the |
| 173 | // duration of a quarter note each. |
| 174 | // The last word lasts a half note. |
| 175 | 1: e;d;2c; |
| 176 | lyrics 1: 4;;2; [1] "Three blind mice"; |
| 177 | bar |
| 178 | </PRE><BR> |
| 179 | <IMG SRC="mugex43.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 180 | <BR><PRE> |
| 181 | // examples of above lyrics with dash and underscore |
| 182 | 1: 4d<>;e;8g;b;4a; |
| 183 | lyrics above 1: "now_ or nev-er"; |
| 184 | bar |
| 185 | </PRE><BR> |
| 186 | <IMG SRC="mugex44.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 187 | </P> |
| 188 | <P> |
| 189 | Mup does its best to figure out where to end dashes or underscores. However, |
| 190 | if there isn't a following syllable after a dash or underscore, Mup would |
| 191 | extend the dash or underscore to the end of the piece, which may not be |
| 192 | what you want. There are a few other cases where Mup may be unable to |
| 193 | properly deduce where you had intended an underscore to end. |
| 194 | You can manually halt the dash or underscore by adding in |
| 195 | an "empty syllable," consisting of "<>". Normally, the angle brackets are |
| 196 | used inside lyrics to enclose special non-lyrics items, as will be |
| 197 | <A HREF="lyrics.html#lyrext">described a bit later.</A> |
| 198 | However, if they are used by themselves with nothing between them, |
| 199 | they essentially mean a syllable with no text. |
| 200 | <BR><PRE> |
| 201 | 1: 2c;4d<>;e; |
| 202 | lyrics 1: "last word._"; |
| 203 | bar |
| 204 | |
| 205 | 1: 4d;e;f;g; |
| 206 | // add empty syllable to end the underscore |
| 207 | lyrics 1: 1; "<>"; |
| 208 | bar |
| 209 | </PRE><BR> |
| 210 | <IMG SRC="mugex45.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 211 | </P> |
| 212 | <P> |
| 213 | Occasionally, a single chord is used for more than one syllable. |
| 214 | If the syllables are within the same word, it is sufficient to omit the |
| 215 | dashes between syllables, so that Mup will treat them as a single syllable. |
| 216 | However, if the syllables are in separate words, |
| 217 | a "~" can be used in place of a space between the syllables. |
| 218 | On output, Mup will replace the "~" |
| 219 | with a space and a small, curved line below the space, indicating that the |
| 220 | syllables on either side are to be joined. For example: |
| 221 | <BR><PRE> |
| 222 | 1: b;a;2g; |
| 223 | lyrics 1: ;;2; "man-y~a day"; |
| 224 | bar |
| 225 | </PRE><BR> |
| 226 | <IMG SRC="mugex46.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 227 | If you don't want the curved line, |
| 228 | you can use the special character name "\(space)" instead of a |
| 229 | literal space. |
| 230 | <A HREF="textstr.html#space">That special space character</A> |
| 231 | is printed like a normal space on output, |
| 232 | but is not considered a space for the purposes of determining syllable |
| 233 | boundaries. Alternately, |
| 234 | <A HREF="lyrics.html#lyrext">a technique using angle brackets,</A> |
| 235 | described later, can be used. |
| 236 | </P> |
| 237 | <P> |
| 238 | If several verses use the same time values, you can specify them all on |
| 239 | one input line. |
| 240 | For example: |
| 241 | <BR><PRE> |
| 242 | 1: d;f;a;g; |
| 243 | lyrics 1: [1] "this is verse one"; \ |
| 244 | [2] "this is verse two"; |
| 245 | bar |
| 246 | </PRE><BR> |
| 247 | <IMG SRC="mugex47.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 248 | </P> |
| 249 | <P> |
| 250 | In this example, |
| 251 | because of the \ at the end of the first line, both verses are effectively |
| 252 | on the same input line. |
| 253 | </P> |
| 254 | <P> |
| 255 | <A NAME="except">Occasionally, lyrics may occur during only part of a measure.</A> |
| 256 | This case can be handled by specifying "space" |
| 257 | by using an "s" after time values that have no |
| 258 | lyric syllable associated with them. For example: |
| 259 | <BR><PRE> |
| 260 | 1: 2r;g; |
| 261 | lyrics 1: 2s;; [1] "Now"; |
| 262 | bar |
| 263 | </PRE><BR> |
| 264 | <IMG SRC="mugex48.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 265 | </P> |
| 266 | <P> |
| 267 | In this example, the first half note of the measure is a space, so there will |
| 268 | be no lyric there. The second half note of the measure will have the word "Now" |
| 269 | as its lyric. Note that the "s" does not work quite the same way with lyrics |
| 270 | as it does with notes. With notes, "2s;;" would mean two half-note spaces, |
| 271 | because the space would be used as default for the following chord where no |
| 272 | notes were specified. With lyrics, "2s;;" means a half note space, followed |
| 273 | by a half note lyric; the space is not carried forward as a default. |
| 274 | </P> |
| 275 | <P> |
| 276 | If you don't specify any time values, relying on Mup to derive the time values |
| 277 | from the corresponding music time values, any rests and spaces in the music |
| 278 | will be translated to lyric spaces. If the first note entered in a chord |
| 279 | is tied to or slurred to the following chord, that following chord |
| 280 | will also be translated to a lyric space, since you most likely want |
| 281 | a single syllable to span both chords in that case. |
| 282 | </P> |
| 283 | <P> |
| 284 | <A NAME="lyrext">Occasionally, you may want to print something within a lyric string</A> |
| 285 | which isn't really a lyric syllable. |
| 286 | The most common example of this would be |
| 287 | that you may want to print verse numbers. Other possibilities may include |
| 288 | associating a dynamic mark (e.g., "mf") with a particular verse, or |
| 289 | marking a section for a subset of the singers (e.g., "Men:" or "Solo:"). |
| 290 | These extra things are specified within angle brackets. They can be placed |
| 291 | immediately before or after any syllable. |
| 292 | Mup will not consider them when lining up the syllable with notes. |
| 293 | Normally, it will assume there is enough |
| 294 | space to print them rather than reserving space for them. If you want Mup |
| 295 | to ensure there is enough space to print them, put a "^" immediately |
| 296 | after the "<". |
| 297 | </P> |
| 298 | <P> |
| 299 | Some examples: |
| 300 | <BR><PRE> |
| 301 | 1: f;e;d;c; |
| 302 | lyrics 1: "<1. >This is verse one."; |
| 303 | bar |
| 304 | 1: 2g;4;; |
| 305 | lyrics 1: 2s;4;; "<^\f(TX)ff\f(PV) >Loud-er"; |
| 306 | bar |
| 307 | </PRE><BR> |
| 308 | <IMG SRC="mugex49.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 309 | </P> |
| 310 | <P> |
| 311 | The < > construct can also be used to fine-tune the placement of syllables. |
| 312 | The placement of syllables is governed in general by the |
| 313 | <A HREF="param.html#lyralign">lyricsalign parameter.</A> |
| 314 | Sometimes, however, you may want to adjust the placement of specific syllables. |
| 315 | Suppose you have a long syllable, like "strength" and would like |
| 316 | to shift it leftward somewhat. Entering it as "<str>ength" would |
| 317 | cause Mup to move the syllable farther to the left than it normally would. |
| 318 | <BR><PRE> |
| 319 | 1: c;d;e;f; |
| 320 | lyrics 1: "This strength not moved."; \ |
| 321 | "This <str>ength was moved."; |
| 322 | bar |
| 323 | </PRE><BR> |
| 324 | <IMG SRC="mugex50.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 325 | </P> |
| 326 | <P> |
| 327 | Angle brackets may also be useful for entering |
| 328 | chant, where many words |
| 329 | are to be associated with a single note. For example: |
| 330 | <BR><PRE> |
| 331 | lyrics 1: "All<^ these words will be treated like one syllable.>"; |
| 332 | </PRE><BR> |
| 333 | </P> |
| 334 | <P> |
| 335 | The font and size to use for lyrics is initially determined |
| 336 | from the |
| 337 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrfam">"lyricsfontfamily,"</A> |
| 338 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrfont">"lyricsfont"</A> |
| 339 | and |
| 340 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrsize">"lyricssize"</A> |
| 341 | parameters for the appropriate staff. |
| 342 | If "all" is used for the staff number, the score parameters are used. |
| 343 | In the case of "between," the parameters for the staff above are used for |
| 344 | determining the font and size. |
| 345 | The usual \f and \s forms can be used to |
| 346 | <A HREF="textstr.html">change these values</A> |
| 347 | for a given verse. Lyrics fontfamily, font and size values |
| 348 | are maintained separately for each |
| 349 | combination of staff number, verse number, and place, and are carried forward |
| 350 | from one measure to the next. Thus, for example, if you want one verse to |
| 351 | be printed in roman and another in italics (perhaps one is in English and the |
| 352 | other in another language), you need only put a "\f(TI)" at the beginning of |
| 353 | the syllable string for the first measure of the second verse, and all |
| 354 | subsequent syllables for that verse will be in italics. |
| 355 | Setting the |
| 356 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrfam">"lyricsfontfamily,"</A> |
| 357 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrfont">"lyricsfont"</A> |
| 358 | or |
| 359 | <A HREF="param.html#lyrsize">"lyricssize"</A> |
| 360 | parameters will reset the values for |
| 361 | all verses of the staff (if set in |
| 362 | <A HREF="contexts.html">staff context),</A> |
| 363 | or the entire score (if set in |
| 364 | <A HREF="contexts.html">score context).</A> |
| 365 | </P> |
| 366 | <P> |
| 367 | Another way to align a syllable in a particular way is to precede the |
| 368 | syllable with a |. If the | is preceded by a number (optionally signed), |
| 369 | the left edge of the syllable will be placed that many points from the |
| 370 | horizontal "middle" of the chord. |
| 371 | If there isn't a number before it, the value is obtained from the |
| 372 | <A HREF="param.html#sylpos">sylposition parameter.</A> |
| 373 | Negative values are to the left, and will usually be what you want. |
| 374 | This alignment method is particularly useful for lining up multiple verses, |
| 375 | either to get verse numbers to line up or to align words at the beginning |
| 376 | of a poetic line. The | goes after anything in angle brackets. |
| 377 | <BR><PRE> |
| 378 | 1: 8c;d;4e;8e;g;4c+; |
| 379 | lyrics 1: "<1. >|\"How are you?\" -7|He asked her."; \ |
| 380 | "<2. >|\"I am fine,\" -7|She re-plied."; |
| 381 | bar |
| 382 | </PRE><BR> |
| 383 | <IMG SRC="mugex51.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 384 | </P> |
| 385 | <P> |
| 386 | A few more examples of lyrics: |
| 387 | <BR><PRE> |
| 388 | 1,3-4: c;8e;;4d;r; |
| 389 | 2: c+;8g;;4b;; |
| 390 | lyrics between 1&2,3&4: 4;8;;4;s; "This is a test."; |
| 391 | lyrics above 2: 2s;4;; "The end."; |
| 392 | bar |
| 393 | </PRE><BR> |
| 394 | <IMG SRC="mugex52.gif" ALT="Picture of Mup output"><BR> |
| 395 | </P> |
| 396 | <HR><P> |
| 397 | <A HREF="multirst.html"><-- previous page</A> <A HREF="index.html">Table of Contents</A> <A HREF="tabstaff.html">next page --></A> |
| 398 | </P> |
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