X-Git-Url: http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/ucgi/~ianmdlvl/git?p=elogind.git;a=blobdiff_plain;f=man%2Fsystemd.special.xml;h=cf76aaf607eb1fddb4ebf00e9198983f96e3e70d;hp=7dbc5580e26e20d620004dd8bbe96184d177ad8d;hb=ea7b52374caa7f687c7e09b0102dbf834e5d2d88;hpb=fade1ec6e05f9f6c3718be622e259d2c8e61508c

diff --git a/man/systemd.special.xml b/man/systemd.special.xml
index 7dbc5580e..cf76aaf60 100644
--- a/man/systemd.special.xml
+++ b/man/systemd.special.xml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
-        "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
 
 <!--
   This file is part of systemd.
@@ -23,1074 +23,854 @@
 
 <refentry id="systemd.special">
 
-        <refentryinfo>
-                <title>systemd.special</title>
-                <productname>systemd</productname>
-
-                <authorgroup>
-                        <author>
-                                <contrib>Developer</contrib>
-                                <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
-                                <surname>Poettering</surname>
-                                <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
-                        </author>
-                </authorgroup>
-        </refentryinfo>
-
-        <refmeta>
-                <refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle>
-                <manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
-        </refmeta>
-
-        <refnamediv>
-                <refname>systemd.special</refname>
-                <refpurpose>Special systemd units</refpurpose>
-        </refnamediv>
-
-        <refsynopsisdiv>
-                <para><filename>basic.target</filename>,
-                <filename>bluetooth.target</filename>,
-                <filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename>,
-                <filename>cryptsetup.target</filename>,
-                <filename>dbus.service</filename>,
-                <filename>dbus.socket</filename>,
-                <filename>default.target</filename>,
-                <filename>display-manager.service</filename>,
-                <filename>emergency.target</filename>,
-                <filename>exit.target</filename>,
-                <filename>final.target</filename>,
-                <filename>getty.target</filename>,
-                <filename>graphical.target</filename>,
-                <filename>halt.target</filename>,
-                <filename>hibernate.target</filename>,
-                <filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename>,
-                <filename>initrd-fs.target</filename>,
-                <filename>kbrequest.target</filename>,
-                <filename>kexec.target</filename>,
-                <filename>local-fs.target</filename>,
-                <filename>local-fs-pre.target</filename>,
-                <filename>multi-user.target</filename>,
-                <filename>network.target</filename>,
-                <filename>network-online.target</filename>,
-                <filename>nss-lookup.target</filename>,
-                <filename>nss-user-lookup.target</filename>,
-                <filename>paths.target</filename>,
-                <filename>poweroff.target</filename>,
-                <filename>printer.target</filename>,
-                <filename>reboot.target</filename>,
-                <filename>remote-fs.target</filename>,
-                <filename>remote-fs-pre.target</filename>,
-                <filename>rescue.target</filename>,
-                <filename>initrd-root-fs.target</filename>,
-                <filename>rpcbind.target</filename>,
-                <filename>runlevel2.target</filename>,
-                <filename>runlevel3.target</filename>,
-                <filename>runlevel4.target</filename>,
-                <filename>runlevel5.target</filename>,
-                <filename>shutdown.target</filename>,
-                <filename>sigpwr.target</filename>,
-                <filename>sleep.target</filename>,
-                <filename>smartcard.target</filename>,
-                <filename>sockets.target</filename>,
-                <filename>sound.target</filename>,
-                <filename>suspend.target</filename>,
-                <filename>swap.target</filename>,
-                <filename>sysinit.target</filename>,
-                <filename>syslog.socket</filename>,
-                <filename>system-update.target</filename>,
-                <filename>time-sync.target</filename>,
-                <filename>timers.target</filename>,
-                <filename>umount.target</filename>,
-                <filename>-.slice</filename>,
-                <filename>system.slice</filename>,
-                <filename>user.slice</filename>,
-                <filename>machine.slice</filename></para>
-        </refsynopsisdiv>
-
-        <refsect1>
-                <title>Description</title>
-
-                <para>A few units are treated specially by
-                systemd. They have special internal semantics and
-                cannot be renamed.</para>
-        </refsect1>
-
-        <refsect1>
-                <title>Special System Units</title>
-
-                <variablelist>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>basic.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        covering basic boot-up.</para>
-                                        <para>systemd automatically
-                                        adds dependencies of the types
-                                        <varname>Requires=</varname>
-                                        and <varname>After=</varname>
-                                        for this target unit to all
-                                        services (except for those
-                                        with
-                                        <varname>DefaultDependencies=no</varname>).</para>
-
-                                        <para>Usually this should
-                                        pull-in all mount points, swap
-                                        devices, sockets, timers, and
-                                        path units and other basic
-                                        initialization necessary for
-                                        general purpose
-                                        daemons.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>systemd starts this
-                                        target whenever
-                                        Control+Alt+Del is pressed on
-                                        the console. Usually this
-                                        should be aliased (symlinked)
-                                        to
-                                        <filename>reboot.target</filename>.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>cryptsetup.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A target that pulls in
-                                        setup services for all
-                                        encrypted block
-                                        devices.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>dbus.service</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special unit for the
-                                        D-Bus bus daemon. As soon as
-                                        this service is fully started
-                                        up systemd will connect to it
-                                        and register its
-                                        service.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>dbus.socket</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special unit for the
-                                        D-Bus system bus socket. All
-                                        units with
-                                        <varname>Type=dbus</varname>
-                                        automatically gain a
-                                        dependency on this
-                                        unit.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>default.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>The default unit systemd
-                                        starts at bootup. Usually this
-                                        should be aliased (symlinked)
-                                        to
-                                        <filename>multi-user.target</filename>
-                                        or
-                                        <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para>
-
-                                        <para>The default unit systemd
-                                        starts at bootup can be
-                                        overridden with the
-                                        <varname>systemd.unit=</varname>
-                                        kernel command line option.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>display-manager.service</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>The display manager
-                                        service. Usually this should
-                                        be aliased (symlinked) to
-                                        <filename>gdm.service</filename>
-                                        or a similar display manager
-                                        service.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>emergency.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that starts an emergency
-                                        shell on the main
-                                        console. This unit is supposed
-                                        to be used with the kernel
-                                        command line option
-                                        <varname>systemd.unit=</varname>
-                                        and has otherwise little use.
-                                        </para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>final.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that is used during the
-                                        shutdown logic and may be used
-                                        to pull in late services after
-                                        all normal services are
-                                        already terminated and all
-                                        mounts unmounted.
-                                        </para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>getty.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that pulls in statically
-                                        configured local TTY
-                                        <filename>getty</filename>
-                                        instances.
-                                        </para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>graphical.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for setting up a graphical
-                                        login screen. This pulls in
-                                        <filename>multi-user.target</filename>.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Units that are needed
-                                        for graphical logins shall add
-                                        <varname>Wants=</varname>
-                                        dependencies for their unit to
-                                        this unit (or
-                                        <filename>multi-user.target</filename>)
-                                        during installation. This is
-                                        best configured via
-                                        <varname>WantedBy=graphical.target</varname>
-                                        in the unit's
-                                        <literal>[Install]</literal>
-                                        section.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>hibernate.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for hibernating the
-                                        system. This pulls in
-                                        <filename>sleep.target</filename>.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for hibernating and suspending the
-                                        system at the same time. This pulls in
-                                        <filename>sleep.target</filename>.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>halt.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for shutting down and halting
-                                        the system. Note that this
-                                        target is distinct from
-                                        <filename>poweroff.target</filename>
-                                        in that it generally really
-                                        just halts the system rather
-                                        than powering it down.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Applications wanting to
-                                        halt the system should start
-                                        this unit.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>initrd-fs.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-                                        automatically adds
-                                        dependencies of type
-                                        <varname>Before=</varname> to
-                                        <filename>sysroot-usr.mount</filename>
-                                        and all mount points found in
-                                        <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
-                                        that have the
-                                        <option>auto</option> and
-                                        <option>x-initrd.mount</option>
-                                        mount options set.
-                                        </para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>kbrequest.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>systemd starts this
-                                        target whenever Alt+ArrowUp is
-                                        pressed on the console. This
-                                        is a good candidate to be
-                                        aliased (symlinked) to
-                                        <filename>rescue.target</filename>.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>kexec.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for shutting down and rebooting the system via kexec.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Applications wanting to
-                                        reboot the system with kexec should start
-                                        this unit.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>local-fs.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-                                        automatically adds
-                                        dependencies of type
-                                        <varname>Before=</varname> to
-                                        all mount units that refer to
-                                        local mount points for this
-                                        target unit. In addition, it
-                                        adds dependencies of type
-                                        <varname>Wants=</varname> to
-                                        this target unit for those
-                                        mounts listed in
-                                        <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
-                                        that have the
-                                        <option>auto</option> mount
-                                        option set.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>multi-user.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for setting up a multi-user
-                                        system (non-graphical). This
-                                        is pulled in by
-                                        <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Units that are needed
-                                        for a multi-user system shall
-                                        add <varname>Wants=</varname>
-                                        dependencies for their unit to
-                                        this unit during
-                                        installation. This is best
-                                        configured via
-                                        <varname>WantedBy=multi-uer.target</varname>
-                                        in the unit's
-                                        <literal>[Install]</literal>
-                                        section.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>network-online.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>Units that strictly
-                                        require a configured network
-                                        connection should pull in
-                                        <filename>network-online.target</filename>
-                                        (via a
-                                        <varname>Wants=</varname> type
-                                        dependency) and order
-                                        themselves after it. This
-                                        target unit is intended to
-                                        pull in a service that delays
-                                        further execution until the
-                                        network is sufficiently set
-                                        up. What precisely this
-                                        requires is left to the
-                                        implementation of the network
-                                        managing service.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Note the distinction
-                                        between this unit and
-                                        <filename>network.target</filename>. This
-                                        unit is an active unit
-                                        (i.e. pulled in by the
-                                        consumer rather than the
-                                        provider of this
-                                        functionality) and pulls in a
-                                        service which possibly adds
-                                        substantial delays to further
-                                        execution. In contrast,
-                                        <filename>network.target</filename>
-                                        is a passive unit (i.e. pulled
-                                        in by the provider of the
-                                        functionality, rather than the
-                                        consumer) that usually does
-                                        not delay execution
-                                        much. Usually,
-                                        <filename>network.target</filename>
-                                        is part of the boot of most
-                                        systems, while
-                                        <filename>network-online.target</filename>
-                                        is not, except when at least
-                                        one unit requires it. Also see
-                                        <ulink
-                                        url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/NetworkTarget">Running
-                                        Services After the Network is
-                                        up</ulink> for more
-                                        information.</para>
-
-                                        <para>All mount units for
-                                        remote network file systems
-                                        automatically pull in this
-                                        unit, and order themselves
-                                        after it. Note that networking
-                                        daemons that simply provide
-                                        functionality to other hosts
-                                        generally don't need to pull
-                                        this in.</para>
-                                        </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>paths.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that sets up all path units
-                                        (see
-                                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-                                        for details) that shall be
-                                        active after boot.</para>
-
-                                        <para>It is recommended that
-                                        path units installed by
-                                        applications get pulled in via
-                                        <varname>Wants=</varname>
-                                        dependencies from this
-                                        unit. This is best configured
-                                        via a
-                                        <varname>WantedBy=paths.target</varname>
-                                        in the path unit's
-                                        <literal>[Install]</literal>
-                                        section.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>poweroff.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for shutting down and powering off the system.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Applications wanting to
-                                        power off the system should start
-                                        this unit.</para>
-
-                                        <para><filename>runlevel0.target</filename>
-                                        is an alias for this target
-                                        unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>reboot.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for shutting down and rebooting the system.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Applications wanting to
-                                        reboot the system should start
-                                        this unit.</para>
-
-                                        <para><filename>runlevel6.target</filename>
-                                        is an alias for this target
-                                        unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>remote-fs.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>Similar to
-                                        <filename>local-fs.target</filename>,
-                                        but for remote mount
-                                        points.</para>
-
-                                        <para>systemd automatically
-                                        adds dependencies of type
-                                        <varname>After=</varname> for
-                                        this target unit to all SysV
-                                        init script service units with
-                                        an LSB header referring to the
-                                        <literal>$remote_fs</literal>
-                                        facility.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>rescue.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for setting up the base system
-                                        and a rescue shell.</para>
-
-                                        <para><filename>runlevel1.target</filename>
-                                        is an alias for this target
-                                        unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>initrd-root-fs.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-                                        automatically adds
-                                        dependencies of type
-                                        <varname>Before=</varname> to
-                                        the
-                                        <filename>sysroot.mount</filename>
-                                        unit, which is generated from
-                                        the kernel command line.
-                                        </para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>runlevel2.target</filename></term>
-                                <term><filename>runlevel3.target</filename></term>
-                                <term><filename>runlevel4.target</filename></term>
-                                <term><filename>runlevel5.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>These are targets that
-                                        are called whenever the SysV
-                                        compatibility code asks for
-                                        runlevel 2, 3, 4, 5,
-                                        respectively. It is a good
-                                        idea to make this an alias for
-                                        (i.e. symlink to)
-                                        <filename>multi-user.target</filename>
-                                        (for runlevel 2) or
-                                        <filename>graphical.target</filename>
-                                        (the others).</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>shutdown.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that terminates the services
-                                        on system shutdown.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Services that shall be
-                                        terminated on system shutdown
-                                        shall add <varname>Conflicts=</varname>
-                                        dependencies to this unit for
-                                        their service unit, which is
-                                        implicitly done when
-                                        <varname>DefaultDependencies=yes</varname>
-                                        is set (the default).</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>sigpwr.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target that is
-                                        started when systemd receives
-                                        the SIGPWR process signal,
-                                        which is normally sent by the
-                                        kernel or UPS daemons when
-                                        power fails.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>sleep.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that is pulled in by
-                                        <filename>suspend.target</filename>,
-                                        <filename>hibernate.target</filename>
-                                        and
-                                        <filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename>
-                                        and may be used to hook units
-                                        into the sleep state
-                                        logic.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>sockets.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that sets up all socket
-                                        units.(see
-                                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-                                        for details) that shall be
-                                        active after boot.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Services that can be
-                                        socket-activated shall add
-                                        <varname>Wants=</varname>
-                                        dependencies to this unit for
-                                        their socket unit during
-                                        installation. This is best
-                                        configured via a
-                                        <varname>WantedBy=sockets.target</varname>
-                                        in the socket unit's
-                                        <literal>[Install]</literal>
-                                        section.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>suspend.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        for suspending the
-                                        system. This pulls in
-                                        <filename>sleep.target</filename>.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>swap.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>Similar to
-                                        <filename>local-fs.target</filename>, but for swap
-                                        partitions and swap
-                                        files.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>sysinit.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        covering early boot-up scripts.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>syslog.socket</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>The socket unit
-                                        syslog implementations should
-                                        listen on. All userspace log
-                                        messages will be made
-                                        available on this socket. For
-                                        more information about syslog
-                                        integration, please consult
-                                        the <ulink
-                                        url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/syslog">Syslog
-                                        Interface</ulink>
-                                        document.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>system-update.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that is used for off-line
-                                        system updates.
-                                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system-update-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-                                        will redirect the boot process
-                                        to this target if
-                                        <filename>/system-update</filename>
-                                        exists. For more information
-                                        see the <ulink
-                                        url="http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates">System
-                                        Updates
-                                        Specification</ulink>.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>timers.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that sets up all timer
-                                        units (see
-                                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-                                        for details) that shall be
-                                        active after boot.</para>
-
-                                        <para>It is recommended that
-                                        timer units installed by
-                                        applications get pulled in via
-                                        <varname>Wants=</varname>
-                                        dependencies from this
-                                        unit. This is best configured
-                                        via
-                                        <varname>WantedBy=timers.target</varname>
-                                        in the timer unit's
-                                        <literal>[Install]</literal>
-                                        section.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>umount.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special target unit
-                                        that umounts all mount and
-                                        automount points on system
-                                        shutdown.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Mounts that shall be
-                                        unmounted on system shutdown
-                                        shall add Conflicts
-                                        dependencies to this unit for
-                                        their mount unit, which is
-                                        implicitly done when
-                                        <varname>DefaultDependencies=yes</varname>
-                                        is set (the default).</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-
-                </variablelist>
-        </refsect1>
-
-        <refsect1>
-                <title>Special System Units for Devices</title>
-
-                <para>Some target units are automatically pulled in as
-                devices of certain kinds show up in the system. These
-                may be used to automatically activate various services
-                based on the specific type of the available
-                hardware.</para>
-
-                <variablelist>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>bluetooth.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This target is started
-                                        automatically as soon as a
-                                        Bluetooth controller is
-                                        plugged in or becomes
-                                        available at boot.</para>
-
-                                        <para>This may be used to pull
-                                        in Bluetooth management
-                                        daemons dynamically when
-                                        Bluetooth hardware is
-                                        found.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>printer.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This target is started
-                                        automatically as soon as a
-                                        printer is plugged in or
-                                        becomes available at
-                                        boot.</para>
-
-                                        <para>This may be used to pull
-                                        in printer management
-                                        daemons dynamically when
-                                        printer hardware is
-                                        found.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>smartcard.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This target is started
-                                        automatically as soon as a
-                                        smartcard controller is
-                                        plugged in or becomes
-                                        available at boot.</para>
-
-                                        <para>This may be used to pull
-                                        in smartcard management
-                                        daemons dynamically when
-                                        smartcard hardware is
-                                        found.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>sound.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This target is started
-                                        automatically as soon as a
-                                        sound card is plugged in or
-                                        becomes available at
-                                        boot.</para>
-
-                                        <para>This may be used to pull
-                                        in audio management daemons
-                                        dynamically when audio
-                                        hardware is found.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                </variablelist>
-        </refsect1>
-
-        <refsect1>
-                <title>Special Passive System Units </title>
-
-                <para>A number of special system targets are defined
-                that can be used to properly order boot-up of optional
-                services. These targets are generally not part of the
-                initial boot transaction, unless they are explicitly
-                pulled in by one of the implementing services. Note
-                specifically, that these <emphasis>passive</emphasis>
-                target units are generally not pulled in by the
-                consumer of a service, but by the provider of the
-                service. This means: a consuming service should order
-                itself after these targets (as appropriate), but not
-                pull it in. A providing service should order itself
-                before these targets (as appropriate) and pull it in
-                (via a <varname>Wants=</varname> type
-                dependency).</para>
-
-                <para>Note that these passive units cannot be started
-                manually, i.e. <literal>systemctl start
-                time-sync.target</literal> will fail with an
-                error. They can only be pulled in by dependency. This
-                is enforced since they exist for ordering purposes
-                only and thus are not useful as only unit within a
-                transaction.</para>
-
-                <variablelist>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>local-fs-pre.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This target unit is
-                                        automatically ordered before
-                                        all local mount points marked
-                                        with <option>auto</option>
-                                        (see above). It can be used to
-                                        execute certain units before
-                                        all local mounts.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>network.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This unit is supposed to
-                                        indicate when network
-                                        functionality is available,
-                                        but it is only very weakly
-                                        defined what that is supposed
-                                        to mean, with one exception:
-                                        at shutdown, a unit that is
-                                        ordered after
-                                        <filename>network.target</filename>
-                                        will be stopped before the
-                                        network -- to whatever level
-                                        it might be set up then -- is
-                                        shut down. Also see <ulink
-                                        url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/NetworkTarget">Running
-                                        Services After the Network is
-                                        up</ulink> for more
-                                        information. Also see
-                                        <filename>network-online.target</filename>
-                                        described above.</para>
-
-                                        <para>systemd automatically
-                                        adds dependencies of type
-                                        <varname>After=</varname> for
-                                        this target unit to all SysV
-                                        init script service units with
-                                        an LSB header referring to the
-                                        <literal>$network</literal>
-                                        facility.</para>
-
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>nss-lookup.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A target that should be
-                                        used as synchronization point
-                                        for all host/network name
-                                        service lookups. Note that
-                                        this is independent of
-                                        user/group name lookups for
-                                        which
-                                        <filename>nss-user-lookup.target</filename>
-                                        should be used. systemd
-                                        automatically adds
-                                        dependencies of type
-                                        <varname>After=</varname> for
-                                        this target unit to all SysV
-                                        init script service units with
-                                        an LSB header referring to the
-                                        <literal>$named</literal>
-                                        facility.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>nss-user-lookup.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A target that should be
-                                        used as synchronization point
-                                        for all user/group name
-                                        service lookups. Note that
-                                        this is independent of
-                                        host/network name lookups for
-                                        which
-                                        <filename>nss-lookup.target</filename>
-                                        should be used. </para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>remote-fs-pre.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This target unit is
-                                        automatically ordered before
-                                        all remote mount point units
-                                        (see above). It can be used to
-                                        run certain units before the
-                                        remote mounts are
-                                        established. Note that this
-                                        unit is generally not part of
-                                        the initial transaction,
-                                        unless the unit that wants to
-                                        be ordered before all remote
-                                        mounts pulls it in via a
-                                        <varname>Wants=</varname> type
-                                        dependency. If the unit wants
-                                        to be pulled in by the first
-                                        remote mount showing up it
-                                        should use
-                                        <filename>network-online.target</filename>
-                                        (see above).</para>
-
-                                        <para>Again, this target unit
-                                        is <emphasis>not</emphasis>
-                                        suitable for pulling in other
-                                        units, it is only useful for
-                                        ordering.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>rpcbind.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>systemd automatically
-                                        adds dependencies of type
-                                        <varname>After=</varname> for
-                                        this target unit to all SysV
-                                        init script service units with
-                                        an LSB header referring to the
-                                        <literal>$portmap</literal>
-                                        facility.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>time-sync.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>systemd automatically
-                                        adds dependencies of type
-                                        <varname>After=</varname> for
-                                        this target unit to all SysV
-                                        init script service units with
-                                        an LSB header referring to the
-                                        <literal>$time</literal>
-                                        facility.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                </variablelist>
-        </refsect1>
-
-        <refsect1>
-                <title>Special User Units</title>
-
-                <para>When systemd runs as a user instance, the
-                following special units are available, which have
-                similar definitions as their system counterparts:
-                <filename>default.target</filename>,
-                <filename>shutdown.target</filename>,
-                <filename>sockets.target</filename>,
-                <filename>timers.target</filename>,
-                <filename>paths.target</filename>,
-                <filename>bluetooth.target</filename>,
-                <filename>printer.target</filename>,
-                <filename>smartcard.target</filename>,
-                <filename>sound.target</filename>.</para>
-
-                <para>In addition the following special unit is
-                understood only when systemd runs as service instance:</para>
-
-                <variablelist>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>exit.target</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>A special service unit
-                                        for shutting down the
-                                        user service manager.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Applications wanting to
-                                        terminate the user service
-                                        manager should start this
-                                        unit. If systemd receives
-                                        <constant>SIGTERM</constant> or <constant>SIGINT</constant> when running
-                                        as user service daemon it will
-                                        start this unit.</para>
-
-                                        <para>Normally, this pulls in
-                                        <filename>shutdown.target</filename>
-                                        which in turn should be
-                                        conflicted by all units that
-                                        want to be shut down on
-                                        user service manager exit.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                </variablelist>
-        </refsect1>
-
-        <refsect1>
-                <title>Special Slice Units</title>
-
-                <para>There are four <literal>.slice</literal> units
-                which form the basis of the hierarchy for assignment
-                of resources for services, users, and virtual machines
-                or containers.</para>
-
-                <variablelist>
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>-.slice</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>The root slice is the
-                                        root of the hierarchy. It does
-                                        not contain services directly,
-                                        but is used to set defaults
-                                        for the whole tree.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>system.slice</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This slice contains
-                                        services started by
-                                        <command>systemd</command>.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>user.slice</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This slice contains user
-                                        processes and services started
-                                        on behalf of the user,
-                                        including the per-user systemd
-                                        instance.</para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-
-                        <varlistentry>
-                                <term><filename>machine.slice</filename></term>
-                                <listitem>
-                                        <para>This slice contains
-                                        virtual machines and
-                                        containers registered with
-                                        <command>systemd-machined</command>.
-                                        </para>
-                                </listitem>
-                        </varlistentry>
-                </variablelist>
-        </refsect1>
-
-        <refsect1>
-                  <title>See Also</title>
-                  <para>
-                          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-                          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-                          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-                          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-                          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-                          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-                          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
-                          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
-                  </para>
-        </refsect1>
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>systemd.special</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+
+    <authorgroup>
+      <author>
+        <contrib>Developer</contrib>
+        <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
+        <surname>Poettering</surname>
+        <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
+      </author>
+    </authorgroup>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>systemd.special</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Special systemd units</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <para><filename>basic.target</filename>,
+    <filename>bluetooth.target</filename>,
+    <filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename>,
+    <filename>cryptsetup.target</filename>,
+    <filename>cryptsetup-pre.target</filename>,
+    <filename>dbus.service</filename>,
+    <filename>dbus.socket</filename>,
+    <filename>default.target</filename>,
+    <filename>display-manager.service</filename>,
+    <filename>emergency.target</filename>,
+    <filename>exit.target</filename>,
+    <filename>final.target</filename>,
+    <filename>getty.target</filename>,
+    <filename>graphical.target</filename>,
+    <filename>halt.target</filename>,
+    <filename>hibernate.target</filename>,
+    <filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename>,
+    <filename>initrd-fs.target</filename>,
+    <filename>kbrequest.target</filename>,
+    <filename>kexec.target</filename>,
+    <filename>local-fs.target</filename>,
+    <filename>local-fs-pre.target</filename>,
+    <filename>multi-user.target</filename>,
+    <filename>network.target</filename>,
+    <filename>network-online.target</filename>,
+    <filename>network-pre.target</filename>,
+    <filename>nss-lookup.target</filename>,
+    <filename>nss-user-lookup.target</filename>,
+    <filename>paths.target</filename>,
+    <filename>poweroff.target</filename>,
+    <filename>printer.target</filename>,
+    <filename>reboot.target</filename>,
+    <filename>remote-fs.target</filename>,
+    <filename>remote-fs-pre.target</filename>,
+    <filename>rescue.target</filename>,
+    <filename>initrd-root-fs.target</filename>,
+    <filename>rpcbind.target</filename>,
+    <filename>runlevel2.target</filename>,
+    <filename>runlevel3.target</filename>,
+    <filename>runlevel4.target</filename>,
+    <filename>runlevel5.target</filename>,
+    <filename>shutdown.target</filename>,
+    <filename>sigpwr.target</filename>,
+    <filename>sleep.target</filename>,
+    <filename>smartcard.target</filename>,
+    <filename>sockets.target</filename>,
+    <filename>sound.target</filename>,
+    <filename>suspend.target</filename>,
+    <filename>swap.target</filename>,
+    <filename>sysinit.target</filename>,
+    <filename>syslog.socket</filename>,
+    <filename>system-update.target</filename>,
+    <filename>time-sync.target</filename>,
+    <filename>timers.target</filename>,
+    <filename>umount.target</filename>,
+    <filename>-.slice</filename>,
+    <filename>system.slice</filename>,
+    <filename>user.slice</filename>,
+    <filename>machine.slice</filename></para>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para>A few units are treated specially by systemd. They have
+    special internal semantics and cannot be renamed.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Special System Units</title>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>basic.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit covering basic boot-up.</para>
+
+          <para>systemd automatically adds dependencies of the types
+          <varname>Requires=</varname> and <varname>After=</varname>
+          for this target unit to all services (except for those with
+          <varname>DefaultDependencies=no</varname>).</para>
+
+          <para>Usually this should pull-in all mount points, swap
+          devices, sockets, timers, and path units and other basic
+          initialization necessary for general purpose daemons.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>systemd starts this target whenever Control+Alt+Del is
+          pressed on the console. Usually this should be aliased
+          (symlinked) to <filename>reboot.target</filename>.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>cryptsetup.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A target that pulls in setup services for all
+          encrypted block devices.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>dbus.service</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special unit for the D-Bus bus daemon. As soon as
+          this service is fully started up systemd will connect to it
+          and register its service.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>dbus.socket</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special unit for the D-Bus system bus socket. All
+          units with <varname>Type=dbus</varname> automatically gain a
+          dependency on this unit.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>default.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>The default unit systemd starts at bootup. Usually
+          this should be aliased (symlinked) to
+          <filename>multi-user.target</filename> or
+          <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para>
+
+          <para>The default unit systemd starts at bootup can be
+          overridden with the <varname>systemd.unit=</varname> kernel
+          command line option.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>display-manager.service</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>The display manager service. Usually this should be
+          aliased (symlinked) to <filename>gdm.service</filename> or a
+          similar display manager service.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>emergency.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that starts an emergency shell
+          on the main console. This unit is supposed to be used with
+          the kernel command line option
+          <varname>systemd.unit=</varname> and has otherwise little
+          use.
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>final.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that is used during the shutdown
+          logic and may be used to pull in late services after all
+          normal services are already terminated and all mounts
+          unmounted.
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>getty.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that pulls in statically
+          configured local TTY <filename>getty</filename> instances.
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>graphical.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for setting up a graphical login
+          screen. This pulls in
+          <filename>multi-user.target</filename>.</para>
+
+          <para>Units that are needed for graphical logins shall add
+          <varname>Wants=</varname> dependencies for their unit to
+          this unit (or <filename>multi-user.target</filename>) during
+          installation. This is best configured via
+          <varname>WantedBy=graphical.target</varname> in the unit's
+          <literal>[Install]</literal> section.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>hibernate.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for hibernating the system. This
+          pulls in <filename>sleep.target</filename>.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for hibernating and suspending
+          the system at the same time. This pulls in
+          <filename>sleep.target</filename>.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>halt.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for shutting down and halting
+          the system. Note that this target is distinct from
+          <filename>poweroff.target</filename> in that it generally
+          really just halts the system rather than powering it
+          down.</para>
+
+          <para>Applications wanting to halt the system should start
+          this unit.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>initrd-fs.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+          automatically adds dependencies of type
+          <varname>Before=</varname> to
+          <filename>sysroot-usr.mount</filename> and all mount points
+          found in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> that have
+          <option>x-initrd.mount</option> and not have
+          <option>noauto</option> mount options set.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>kbrequest.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>systemd starts this target whenever Alt+ArrowUp is
+          pressed on the console. This is a good candidate to be
+          aliased (symlinked) to
+          <filename>rescue.target</filename>.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>kexec.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting
+          the system via kexec.</para>
+
+          <para>Applications wanting to reboot the system with kexec
+          should start this unit.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>local-fs.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+          automatically adds dependencies of type
+          <varname>Before=</varname> to all mount units that refer to
+          local mount points for this target unit. In addition, it
+          adds dependencies of type <varname>Wants=</varname> to this
+          target unit for those mounts listed in
+          <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> that have the
+          <option>auto</option> mount option set.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>multi-user.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for setting up a multi-user
+          system (non-graphical). This is pulled in by
+          <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para>
+
+          <para>Units that are needed for a multi-user system shall
+          add <varname>Wants=</varname> dependencies for their unit to
+          this unit during installation. This is best configured via
+          <varname>WantedBy=multi-user.target</varname> in the unit's
+          <literal>[Install]</literal> section.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>network-online.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Units that strictly require a configured network
+          connection should pull in
+          <filename>network-online.target</filename> (via a
+          <varname>Wants=</varname> type dependency) and order
+          themselves after it. This target unit is intended to pull in
+          a service that delays further execution until the network is
+          sufficiently set up. What precisely this requires is left to
+          the implementation of the network managing service.</para>
+
+          <para>Note the distinction between this unit and
+          <filename>network.target</filename>. This unit is an active
+          unit (i.e. pulled in by the consumer rather than the
+          provider of this functionality) and pulls in a service which
+          possibly adds substantial delays to further execution. In
+          contrast, <filename>network.target</filename> is a passive
+          unit (i.e. pulled in by the provider of the functionality,
+          rather than the consumer) that usually does not delay
+          execution much. Usually, <filename>network.target</filename>
+          is part of the boot of most systems, while
+          <filename>network-online.target</filename> is not, except
+          when at least one unit requires it. Also see <ulink
+          url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/NetworkTarget">Running
+          Services After the Network is up</ulink> for more
+          information.</para>
+
+          <para>All mount units for remote network file systems
+          automatically pull in this unit, and order themselves after
+          it. Note that networking daemons that simply provide
+          functionality to other hosts generally do not need to pull
+          this in.</para>
+          </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>paths.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that sets up all path units (see
+          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+          for details) that shall be active after boot.</para>
+
+          <para>It is recommended that path units installed by
+          applications get pulled in via <varname>Wants=</varname>
+          dependencies from this unit. This is best configured via a
+          <varname>WantedBy=paths.target</varname> in the path unit's
+          <literal>[Install]</literal> section.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>poweroff.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for shutting down and powering
+          off the system.</para>
+
+          <para>Applications wanting to power off the system should
+          start this unit.</para>
+
+          <para><filename>runlevel0.target</filename> is an alias for
+          this target unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>reboot.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for shutting down and rebooting
+          the system.</para>
+
+          <para>Applications wanting to reboot the system should start
+          this unit.</para>
+
+          <para><filename>runlevel6.target</filename> is an alias for
+          this target unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>remote-fs.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Similar to <filename>local-fs.target</filename>, but
+          for remote mount points.</para>
+
+          <para>systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
+          <varname>After=</varname> for this target unit to all SysV
+          init script service units with an LSB header referring to
+          the <literal>$remote_fs</literal> facility.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>rescue.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for setting up the base system
+          and a rescue shell.</para>
+
+          <para><filename>runlevel1.target</filename> is an alias for
+          this target unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>initrd-root-fs.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+          automatically adds dependencies of type
+          <varname>Before=</varname> to the
+          <filename>sysroot.mount</filename> unit, which is generated
+          from the kernel command line.
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>runlevel2.target</filename></term>
+        <term><filename>runlevel3.target</filename></term>
+        <term><filename>runlevel4.target</filename></term>
+        <term><filename>runlevel5.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>These are targets that are called whenever the SysV
+          compatibility code asks for runlevel 2, 3, 4, 5,
+          respectively. It is a good idea to make this an alias for
+          (i.e. symlink to) <filename>multi-user.target</filename>
+          (for runlevel 2) or <filename>graphical.target</filename>
+          (the others).</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>shutdown.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that terminates the services on
+          system shutdown.</para>
+
+          <para>Services that shall be terminated on system shutdown
+          shall add <varname>Conflicts=</varname> dependencies to this
+          unit for their service unit, which is implicitly done when
+          <varname>DefaultDependencies=yes</varname> is set (the
+          default).</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>sigpwr.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target that is started when systemd receives
+          the SIGPWR process signal, which is normally sent by the
+          kernel or UPS daemons when power fails.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>sleep.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that is pulled in by
+          <filename>suspend.target</filename>,
+          <filename>hibernate.target</filename> and
+          <filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename> and may be used to
+          hook units into the sleep state logic.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>sockets.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that sets up all socket
+          units.(see
+          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+          for details) that shall be active after boot.</para>
+
+          <para>Services that can be socket-activated shall add
+          <varname>Wants=</varname> dependencies to this unit for
+          their socket unit during installation. This is best
+          configured via a <varname>WantedBy=sockets.target</varname>
+          in the socket unit's <literal>[Install]</literal>
+          section.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>suspend.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit for suspending the system. This
+          pulls in <filename>sleep.target</filename>.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>swap.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Similar to <filename>local-fs.target</filename>, but
+          for swap partitions and swap files.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>sysinit.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit covering early boot-up
+          scripts.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>syslog.socket</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>The socket unit syslog implementations should listen
+          on. All userspace log messages will be made available on
+          this socket. For more information about syslog integration,
+          please consult the <ulink
+          url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/syslog">Syslog
+          Interface</ulink> document.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>system-update.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that is used for off-line system
+          updates.
+          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system-update-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+          will redirect the boot process to this target if
+          <filename>/system-update</filename> exists. For more
+          information see the <ulink
+          url="http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates">System
+          Updates Specification</ulink>.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>timers.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that sets up all timer units
+          (see
+          <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+          for details) that shall be active after boot.</para>
+
+          <para>It is recommended that timer units installed by
+          applications get pulled in via <varname>Wants=</varname>
+          dependencies from this unit. This is best configured via
+          <varname>WantedBy=timers.target</varname> in the timer
+          unit's <literal>[Install]</literal> section.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>umount.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special target unit that umounts all mount and
+          automount points on system shutdown.</para>
+
+          <para>Mounts that shall be unmounted on system shutdown
+          shall add Conflicts dependencies to this unit for their
+          mount unit, which is implicitly done when
+          <varname>DefaultDependencies=yes</varname> is set (the
+          default).</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Special System Units for Devices</title>
+
+    <para>Some target units are automatically pulled in as devices of
+    certain kinds show up in the system. These may be used to
+    automatically activate various services based on the specific type
+    of the available hardware.</para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>bluetooth.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This target is started automatically as soon as a
+          Bluetooth controller is plugged in or becomes available at
+          boot.</para>
+
+          <para>This may be used to pull in Bluetooth management
+          daemons dynamically when Bluetooth hardware is found.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>printer.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This target is started automatically as soon as a
+          printer is plugged in or becomes available at boot.</para>
+
+          <para>This may be used to pull in printer management daemons
+          dynamically when printer hardware is found.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>smartcard.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This target is started automatically as soon as a
+          smartcard controller is plugged in or becomes available at
+          boot.</para>
+
+          <para>This may be used to pull in smartcard management
+          daemons dynamically when smartcard hardware is found.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>sound.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This target is started automatically as soon as a
+          sound card is plugged in or becomes available at
+          boot.</para>
+
+          <para>This may be used to pull in audio management daemons
+          dynamically when audio hardware is found.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Special Passive System Units </title>
+
+    <para>A number of special system targets are defined that can be
+    used to properly order boot-up of optional services. These targets
+    are generally not part of the initial boot transaction, unless
+    they are explicitly pulled in by one of the implementing services.
+    Note specifically that these <emphasis>passive</emphasis> target
+    units are generally not pulled in by the consumer of a service,
+    but by the provider of the service. This means: a consuming
+    service should order itself after these targets (as appropriate),
+    but not pull it in. A providing service should order itself before
+    these targets (as appropriate) and pull it in (via a
+    <varname>Wants=</varname> type dependency).</para>
+
+    <para>Note that these passive units cannot be started manually,
+    i.e. <literal>systemctl start time-sync.target</literal> will fail
+    with an error. They can only be pulled in by dependency. This is
+    enforced since they exist for ordering purposes only and thus are
+    not useful as only unit within a transaction.</para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>cryptsetup-pre.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This passive target unit may be pulled in by services
+          that want to run before any encrypted block device is set
+          up. All encrypted block devices are set up after this target
+          has been reached. Since the shutdown order is implicitly the
+          reverse start-up order between units, this target is
+          particularly useful to ensure that a service is shut down
+          only after all encrypted block devices are fully
+          stopped.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>local-fs-pre.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This target unit is
+          automatically ordered before
+          all local mount points marked
+          with <option>auto</option>
+          (see above). It can be used to
+          execute certain units before
+          all local mounts.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>network.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This unit is supposed to indicate when network
+          functionality is available, but it is only very weakly
+          defined what that is supposed to mean, with one exception:
+          at shutdown, a unit that is ordered after
+          <filename>network.target</filename> will be stopped before
+          the network -- to whatever level it might be set up then --
+          is shut down. It is hence useful when writing service files
+          that require network access on shutdown, which should order
+          themselves after this target, but not pull it in. Also see
+          <ulink url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/NetworkTarget">Running
+          Services After the Network is up</ulink> for more
+          information. Also see
+          <filename>network-online.target</filename> described
+          above.</para>
+
+          <para>systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
+          <varname>After=</varname> for this target unit to all SysV
+          init script service units with an LSB header referring to
+          the <literal>$network</literal> facility.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>network-pre.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This passive target unit may be pulled in by services
+          that want to run before any network is set up, for example
+          for the purpose of setting up a firewall. All network
+          management software orders itself after this target, but
+          does not pull it in.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>nss-lookup.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A target that should be used as synchronization point
+          for all host/network name service lookups. Note that this is
+          independent of user/group name lookups for which
+          <filename>nss-user-lookup.target</filename> should be used.
+          All services for which the availability of full host/network
+          name resolution is essential should be ordered after this
+          target, but not pull it in. systemd automatically adds
+          dependencies of type <varname>After=</varname> for this
+          target unit to all SysV init script service units with an
+          LSB header referring to the <literal>$named</literal>
+          facility.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>nss-user-lookup.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A target that should be used as synchronization point
+          for all user/group name service lookups. Note that this is
+          independent of host/network name lookups for which
+          <filename>nss-lookup.target</filename> should be used. All
+          services for which the availability of the full user/group
+          database is essential should be ordered after this target,
+          but not pull it in. Note that system users are always
+          resolvable, and hence do not require any special ordering
+          against this target.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>remote-fs-pre.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This target unit is automatically ordered before all
+          remote mount point units (see above). It can be used to run
+          certain units before the remote mounts are established. Note
+          that this unit is generally not part of the initial
+          transaction, unless the unit that wants to be ordered before
+          all remote mounts pulls it in via a
+          <varname>Wants=</varname> type dependency. If the unit wants
+          to be pulled in by the first remote mount showing up, it
+          should use <filename>network-online.target</filename> (see
+          above).</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>rpcbind.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>The portmapper/rpcbind pulls in this target and orders
+          itself before it, to indicate its availability. systemd
+          automatically adds dependencies of type
+          <varname>After=</varname> for this target unit to all SysV
+          init script service units with an LSB header referring to
+          the <literal>$portmap</literal> facility.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>time-sync.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Services responsible for synchronizing the system
+          clock from a remote source (such as NTP client
+          implementations) should pull in this target and order
+          themselves before it. All services where correct time is
+          essential should be ordered after this unit, but not pull it
+          in. systemd automatically adds dependencies of type
+          <varname>After=</varname> for this target unit to all SysV
+          init script service units with an LSB header referring to
+          the <literal>$time</literal> facility. </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Special User Units</title>
+
+    <para>When systemd runs as a user instance, the following special
+    units are available, which have similar definitions as their
+    system counterparts:
+    <filename>default.target</filename>,
+    <filename>shutdown.target</filename>,
+    <filename>sockets.target</filename>,
+    <filename>timers.target</filename>,
+    <filename>paths.target</filename>,
+    <filename>bluetooth.target</filename>,
+    <filename>printer.target</filename>,
+    <filename>smartcard.target</filename>,
+    <filename>sound.target</filename>.</para>
+
+    <para>In addition, the following special unit is understood only
+    when systemd runs as service instance:</para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>exit.target</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>A special service unit for shutting down the user
+          service manager.</para>
+
+          <para>Applications wanting to terminate the user service
+          manager should start this unit. If systemd receives
+          <constant>SIGTERM</constant> or <constant>SIGINT</constant>
+          when running as user service daemon, it will start this
+          unit.</para>
+
+          <para>Normally, this pulls in
+          <filename>shutdown.target</filename> which in turn should be
+          conflicted by all units that want to be shut down on user
+          service manager exit.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Special Slice Units</title>
+
+    <para>There are four <literal>.slice</literal> units which form
+    the basis of the hierarchy for assignment of resources for
+    services, users, and virtual machines or containers.</para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>-.slice</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>The root slice is the root of the hierarchy. It
+          usually does not contain units directly, but may be used to
+          set defaults for the whole tree.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>system.slice</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>By default, all services services started by
+          <command>systemd</command> are found in this slice.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>user.slice</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>By default, all user processes and services started on
+          behalf of the user, including the per-user systemd instance
+          are found in this slice.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><filename>machine.slice</filename></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>By default, all virtual machines and containers
+          registered with <command>systemd-machined</command> are
+          found in this slice.
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+      <title>See Also</title>
+      <para>
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-fstab-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      </para>
+  </refsect1>
 
 </refentry>