chiark / gitweb /
hostnamed: introduce systemd-hostnamed
[elogind.git] / src / util.c
index 2279efac493f1d9c7ebda2f6f60eb3217cc77a5b..c2173c7222f192ae6ce5b373b3f7809cfc54539b 100644 (file)
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8 -*-*/
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
 
 /***
   This file is part of systemd.
@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@
 #include <pwd.h>
 #include <netinet/ip.h>
 #include <linux/kd.h>
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/capability.h>
 
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "util.h"
 #include "missing.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "strv.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
 
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-#include <selinux/selinux.h>
-#include <selinux/label.h>
+size_t page_size(void) {
+        static __thread size_t pgsz = 0;
+        long r;
 
-static struct selabel_handle *label_hnd = NULL;
+        if (pgsz)
+                return pgsz;
 
-static inline int use_selinux(void) {
-        static int use_selinux_ind = -1;
+        assert_se((r = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) > 0);
 
-        if (use_selinux_ind == -1)
-                use_selinux_ind = (is_selinux_enabled() == 1);
+        pgsz = (size_t) r;
 
-        return use_selinux_ind;
-}
-
-static int label_get_file_label_from_path(
-                const char *label,
-                const char *path,
-                const char *class,
-                security_context_t *fcon) {
-
-        security_context_t dir_con = NULL;
-        security_class_t sclass;
-        int r = 0;
-
-        r = getfilecon(path, &dir_con);
-        if (r >= 0) {
-                r = -1;
-                if ((sclass = string_to_security_class(class)) != 0)
-                        r = security_compute_create((security_context_t) label, dir_con, sclass, fcon);
-        }
-        if (r < 0)
-                r = -errno;
-
-        freecon(dir_con);
-        return r;
-}
-
-#endif
-
-int label_init(void) {
-        int r = 0;
-
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        if (use_selinux()) {
-                label_hnd = selabel_open(SELABEL_CTX_FILE, NULL, 0);
-                if (!label_hnd) {
-                        log_full(security_getenforce() == 1 ? LOG_ERR : LOG_DEBUG, "Failed to initialize SELinux context: %m");
-                        r = (security_getenforce() == 1) ? -errno : 0;
-                }
-        }
-#endif
-
-        return r;
-}
-
-int label_fix(const char *path) {
-        int r = 0;
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        struct stat st;
-        security_context_t fcon;
-        if (use_selinux()) {
-                r = lstat(path, &st);
-
-                if (r == 0) {
-                        r = selabel_lookup_raw(label_hnd, &fcon, path, st.st_mode);
-
-                        if (r == 0) {
-                                r = setfilecon(path, fcon);
-                                freecon(fcon);
-                        }
-                }
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Unable to fix label of %s: %m", path);
-                        r = (security_getenforce() == 1) ? -errno : 0;
-                }
-        }
-#endif
-        return r;
-}
-
-void label_finish(void) {
-
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        if (use_selinux())
-                selabel_close(label_hnd);
-#endif
-
-}
-
-int label_get_socket_label_from_exe(
-        const char *exe,
-        char **label) {
-        int r = 0;
-
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        security_context_t mycon = NULL, fcon = NULL;
-        security_class_t sclass;
-
-        r = getcon(&mycon);
-        if (r < 0)
-                goto fail;
-
-        r = getfilecon(exe, &fcon);
-        if (r < 0)
-                goto fail;
-
-        sclass = string_to_security_class("process");
-        r = security_compute_create(mycon, fcon, sclass, (security_context_t *) label);
-        if (r == 0)
-                log_debug("SELinux Socket context for %s will be set to %s", exe, *label);
-
-fail:
-        if (r< 0 && security_getenforce() == 1)
-                r = -errno;
-
-        freecon(mycon);
-        freecon(fcon);
-#endif
-
-        return r;
-}
-
-int label_fifofile_set(const char *label, const char *path) {
-        int r = 0;
-
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        security_context_t filecon = NULL;
-        if (use_selinux() && label) {
-                if (((r = label_get_file_label_from_path(label, path, "fifo_file", &filecon)) == 0)) {
-                        if ((r = setfscreatecon(filecon)) < 0) {
-                                log_error("Failed to set SELinux file context (%s) on %s: %m", label, path);
-                                r = -errno;
-                        }
-
-                        freecon(filecon);
-                }
-
-                if (r < 0  && security_getenforce() == 0)
-                        r = 0;
-        }
-#endif
-
-        return r;
-}
-
-int label_socket_set(const char *label) {
-
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        if (use_selinux() && setsockcreatecon((security_context_t) label) < 0) {
-                log_error("Failed to set SELinux context (%s) on socket: %m", label);
-                if (security_getenforce() == 1)
-                        return -errno;
-        }
-#endif
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-void label_file_clear(void) {
-
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        if (use_selinux())
-                setfscreatecon(NULL);
-#endif
-
-        return;
-}
-
-void label_free(const char *label) {
-
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        if (use_selinux())
-                freecon((security_context_t) label);
-#endif
-
-        return;
-}
-
-void label_socket_clear(void) {
-
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        if (use_selinux())
-                setsockcreatecon(NULL);
-#endif
-
-        return;
-}
-
-static int label_mkdir(
-        const char *path,
-        mode_t mode) {
-
-#if HAVE_SELINUX
-        int r;
-        security_context_t fcon = NULL;
-
-        if (use_selinux()) {
-                if (path[0] == '/') {
-                        r = selabel_lookup_raw(label_hnd, &fcon, path, mode);
-                }
-                else {
-                        char *cwd = NULL;
-                        char *newpath = NULL;
-                        cwd = getcwd(NULL,0);
-                        if ((! cwd) || (asprintf(&newpath, "%s/%s",cwd,path) < 0)) {
-                                free(cwd);
-                                return -errno;
-                        }
-                        r = selabel_lookup_raw(label_hnd, &fcon, newpath, mode);
-                        free(cwd);
-                        free(newpath);
-                }
-
-                if (r == 0)
-                        r = setfscreatecon(fcon);
-
-                if ((r < 0) && (errno != ENOENT)) {
-                        log_error("Failed to set security context %s for %s", fcon, path);
-
-                        if (security_getenforce() == 1)
-                                goto finish;
-                }
-        }
-        r = mkdir(path, mode);
-
-finish:
-        if (use_selinux()) {
-                setfscreatecon(NULL);
-                freecon(fcon);
-        }
-
-        return r;
-#else
-        return mkdir(path, mode);
-#endif
+        return pgsz;
 }
 
 bool streq_ptr(const char *a, const char *b) {
@@ -484,7 +266,7 @@ int parse_boolean(const char *v) {
 }
 
 int parse_pid(const char *s, pid_t* ret_pid) {
-        unsigned long ul;
+        unsigned long ul = 0;
         pid_t pid;
         int r;
 
@@ -671,14 +453,14 @@ char **split_path_and_make_absolute(const char *p) {
 int get_parent_of_pid(pid_t pid, pid_t *_ppid) {
         int r;
         FILE *f;
-        char fn[132], line[256], *p;
+        char fn[PATH_MAX], line[LINE_MAX], *p;
         long unsigned ppid;
 
-        assert(pid >= 0);
+        assert(pid > 0);
         assert(_ppid);
 
         assert_se(snprintf(fn, sizeof(fn)-1, "/proc/%lu/stat", (unsigned long) pid) < (int) (sizeof(fn)-1));
-        fn[sizeof(fn)-1] = 0;
+        char_array_0(fn);
 
         if (!(f = fopen(fn, "r")))
                 return -errno;
@@ -714,6 +496,64 @@ int get_parent_of_pid(pid_t pid, pid_t *_ppid) {
         return 0;
 }
 
+int get_starttime_of_pid(pid_t pid, unsigned long long *st) {
+        int r;
+        FILE *f;
+        char fn[PATH_MAX], line[LINE_MAX], *p;
+
+        assert(pid > 0);
+        assert(st);
+
+        assert_se(snprintf(fn, sizeof(fn)-1, "/proc/%lu/stat", (unsigned long) pid) < (int) (sizeof(fn)-1));
+        char_array_0(fn);
+
+        if (!(f = fopen(fn, "r")))
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (!(fgets(line, sizeof(line), f))) {
+                r = -errno;
+                fclose(f);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        fclose(f);
+
+        /* Let's skip the pid and comm fields. The latter is enclosed
+         * in () but does not escape any () in its value, so let's
+         * skip over it manually */
+
+        if (!(p = strrchr(line, ')')))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        p++;
+
+        if (sscanf(p, " "
+                   "%*c "  /* state */
+                   "%*d "  /* ppid */
+                   "%*d "  /* pgrp */
+                   "%*d "  /* session */
+                   "%*d "  /* tty_nr */
+                   "%*d "  /* tpgid */
+                   "%*u "  /* flags */
+                   "%*u "  /* minflt */
+                   "%*u "  /* cminflt */
+                   "%*u "  /* majflt */
+                   "%*u "  /* cmajflt */
+                   "%*u "  /* utime */
+                   "%*u "  /* stime */
+                   "%*d "  /* cutime */
+                   "%*d "  /* cstime */
+                   "%*d "  /* priority */
+                   "%*d "  /* nice */
+                   "%*d "  /* num_threads */
+                   "%*d "  /* itrealvalue */
+                   "%llu "  /* starttime */,
+                   st) != 1)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int write_one_line_file(const char *fn, const char *line) {
         FILE *f;
         int r;
@@ -729,7 +569,19 @@ int write_one_line_file(const char *fn, const char *line) {
                 goto finish;
         }
 
-        r = 0;
+        if (!endswith(line, "\n"))
+                fputc('\n', f);
+
+        fflush(f);
+
+        if (ferror(f)) {
+                if (errno != 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+                else
+                        r = -EIO;
+        } else
+                r = 0;
+
 finish:
         fclose(f);
         return r;
@@ -738,7 +590,7 @@ finish:
 int read_one_line_file(const char *fn, char **line) {
         FILE *f;
         int r;
-        char t[2048], *c;
+        char t[LINE_MAX], *c;
 
         assert(fn);
         assert(line);
@@ -756,6 +608,8 @@ int read_one_line_file(const char *fn, char **line) {
                 goto finish;
         }
 
+        truncate_nl(c);
+
         *line = c;
         r = 0;
 
@@ -764,102 +618,340 @@ finish:
         return r;
 }
 
-char *truncate_nl(char *s) {
-        assert(s);
-
-        s[strcspn(s, NEWLINE)] = 0;
-        return s;
-}
-
-int get_process_name(pid_t pid, char **name) {
-        char *p;
+int read_full_file(const char *fn, char **contents) {
+        FILE *f;
         int r;
+        size_t n, l;
+        char *buf = NULL;
+        struct stat st;
 
-        assert(pid >= 1);
-        assert(name);
+        if (!(f = fopen(fn, "re")))
+                return -errno;
 
-        if (asprintf(&p, "/proc/%lu/comm", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
-                return -ENOMEM;
+        if (fstat(fileno(f), &st) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
 
-        r = read_one_line_file(p, name);
-        free(p);
+        n = st.st_size > 0 ? st.st_size : LINE_MAX;
+        l = 0;
 
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
+        for (;;) {
+                char *t;
+                size_t k;
 
-        truncate_nl(*name);
-        return 0;
-}
+                if (!(t = realloc(buf, n+1))) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
 
-int get_process_cmdline(pid_t pid, size_t max_length, char **line) {
-        char *p, *r, *k;
-        int c;
-        bool space = false;
-        size_t left;
-        FILE *f;
+                buf = t;
+                k = fread(buf + l, 1, n - l, f);
 
-        assert(pid >= 1);
-        assert(max_length > 0);
-        assert(line);
+                if (k <= 0) {
+                        if (ferror(f)) {
+                                r = -errno;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
 
-        if (asprintf(&p, "/proc/%lu/cmdline", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
-                return -ENOMEM;
+                        break;
+                }
 
-        f = fopen(p, "r");
-        free(p);
+                l += k;
+                n *= 2;
 
-        if (!f)
-                return -errno;
+                /* Safety check */
+                if (n > 4*1024*1024) {
+                        r = -E2BIG;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
 
-        if (!(r = new(char, max_length))) {
-                fclose(f);
-                return -ENOMEM;
+        if (buf)
+                buf[l] = 0;
+        else if (!(buf = calloc(1, 1))) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
         }
 
-        k = r;
-        left = max_length;
-        while ((c = getc(f)) != EOF) {
+        *contents = buf;
+        buf = NULL;
 
-                if (isprint(c)) {
-                        if (space) {
-                                if (left <= 4)
-                                        break;
+        r = 0;
 
-                                *(k++) = ' ';
-                                left--;
-                                space = false;
-                        }
+finish:
+        fclose(f);
+        free(buf);
 
-                        if (left <= 4)
-                                break;
+        return r;
+}
 
-                        *(k++) = (char) c;
-                        left--;
-                }  else
-                        space = true;
-        }
+int parse_env_file(
+                const char *fname,
+                const char *separator, ...) {
 
-        if (left <= 4) {
-                size_t n = MIN(left-1, 3U);
-                memcpy(k, "...", n);
-                k[n] = 0;
-        } else
-                *k = 0;
+        int r = 0;
+        char *contents, *p;
 
-        fclose(f);
+        assert(fname);
+        assert(separator);
 
-        /* Kernel threads have no argv[] */
-        if (r[0] == 0) {
-                char *t;
-                int h;
+        if ((r = read_full_file(fname, &contents)) < 0)
+                return r;
 
-                free(r);
+        p = contents;
+        for (;;) {
+                const char *key = NULL;
 
-                if ((h = get_process_name(pid, &t)) < 0)
-                        return h;
+                p += strspn(p, separator);
+                p += strspn(p, WHITESPACE);
 
-                h = asprintf(&r, "[%s]", t);
-                free(t);
+                if (!*p)
+                        break;
+
+                if (!strchr(COMMENTS, *p)) {
+                        va_list ap;
+                        char **value;
+
+                        va_start(ap, separator);
+                        while ((key = va_arg(ap, char *))) {
+                                size_t n;
+                                char *v;
+
+                                value = va_arg(ap, char **);
+
+                                n = strlen(key);
+                                if (strncmp(p, key, n) != 0 ||
+                                    p[n] != '=')
+                                        continue;
+
+                                p += n + 1;
+                                n = strcspn(p, separator);
+
+                                if (n >= 2 &&
+                                    strchr(QUOTES, p[0]) &&
+                                    p[n-1] == p[0])
+                                        v = strndup(p+1, n-2);
+                                else
+                                        v = strndup(p, n);
+
+                                if (!v) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        va_end(ap);
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                                if (v[0] == '\0') {
+                                        /* return empty value strings as NULL */
+                                        free(v);
+                                        v = NULL;
+                                }
+
+                                free(*value);
+                                *value = v;
+
+                                p += n;
+
+                                r ++;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                        va_end(ap);
+                }
+
+                if (!key)
+                        p += strcspn(p, separator);
+        }
+
+fail:
+        free(contents);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int load_env_file(
+                const char *fname,
+                char ***rl) {
+
+        FILE *f;
+        char **m = 0;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fname);
+        assert(rl);
+
+        if (!(f = fopen(fname, "re")))
+                return -errno;
+
+        while (!feof(f)) {
+                char l[LINE_MAX], *p, *u;
+                char **t;
+
+                if (!fgets(l, sizeof(l), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                p = strstrip(l);
+
+                if (!*p)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (strchr(COMMENTS, *p))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!(u = normalize_env_assignment(p))) {
+                        log_error("Out of memory");
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                t = strv_append(m, u);
+                free(u);
+
+                if (!t) {
+                        log_error("Out of memory");
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                strv_free(m);
+                m = t;
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        *rl = m;
+        m = NULL;
+
+finish:
+        if (f)
+                fclose(f);
+
+        strv_free(m);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int write_env_file(const char *fname, char **l) {
+
+        char **i;
+        FILE *f;
+        int r;
+
+        f = fopen(fname, "we");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, l) {
+                fputs(*i, f);
+                fputc('\n', f);
+        }
+
+        fflush(f);
+
+        r = ferror(f) ? -errno : 0;
+        fclose(f);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+char *truncate_nl(char *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        s[strcspn(s, NEWLINE)] = 0;
+        return s;
+}
+
+int get_process_name(pid_t pid, char **name) {
+        char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(pid >= 1);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/proc/%lu/comm", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = read_one_line_file(p, name);
+        free(p);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_process_cmdline(pid_t pid, size_t max_length, char **line) {
+        char *p, *r, *k;
+        int c;
+        bool space = false;
+        size_t left;
+        FILE *f;
+
+        assert(pid >= 1);
+        assert(max_length > 0);
+        assert(line);
+
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/proc/%lu/cmdline", (unsigned long) pid) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        f = fopen(p, "r");
+        free(p);
+
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (!(r = new(char, max_length))) {
+                fclose(f);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        k = r;
+        left = max_length;
+        while ((c = getc(f)) != EOF) {
+
+                if (isprint(c)) {
+                        if (space) {
+                                if (left <= 4)
+                                        break;
+
+                                *(k++) = ' ';
+                                left--;
+                                space = false;
+                        }
+
+                        if (left <= 4)
+                                break;
+
+                        *(k++) = (char) c;
+                        left--;
+                }  else
+                        space = true;
+        }
+
+        if (left <= 4) {
+                size_t n = MIN(left-1, 3U);
+                memcpy(k, "...", n);
+                k[n] = 0;
+        } else
+                *k = 0;
+
+        fclose(f);
+
+        /* Kernel threads have no argv[] */
+        if (r[0] == 0) {
+                char *t;
+                int h;
+
+                free(r);
+
+                if ((h = get_process_name(pid, &t)) < 0)
+                        return h;
+
+                h = asprintf(&r, "[%s]", t);
+                free(t);
 
                 if (h < 0)
                         return -ENOMEM;
@@ -1766,6 +1858,8 @@ bool ignore_file(const char *filename) {
         return
                 filename[0] == '.' ||
                 streq(filename, "lost+found") ||
+                streq(filename, "aquota.user") ||
+                streq(filename, "aquota.group") ||
                 endswith(filename, "~") ||
                 endswith(filename, ".rpmnew") ||
                 endswith(filename, ".rpmsave") ||
@@ -1827,8 +1921,9 @@ int close_all_fds(const int except[], unsigned n_except) {
                 if (ignore_file(de->d_name))
                         continue;
 
-                if ((r = safe_atoi(de->d_name, &fd)) < 0)
-                        goto finish;
+                if (safe_atoi(de->d_name, &fd) < 0)
+                        /* Let's better ignore this, just in case */
+                        continue;
 
                 if (fd < 3)
                         continue;
@@ -1851,16 +1946,13 @@ int close_all_fds(const int except[], unsigned n_except) {
                                 continue;
                 }
 
-                if ((r = close_nointr(fd)) < 0) {
+                if (close_nointr(fd) < 0) {
                         /* Valgrind has its own FD and doesn't want to have it closed */
-                        if (errno != EBADF)
-                                goto finish;
+                        if (errno != EBADF && r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
                 }
         }
 
-        r = 0;
-
-finish:
         closedir(d);
         return r;
 }
@@ -1894,6 +1986,63 @@ char *format_timestamp(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
         return buf;
 }
 
+char *format_timestamp_pretty(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
+        usec_t n, d;
+
+        n = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+        if (t <= 0 || t > n || t + USEC_PER_DAY*7 <= t)
+                return NULL;
+
+        d = n - t;
+
+        if (d >= USEC_PER_YEAR)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llu years and %llu months ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_YEAR),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_YEAR) / USEC_PER_MONTH));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_MONTH)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llu months and %llu days ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MONTH),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_MONTH) / USEC_PER_DAY));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_WEEK)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llu weeks and %llu days ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_WEEK),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_WEEK) / USEC_PER_DAY));
+        else if (d >= 2*USEC_PER_DAY)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llu days ago", (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_DAY));
+        else if (d >= 25*USEC_PER_HOUR)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "1 day and %lluh ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d - USEC_PER_DAY) / USEC_PER_HOUR));
+        else if (d >= 6*USEC_PER_HOUR)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%lluh ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_HOUR));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_HOUR)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%lluh %llumin ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_HOUR),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_HOUR) / USEC_PER_MINUTE));
+        else if (d >= 5*USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llumin ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MINUTE));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llumin %llus ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MINUTE),
+                         (unsigned long long) ((d % USEC_PER_MINUTE) / USEC_PER_SEC));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_SEC)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llus ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_SEC));
+        else if (d >= USEC_PER_MSEC)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%llums ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) (d / USEC_PER_MSEC));
+        else if (d > 0)
+                snprintf(buf, l, "%lluus ago",
+                         (unsigned long long) d);
+        else
+                snprintf(buf, l, "now");
+
+        buf[l-1] = 0;
+        return buf;
+}
+
 char *format_timespan(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
         static const struct {
                 const char *suffix;
@@ -1917,6 +2066,12 @@ char *format_timespan(char *buf, size_t l, usec_t t) {
         if (t == (usec_t) -1)
                 return NULL;
 
+        if (t == 0) {
+                snprintf(p, l, "0");
+                p[l-1] = 0;
+                return p;
+        }
+
         /* The result of this function can be parsed with parse_usec */
 
         for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i++) {
@@ -1991,7 +2146,7 @@ int chvt(int vt) {
 int read_one_char(FILE *f, char *ret, bool *need_nl) {
         struct termios old_termios, new_termios;
         char c;
-        char line[1024];
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
 
         assert(f);
         assert(ret);
@@ -2037,23 +2192,29 @@ int read_one_char(FILE *f, char *ret, bool *need_nl) {
 }
 
 int ask(char *ret, const char *replies, const char *text, ...) {
+        bool on_tty;
+
         assert(ret);
         assert(replies);
         assert(text);
 
+        on_tty = isatty(STDOUT_FILENO);
+
         for (;;) {
                 va_list ap;
                 char c;
                 int r;
                 bool need_nl = true;
 
-                fputs("\x1B[1m", stdout);
+                if (on_tty)
+                        fputs("\x1B[1m", stdout);
 
                 va_start(ap, text);
                 vprintf(text, ap);
                 va_end(ap);
 
-                fputs("\x1B[0m", stdout);
+                if (on_tty)
+                        fputs("\x1B[0m", stdout);
 
                 fflush(stdout);
 
@@ -2089,9 +2250,9 @@ int reset_terminal(int fd) {
 
         assert(fd >= 0);
 
-        /* First, unlock termios */
-        zero(termios);
-        ioctl(fd, TIOCSLCKTRMIOS, &termios);
+        /* We leave locked terminal attributes untouched, so that
+         * Plymouth may set whatever it wants to set, and we don't
+         * interfere with that. */
 
         /* Disable exclusive mode, just in case */
         ioctl(fd, TIOCNXCL);
@@ -2144,8 +2305,32 @@ finish:
 
 int open_terminal(const char *name, int mode) {
         int fd, r;
+        unsigned c = 0;
+
+        /*
+         * If a TTY is in the process of being closed opening it might
+         * cause EIO. This is horribly awful, but unlikely to be
+         * changed in the kernel. Hence we work around this problem by
+         * retrying a couple of times.
+         *
+         * https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/554172/comments/245
+         */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                if ((fd = open(name, mode)) >= 0)
+                        break;
 
-        if ((fd = open(name, mode)) < 0)
+                if (errno != EIO)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (c >= 20)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                usleep(50 * USEC_PER_MSEC);
+                c++;
+        }
+
+        if (fd < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
         if ((r = isatty(fd)) < 0) {
@@ -2169,7 +2354,7 @@ int flush_fd(int fd) {
         pollfd.events = POLLIN;
 
         for (;;) {
-                char buf[1024];
+                char buf[LINE_MAX];
                 ssize_t l;
                 int r;
 
@@ -2263,26 +2448,34 @@ int acquire_terminal(const char *name, bool fail, bool force, bool ignore_tiocst
                 assert(notify >= 0);
 
                 for (;;) {
-                        struct inotify_event e;
+                        uint8_t inotify_buffer[sizeof(struct inotify_event) + FILENAME_MAX];
                         ssize_t l;
+                        struct inotify_event *e;
 
-                        if ((l = read(notify, &e, sizeof(e))) != sizeof(e)) {
+                        if ((l = read(notify, &inotify_buffer, sizeof(inotify_buffer))) < 0) {
 
-                                if (l < 0) {
+                                if (errno == EINTR)
+                                        continue;
 
-                                        if (errno == EINTR)
-                                                continue;
+                                r = -errno;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        e = (struct inotify_event*) inotify_buffer;
 
-                                        r = -errno;
-                                } else
+                        while (l > 0) {
+                                size_t step;
+
+                                if (e->wd != wd || !(e->mask & IN_CLOSE)) {
                                         r = -EIO;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
 
-                                goto fail;
-                        }
+                                step = sizeof(struct inotify_event) + e->len;
+                                assert(step <= (size_t) l);
 
-                        if (e.wd != wd || !(e.mask & IN_CLOSE)) {
-                                r = -EIO;
-                                goto fail;
+                                e = (struct inotify_event*) ((uint8_t*) e + step);
+                                l -= step;
                         }
 
                         break;
@@ -2611,21 +2804,13 @@ int make_stdio(int fd) {
         return 0;
 }
 
-bool is_clean_exit(int code, int status) {
+int make_null_stdio(void) {
+        int null_fd;
 
-        if (code == CLD_EXITED)
-                return status == 0;
-
-        /* If a daemon does not implement handlers for some of the
-         * signals that's not considered an unclean shutdown */
-        if (code == CLD_KILLED)
-                return
-                        status == SIGHUP ||
-                        status == SIGINT ||
-                        status == SIGTERM ||
-                        status == SIGPIPE;
+        if ((null_fd = open("/dev/null", O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
 
-        return false;
+        return make_stdio(null_fd);
 }
 
 bool is_device_path(const char *path) {
@@ -2723,18 +2908,6 @@ char* gethostname_malloc(void) {
         return strdup(u.sysname);
 }
 
-int getmachineid_malloc(char **b) {
-        int r;
-
-        assert(b);
-
-        if ((r = read_one_line_file("/var/lib/dbus/machine-id", b)) < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        strstrip(*b);
-        return 0;
-}
-
 char* getlogname_malloc(void) {
         uid_t uid;
         long bufsize;
@@ -2771,48 +2944,160 @@ char* getlogname_malloc(void) {
         return name;
 }
 
-int getttyname_malloc(char **r) {
-        char path[PATH_MAX], *p, *c;
+int getttyname_malloc(int fd, char **r) {
+        char path[PATH_MAX], *c;
+        int k;
 
         assert(r);
 
-        if (ttyname_r(STDIN_FILENO, path, sizeof(path)) < 0)
-                return -errno;
+        if ((k = ttyname_r(fd, path, sizeof(path))) != 0)
+                return -k;
 
         char_array_0(path);
 
-        p = path;
-        if (startswith(path, "/dev/"))
-                p += 5;
-
-        if (!(c = strdup(p)))
+        if (!(c = strdup(startswith(path, "/dev/") ? path + 5 : path)))
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
         *r = c;
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int rm_rf_children(int fd, bool only_dirs) {
-        DIR *d;
-        int ret = 0;
+int getttyname_harder(int fd, char **r) {
+        int k;
+        char *s;
 
-        assert(fd >= 0);
+        if ((k = getttyname_malloc(fd, &s)) < 0)
+                return k;
 
-        /* This returns the first error we run into, but nevertheless
-         * tries to go on */
+        if (streq(s, "tty")) {
+                free(s);
+                return get_ctty(r, NULL);
+        }
 
-        if (!(d = fdopendir(fd))) {
-                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        *r = s;
+        return 0;
+}
 
-                return errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
+int get_ctty_devnr(dev_t *d) {
+        int k;
+        char line[LINE_MAX], *p;
+        unsigned long ttynr;
+        FILE *f;
+
+        if (!(f = fopen("/proc/self/stat", "r")))
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (!(fgets(line, sizeof(line), f))) {
+                k = -errno;
+                fclose(f);
+                return k;
         }
 
-        for (;;) {
-                struct dirent buf, *de;
-                bool is_dir;
-                int r;
+        fclose(f);
 
-                if ((r = readdir_r(d, &buf, &de)) != 0) {
+        if (!(p = strrchr(line, ')')))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        p++;
+
+        if (sscanf(p, " "
+                   "%*c "  /* state */
+                   "%*d "  /* ppid */
+                   "%*d "  /* pgrp */
+                   "%*d "  /* session */
+                   "%lu ", /* ttynr */
+                   &ttynr) != 1)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        *d = (dev_t) ttynr;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int get_ctty(char **r, dev_t *_devnr) {
+        int k;
+        char fn[PATH_MAX], *s, *b, *p;
+        dev_t devnr;
+
+        assert(r);
+
+        if ((k = get_ctty_devnr(&devnr)) < 0)
+                return k;
+
+        snprintf(fn, sizeof(fn), "/dev/char/%u:%u", major(devnr), minor(devnr));
+        char_array_0(fn);
+
+        if ((k = readlink_malloc(fn, &s)) < 0) {
+
+                if (k != -ENOENT)
+                        return k;
+
+                /* This is an ugly hack */
+                if (major(devnr) == 136) {
+                        if (asprintf(&b, "pts/%lu", (unsigned long) minor(devnr)) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        *r = b;
+                        if (_devnr)
+                                *_devnr = devnr;
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                /* Probably something like the ptys which have no
+                 * symlink in /dev/char. Let's return something
+                 * vaguely useful. */
+
+                if (!(b = strdup(fn + 5)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                *r = b;
+                if (_devnr)
+                        *_devnr = devnr;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (startswith(s, "/dev/"))
+                p = s + 5;
+        else if (startswith(s, "../"))
+                p = s + 3;
+        else
+                p = s;
+
+        b = strdup(p);
+        free(s);
+
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *r = b;
+        if (_devnr)
+                *_devnr = devnr;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int rm_rf_children(int fd, bool only_dirs) {
+        DIR *d;
+        int ret = 0;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* This returns the first error we run into, but nevertheless
+         * tries to go on */
+
+        if (!(d = fdopendir(fd))) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+                return errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                struct dirent buf, *de;
+                bool is_dir;
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = readdir_r(d, &buf, &de)) != 0) {
                         if (ret == 0)
                                 ret = -r;
                         break;
@@ -2977,40 +3262,153 @@ void status_printf(const char *format, ...) {
 }
 
 void status_welcome(void) {
+        char *pretty_name = NULL, *ansi_color = NULL;
+        const char *const_pretty = NULL, *const_color = NULL;
+        int r;
 
-#if defined(TARGET_FEDORA)
-        char *r;
+        if ((r = parse_env_file("/etc/os-release", NEWLINE,
+                                "PRETTY_NAME", &pretty_name,
+                                "ANSI_COLOR", &ansi_color,
+                                NULL)) < 0) {
 
-        if (read_one_line_file("/etc/system-release", &r) < 0)
-                return;
+                if (r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_warning("Failed to read /etc/os-release: %s", strerror(-r));
+        }
 
-        truncate_nl(r);
+#if defined(TARGET_FEDORA)
+        if (!pretty_name) {
+                if ((r = read_one_line_file("/etc/system-release", &pretty_name)) < 0) {
 
-        /* This tries to mimic the color magic the old Red Hat sysinit
-         * script did. */
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                log_warning("Failed to read /etc/system-release: %s", strerror(-r));
+                }
+        }
 
-        if (startswith(r, "Red Hat"))
-                status_printf("Welcome to \x1B[0;31m%s\x1B[0m!\n", r); /* Red for RHEL */
-        else if (startswith(r, "Fedora"))
-                status_printf("Welcome to \x1B[0;34m%s\x1B[0m!\n", r); /* Blue for Fedora */
-        else
-                status_printf("Welcome to %s!\n", r);
+        if (!ansi_color && pretty_name) {
 
-        free(r);
+                /* This tries to mimic the color magic the old Red Hat sysinit
+                 * script did. */
+
+                if (startswith(pretty_name, "Red Hat"))
+                        const_color = "0;31"; /* Red for RHEL */
+                else if (startswith(pretty_name, "Fedora"))
+                        const_color = "0;34"; /* Blue for Fedora */
+        }
 
 #elif defined(TARGET_SUSE)
-        char *r;
 
-        if (read_one_line_file("/etc/SuSE-release", &r) < 0)
-                return;
+        if (!pretty_name) {
+                if ((r = read_one_line_file("/etc/SuSE-release", &pretty_name)) < 0) {
 
-        truncate_nl(r);
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                log_warning("Failed to read /etc/SuSE-release: %s", strerror(-r));
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!ansi_color)
+                const_color = "0;32"; /* Green for openSUSE */
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_GENTOO)
+
+        if (!pretty_name) {
+                if ((r = read_one_line_file("/etc/gentoo-release", &pretty_name)) < 0) {
+
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                log_warning("Failed to read /etc/gentoo-release: %s", strerror(-r));
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!ansi_color)
+                const_color = "1;34"; /* Light Blue for Gentoo */
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_ALTLINUX)
+
+        if (!pretty_name) {
+                if ((r = read_one_line_file("/etc/altlinux-release", &pretty_name)) < 0) {
+
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                log_warning("Failed to read /etc/altlinux-release: %s", strerror(-r));
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!ansi_color)
+                const_color = "0;36"; /* Cyan for ALTLinux */
+
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_DEBIAN)
+
+        if (!pretty_name) {
+                char *version;
+
+                if ((r = read_one_line_file("/etc/debian_version", &version)) < 0) {
+
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                log_warning("Failed to read /etc/debian_version: %s", strerror(-r));
+                } else {
+                        pretty_name = strappend("Debian ", version);
+                        free(version);
+
+                        if (!pretty_name)
+                                log_warning("Failed to allocate Debian version string.");
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!ansi_color)
+                const_color = "1;31"; /* Light Red for Debian */
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_UBUNTU)
+
+        if ((r = parse_env_file("/etc/lsb-release", NEWLINE,
+                                "DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION", &pretty_name,
+                                NULL)) < 0) {
+
+                if (r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_warning("Failed to read /etc/lsb-release: %s", strerror(-r));
+        }
+
+        if (!ansi_color)
+                const_color = "0;33"; /* Orange/Brown for Ubuntu */
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_MANDRIVA)
+
+        if (!pretty_name) {
+                char *s, *p;
+
+                if ((r = read_one_line_file("/etc/mandriva-release", &s) < 0)) {
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                log_warning("Failed to read /etc/mandriva-release: %s", strerror(-r));
+                } else {
+                        p = strstr(s, " release ");
+                        if (p) {
+                                *p = '\0';
+                                p += 9;
+                                p[strcspn(p, " ")] = '\0';
+
+                                /* This corresponds to standard rc.sysinit */
+                                if (asprintf(&pretty_name, "%s\x1B[0;39m %s", s, p) > 0)
+                                        const_color = "1;36";
+                                else
+                                        log_warning("Failed to allocate Mandriva version string.");
+                        } else
+                                log_warning("Failed to parse /etc/mandriva-release");
+                        free(s);
+                }
+        }
 
-        status_printf("Welcome to \x1B[0;32m%s\x1B[0m!\n", r); /* Green for SUSE */
-        free(r);
-#else
-#warning "You probably should add a welcome text logic here."
 #endif
+
+        if (!pretty_name && !const_pretty)
+                const_pretty = "Linux";
+
+        if (!ansi_color && !const_color)
+                const_color = "1";
+
+        status_printf("\nWelcome to \x1B[%sm%s\x1B[0m!\n\n",
+                      const_color ? const_color : ansi_color,
+                      const_pretty ? const_pretty : pretty_name);
+
+        free(ansi_color);
+        free(pretty_name);
 }
 
 char *replace_env(const char *format, char **env) {
@@ -3060,18 +3458,18 @@ char *replace_env(const char *format, char **env) {
 
                 case VARIABLE:
                         if (*e == '}') {
-                                char *t;
+                                const char *t;
 
-                                if ((t = strv_env_get_with_length(env, word+2, e-word-2))) {
-                                        if (!(k = strappend(r, t)))
-                                                goto fail;
+                                if (!(t = strv_env_get_with_length(env, word+2, e-word-2)))
+                                        t = "";
 
-                                        free(r);
-                                        r = k;
+                                if (!(k = strappend(r, t)))
+                                        goto fail;
 
-                                        word = e+1;
-                                }
+                                free(r);
+                                r = k;
 
+                                word = e+1;
                                 state = WORD;
                         }
                         break;
@@ -3101,36 +3499,39 @@ char **replace_env_argv(char **argv, char **env) {
         STRV_FOREACH(i, argv) {
 
                 /* If $FOO appears as single word, replace it by the split up variable */
-                if ((*i)[0] == '$') {
-                        char *e = strv_env_get(env, *i+1);
+                if ((*i)[0] == '$' && (*i)[1] != '{') {
+                        char *e;
+                        char **w, **m;
+                        unsigned q;
 
-                        if (e) {
-                                char **w, **m;
-                                unsigned q;
+                        if ((e = strv_env_get(env, *i+1))) {
 
                                 if (!(m = strv_split_quoted(e))) {
                                         r[k] = NULL;
                                         strv_free(r);
                                         return NULL;
                                 }
+                        } else
+                                m = NULL;
 
-                                q = strv_length(m);
-                                l = l + q - 1;
+                        q = strv_length(m);
+                        l = l + q - 1;
 
-                                if (!(w = realloc(r, sizeof(char*) * (l+1)))) {
-                                        r[k] = NULL;
-                                        strv_free(r);
-                                        strv_free(m);
-                                        return NULL;
-                                }
+                        if (!(w = realloc(r, sizeof(char*) * (l+1)))) {
+                                r[k] = NULL;
+                                strv_free(r);
+                                strv_free(m);
+                                return NULL;
+                        }
 
-                                r = w;
+                        r = w;
+                        if (m) {
                                 memcpy(r + k, m, q * sizeof(char*));
                                 free(m);
-
-                                k += q;
-                                continue;
                         }
+
+                        k += q;
+                        continue;
                 }
 
                 /* If ${FOO} appears as part of a word, replace it by the variable as-is */
@@ -3158,7 +3559,7 @@ int columns(void) {
                 struct winsize ws;
                 zero(ws);
 
-                if (ioctl(STDIN_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) >= 0)
+                if (ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) >= 0)
                         parsed_columns = ws.ws_col;
         }
 
@@ -3219,6 +3620,768 @@ char *ellipsize(const char *s, unsigned length, unsigned percent) {
         return r;
 }
 
+int touch(const char *path) {
+        int fd;
+
+        assert(path);
+
+        if ((fd = open(path, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0644)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char *unquote(const char *s, const char* quotes) {
+        size_t l;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if ((l = strlen(s)) < 2)
+                return strdup(s);
+
+        if (strchr(quotes, s[0]) && s[l-1] == s[0])
+                return strndup(s+1, l-2);
+
+        return strdup(s);
+}
+
+char *normalize_env_assignment(const char *s) {
+        char *name, *value, *p, *r;
+
+        p = strchr(s, '=');
+
+        if (!p) {
+                if (!(r = strdup(s)))
+                        return NULL;
+
+                return strstrip(r);
+        }
+
+        if (!(name = strndup(s, p - s)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!(p = strdup(p+1))) {
+                free(name);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        value = unquote(strstrip(p), QUOTES);
+        free(p);
+
+        if (!value) {
+                free(name);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(&r, "%s=%s", name, value) < 0)
+                r = NULL;
+
+        free(value);
+        free(name);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int wait_for_terminate(pid_t pid, siginfo_t *status) {
+        assert(pid >= 1);
+        assert(status);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                zero(*status);
+
+                if (waitid(P_PID, pid, status, WEXITED) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+}
+
+int wait_for_terminate_and_warn(const char *name, pid_t pid) {
+        int r;
+        siginfo_t status;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(pid > 1);
+
+        if ((r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status)) < 0) {
+                log_warning("Failed to wait for %s: %s", name, strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (status.si_code == CLD_EXITED) {
+                if (status.si_status != 0) {
+                        log_warning("%s failed with error code %i.", name, status.si_status);
+                        return status.si_status;
+                }
+
+                log_debug("%s succeeded.", name);
+                return 0;
+
+        } else if (status.si_code == CLD_KILLED ||
+                   status.si_code == CLD_DUMPED) {
+
+                log_warning("%s terminated by signal %s.", name, signal_to_string(status.si_status));
+                return -EPROTO;
+        }
+
+        log_warning("%s failed due to unknown reason.", name);
+        return -EPROTO;
+
+}
+
+void freeze(void) {
+
+        /* Make sure nobody waits for us on a socket anymore */
+        close_all_fds(NULL, 0);
+
+        sync();
+
+        for (;;)
+                pause();
+}
+
+bool null_or_empty(struct stat *st) {
+        assert(st);
+
+        if (S_ISREG(st->st_mode) && st->st_size <= 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (S_ISCHR(st->st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st->st_mode))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+DIR *xopendirat(int fd, const char *name, int flags) {
+        int nfd;
+        DIR *d;
+
+        if ((nfd = openat(fd, name, O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC|flags)) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!(d = fdopendir(nfd))) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(nfd);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        return d;
+}
+
+int signal_from_string_try_harder(const char *s) {
+        int signo;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if ((signo = signal_from_string(s)) <= 0)
+                if (startswith(s, "SIG"))
+                        return signal_from_string(s+3);
+
+        return signo;
+}
+
+void dual_timestamp_serialize(FILE *f, const char *name, dual_timestamp *t) {
+
+        assert(f);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (!dual_timestamp_is_set(t))
+                return;
+
+        fprintf(f, "%s=%llu %llu\n",
+                name,
+                (unsigned long long) t->realtime,
+                (unsigned long long) t->monotonic);
+}
+
+void dual_timestamp_deserialize(const char *value, dual_timestamp *t) {
+        unsigned long long a, b;
+
+        assert(value);
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (sscanf(value, "%lli %llu", &a, &b) != 2)
+                log_debug("Failed to parse finish timestamp value %s", value);
+        else {
+                t->realtime = a;
+                t->monotonic = b;
+        }
+}
+
+char *fstab_node_to_udev_node(const char *p) {
+        char *dn, *t, *u;
+        int r;
+
+        /* FIXME: to follow udev's logic 100% we need to leave valid
+         * UTF8 chars unescaped */
+
+        if (startswith(p, "LABEL=")) {
+
+                if (!(u = unquote(p+6, "\"\'")))
+                        return NULL;
+
+                t = xescape(u, "/ ");
+                free(u);
+
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&dn, "/dev/disk/by-label/%s", t);
+                free(t);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                return dn;
+        }
+
+        if (startswith(p, "UUID=")) {
+
+                if (!(u = unquote(p+5, "\"\'")))
+                        return NULL;
+
+                t = xescape(u, "/ ");
+                free(u);
+
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                r = asprintf(&dn, "/dev/disk/by-uuid/%s", t);
+                free(t);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                return dn;
+        }
+
+        return strdup(p);
+}
+
+void filter_environ(const char *prefix) {
+        int i, j;
+        assert(prefix);
+
+        if (!environ)
+                return;
+
+        for (i = 0, j = 0; environ[i]; i++) {
+
+                if (startswith(environ[i], prefix))
+                        continue;
+
+                environ[j++] = environ[i];
+        }
+
+        environ[j] = NULL;
+}
+
+bool tty_is_vc(const char *tty) {
+        assert(tty);
+
+        if (startswith(tty, "/dev/"))
+                tty += 5;
+
+        return startswith(tty, "tty") &&
+                tty[3] >= '0' && tty[3] <= '9';
+}
+
+const char *default_term_for_tty(const char *tty) {
+        char *active = NULL;
+        const char *term;
+
+        assert(tty);
+
+        if (startswith(tty, "/dev/"))
+                tty += 5;
+
+        /* Resolve where /dev/console is pointing when determining
+         * TERM */
+        if (streq(tty, "console"))
+                if (read_one_line_file("/sys/class/tty/console/active", &active) >= 0) {
+                        /* If multiple log outputs are configured the
+                         * last one is what /dev/console points to */
+                        if ((tty = strrchr(active, ' ')))
+                                tty++;
+                        else
+                                tty = active;
+                }
+
+        term = tty_is_vc(tty) ? "TERM=linux" : "TERM=vt100";
+        free(active);
+
+        return term;
+}
+
+/* Returns a short identifier for the various VM implementations */
+int detect_vm(const char **id) {
+
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+
+        /* Both CPUID and DMI are x86 specific interfaces... */
+
+        static const char *const dmi_vendors[] = {
+                "/sys/class/dmi/id/sys_vendor",
+                "/sys/class/dmi/id/board_vendor",
+                "/sys/class/dmi/id/bios_vendor"
+        };
+
+        static const char dmi_vendor_table[] =
+                "QEMU\0"                  "qemu\0"
+                /* http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?language=en_US&cmd=displayKC&externalId=1009458 */
+                "VMware\0"                "vmware\0"
+                "VMW\0"                   "vmware\0"
+                "Microsoft Corporation\0" "microsoft\0"
+                "innotek GmbH\0"          "oracle\0"
+                "Xen\0"                   "xen\0"
+                "Bochs\0"                 "bochs\0";
+
+        static const char cpuid_vendor_table[] =
+                "XenVMMXenVMM\0"          "xen\0"
+                "KVMKVMKVM\0"             "kvm\0"
+                /* http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?language=en_US&cmd=displayKC&externalId=1009458 */
+                "VMwareVMware\0"          "vmware\0"
+                /* http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff542428.aspx */
+                "Microsoft Hv\0"          "microsoft\0";
+
+        uint32_t eax, ecx;
+        union {
+                uint32_t sig32[3];
+                char text[13];
+        } sig;
+        unsigned i;
+        const char *j, *k;
+        bool hypervisor;
+
+        /* http://lwn.net/Articles/301888/ */
+        zero(sig);
+
+#if defined (__i386__)
+#define REG_a "eax"
+#define REG_b "ebx"
+#elif defined (__amd64__)
+#define REG_a "rax"
+#define REG_b "rbx"
+#endif
+
+        /* First detect whether there is a hypervisor */
+        eax = 1;
+        __asm__ __volatile__ (
+                /* ebx/rbx is being used for PIC! */
+                "  push %%"REG_b"         \n\t"
+                "  cpuid                  \n\t"
+                "  pop %%"REG_b"          \n\t"
+
+                : "=a" (eax), "=c" (ecx)
+                : "0" (eax)
+        );
+
+        hypervisor = !!(ecx & ecx & 0x80000000U);
+
+        if (hypervisor) {
+
+                /* There is a hypervisor, see what it is */
+                eax = 0x40000000U;
+                __asm__ __volatile__ (
+                        /* ebx/rbx is being used for PIC! */
+                        "  push %%"REG_b"         \n\t"
+                        "  cpuid                  \n\t"
+                        "  mov %%ebx, %1          \n\t"
+                        "  pop %%"REG_b"          \n\t"
+
+                        : "=a" (eax), "=r" (sig.sig32[0]), "=c" (sig.sig32[1]), "=d" (sig.sig32[2])
+                        : "0" (eax)
+                );
+
+                NULSTR_FOREACH_PAIR(j, k, cpuid_vendor_table)
+                        if (streq(sig.text, j)) {
+
+                                if (id)
+                                        *id = k;
+
+                                return 1;
+                        }
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(dmi_vendors); i++) {
+                char *s;
+                int r;
+                const char *found = NULL;
+
+                if ((r = read_one_line_file(dmi_vendors[i], &s)) < 0) {
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                return r;
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                NULSTR_FOREACH_PAIR(j, k, dmi_vendor_table)
+                        if (startswith(s, j))
+                                found = k;
+                free(s);
+
+                if (found) {
+                        if (id)
+                                *id = found;
+
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (hypervisor) {
+                if (id)
+                        *id = "other";
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+#endif
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int detect_container(const char **id) {
+        FILE *f;
+
+        /* Unfortunately many of these operations require root access
+         * in one way or another */
+
+        if (geteuid() != 0)
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        if (running_in_chroot() > 0) {
+
+                if (id)
+                        *id = "chroot";
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        /* /proc/vz exists in container and outside of the container,
+         * /proc/bc only outside of the container. */
+        if (access("/proc/vz", F_OK) >= 0 &&
+            access("/proc/bc", F_OK) < 0) {
+
+                if (id)
+                        *id = "openvz";
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        if ((f = fopen("/proc/self/cgroup", "r"))) {
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        char line[LINE_MAX], *p;
+
+                        if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f))
+                                break;
+
+                        if (!(p = strchr(strstrip(line), ':')))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (strncmp(p, ":ns:", 4))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (!streq(p, ":ns:/")) {
+                                fclose(f);
+
+                                if (id)
+                                        *id = "pidns";
+
+                                return 1;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                fclose(f);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* Returns a short identifier for the various VM/container implementations */
+int detect_virtualization(const char **id) {
+        static __thread const char *cached_id = NULL;
+        const char *_id;
+        int r;
+
+        if (cached_id) {
+
+                if (cached_id == (const char*) -1)
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (id)
+                        *id = cached_id;
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        if ((r = detect_container(&_id)) != 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = detect_vm(&_id);
+
+finish:
+        if (r > 0) {
+                cached_id = _id;
+
+                if (id)
+                        *id = _id;
+        } else if (r == 0)
+                cached_id = (const char*) -1;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+void execute_directory(const char *directory, DIR *d, char *argv[]) {
+        DIR *_d = NULL;
+        struct dirent *de;
+        Hashmap *pids = NULL;
+
+        assert(directory);
+
+        /* Executes all binaries in a directory in parallel and waits
+         * until all they all finished. */
+
+        if (!d) {
+                if (!(_d = opendir(directory))) {
+
+                        if (errno == ENOENT)
+                                return;
+
+                        log_error("Failed to enumerate directory %s: %m", directory);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                d = _d;
+        }
+
+        if (!(pids = hashmap_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func))) {
+                log_error("Failed to allocate set.");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        while ((de = readdir(d))) {
+                char *path;
+                pid_t pid;
+                int k;
+
+                if (ignore_file(de->d_name))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (de->d_type != DT_REG &&
+                    de->d_type != DT_LNK &&
+                    de->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (asprintf(&path, "%s/%s", directory, de->d_name) < 0) {
+                        log_error("Out of memory");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to fork: %m");
+                        free(path);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (pid == 0) {
+                        char *_argv[2];
+                        /* Child */
+
+                        if (!argv) {
+                                _argv[0] = path;
+                                _argv[1] = NULL;
+                                argv = _argv;
+                        } else
+                                if (!argv[0])
+                                        argv[0] = path;
+
+                        execv(path, argv);
+
+                        log_error("Failed to execute %s: %m", path);
+                        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                }
+
+                log_debug("Spawned %s as %lu", path, (unsigned long) pid);
+
+                if ((k = hashmap_put(pids, UINT_TO_PTR(pid), path)) < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to add PID to set: %s", strerror(-k));
+                        free(path);
+                }
+        }
+
+        while (!hashmap_isempty(pids)) {
+                siginfo_t si;
+                char *path;
+
+                zero(si);
+                if (waitid(P_ALL, 0, &si, WEXITED) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        log_error("waitid() failed: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if ((path = hashmap_remove(pids, UINT_TO_PTR(si.si_pid)))) {
+                        if (!is_clean_exit(si.si_code, si.si_status)) {
+                                if (si.si_code == CLD_EXITED)
+                                        log_error("%s exited with exit status %i.", path, si.si_status);
+                                else
+                                        log_error("%s terminated by signal %s.", path, signal_to_string(si.si_status));
+                        } else
+                                log_debug("%s exited successfully.", path);
+
+                        free(path);
+                }
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (_d)
+                closedir(_d);
+
+        if (pids)
+                hashmap_free_free(pids);
+}
+
+int kill_and_sigcont(pid_t pid, int sig) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = kill(pid, sig) < 0 ? -errno : 0;
+
+        if (r >= 0)
+                kill(pid, SIGCONT);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+bool nulstr_contains(const char*nulstr, const char *needle) {
+        const char *i;
+
+        if (!nulstr)
+                return false;
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, nulstr)
+                if (streq(i, needle))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+bool plymouth_running(void) {
+        return access("/run/plymouth/pid", F_OK) >= 0;
+}
+
+void parse_syslog_priority(char **p, int *priority) {
+        int a = 0, b = 0, c = 0;
+        int k;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(*p);
+        assert(priority);
+
+        if ((*p)[0] != '<')
+                return;
+
+        if (!strchr(*p, '>'))
+                return;
+
+        if ((*p)[2] == '>') {
+                c = undecchar((*p)[1]);
+                k = 3;
+        } else if ((*p)[3] == '>') {
+                b = undecchar((*p)[1]);
+                c = undecchar((*p)[2]);
+                k = 4;
+        } else if ((*p)[4] == '>') {
+                a = undecchar((*p)[1]);
+                b = undecchar((*p)[2]);
+                c = undecchar((*p)[3]);
+                k = 5;
+        } else
+                return;
+
+        if (a < 0 || b < 0 || c < 0)
+                return;
+
+        *priority = a*100+b*10+c;
+        *p += k;
+}
+
+int have_effective_cap(int value) {
+        cap_t cap;
+        cap_flag_value_t fv;
+        int r;
+
+        if (!(cap = cap_get_proc()))
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (cap_get_flag(cap, value, CAP_EFFECTIVE, &fv) < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+        else
+                r = fv == CAP_SET;
+
+        cap_free(cap);
+        return r;
+}
+
+char* strshorten(char *s, size_t l) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (l < strlen(s))
+                s[l] = 0;
+
+        return s;
+}
+
+static bool hostname_valid_char(char c) {
+        return
+                (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ||
+                (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ||
+                (c >= '0' && c <= '9') ||
+                c == '-' ||
+                c == '_' ||
+                c == '.';
+}
+
+bool hostname_is_valid(const char *s) {
+        const char *p;
+
+        if (isempty(s))
+                return false;
+
+        for (p = s; *p; p++)
+                if (!hostname_valid_char(*p))
+                        return false;
+
+        if (p-s > HOST_NAME_MAX)
+                return false;
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+char* hostname_cleanup(char *s) {
+        char *p, *d;
+
+        for (p = s, d = s; *p; p++)
+                if ((*p >= 'a' && *p <= 'z') ||
+                    (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'Z') ||
+                    (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') ||
+                    *p == '-' ||
+                    *p == '_' ||
+                    *p == '.')
+                        *(d++) = *p;
+
+        *d = 0;
+
+        strshorten(s, HOST_NAME_MAX);
+        return s;
+}
+
 static const char *const ioprio_class_table[] = {
         [IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE] = "none",
         [IOPRIO_CLASS_RT] = "realtime",
@@ -3239,7 +4402,7 @@ static const char *const sigchld_code_table[] = {
 
 DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(sigchld_code, int);
 
-static const char *const log_facility_table[LOG_NFACILITIES] = {
+static const char *const log_facility_unshifted_table[LOG_NFACILITIES] = {
         [LOG_FAC(LOG_KERN)] = "kern",
         [LOG_FAC(LOG_USER)] = "user",
         [LOG_FAC(LOG_MAIL)] = "mail",
@@ -3262,7 +4425,7 @@ static const char *const log_facility_table[LOG_NFACILITIES] = {
         [LOG_FAC(LOG_LOCAL7)] = "local7"
 };
 
-DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(log_facility, int);
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(log_facility_unshifted, int);
 
 static const char *const log_level_table[] = {
         [LOG_EMERG] = "emerg",
@@ -3333,7 +4496,9 @@ static const char *const signal_table[] = {
         [SIGPIPE] = "PIPE",
         [SIGALRM] = "ALRM",
         [SIGTERM] = "TERM",
-        [SIGSTKFLT] = "STKFLT",
+#ifdef SIGSTKFLT
+        [SIGSTKFLT] = "STKFLT",  /* Linux on SPARC doesn't know SIGSTKFLT */
+#endif
         [SIGCHLD] = "CHLD",
         [SIGCONT] = "CONT",
         [SIGSTOP] = "STOP",