chiark / gitweb /
systemctl: allow globbing in commands which take multiple unit names
[elogind.git] / src / udev / udev-rules.c
index 45a611474de6cf03da7b51d7a8a4ca9a182ab8d5..52634f137d4352f146447f9dcbb9060648412812 100644 (file)
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2003-2010 Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
- * Copyright (C) 2008 Alan Jenkins <alan-jenkins@tuffmail.co.uk>
+ * Copyright (C) 2003-2012 Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
  *
  * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 #include <time.h>
 
 #include "udev.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
 #include "conf-files.h"
+#include "strbuf.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 #define PREALLOC_TOKEN          2048
-#define PREALLOC_STRBUF         32 * 1024
-#define PREALLOC_TRIE           256
 
 struct uid_gid {
         unsigned int name_off;
@@ -45,22 +46,10 @@ struct uid_gid {
         };
 };
 
-struct trie_node {
-        /* this node's first child */
-        unsigned int child_idx;
-        /* the next child of our parent node's child list */
-        unsigned int next_child_idx;
-        /* this node's last child (shortcut for append) */
-        unsigned int last_child_idx;
-        unsigned int value_off;
-        unsigned short value_len;
-        unsigned char key;
-};
-
 struct udev_rules {
         struct udev *udev;
         char **dirs;
-        unsigned long long *dirs_ts_usec;
+        usec_t dirs_ts_usec;
         int resolve_names;
 
         /* every key in the rules file becomes a token */
@@ -68,16 +57,8 @@ struct udev_rules {
         unsigned int token_cur;
         unsigned int token_max;
 
-        /* all key strings are copied to a single string buffer */
-        char *buf;
-        size_t buf_cur;
-        size_t buf_max;
-        unsigned int buf_count;
-
-        /* during rule parsing, strings are indexed and de-duplicated */
-        struct trie_node *trie_nodes;
-        unsigned int trie_nodes_cur;
-        unsigned int trie_nodes_max;
+        /* all key strings are copied and de-duplicated in a single continuous string buffer */
+        struct strbuf *strbuf;
 
         /* during rule parsing, uid/gid lookup results are cached */
         struct uid_gid *uids;
@@ -88,6 +69,14 @@ struct udev_rules {
         unsigned int gids_max;
 };
 
+static char *rules_str(struct udev_rules *rules, unsigned int off) {
+        return rules->strbuf->buf + off;
+}
+
+static unsigned int rules_add_string(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *s) {
+        return strbuf_add_string(rules->strbuf, s, strlen(s));
+}
+
 /* KEY=="", KEY!="", KEY+="", KEY="", KEY:="" */
 enum operation_type {
         OP_UNSET,
@@ -165,9 +154,10 @@ enum token_type {
         TK_A_OWNER_ID,                  /* uid_t */
         TK_A_GROUP_ID,                  /* gid_t */
         TK_A_MODE_ID,                   /* mode_t */
+        TK_A_TAG,                       /* val */
         TK_A_STATIC_NODE,               /* val */
+        TK_A_SECLABEL,                  /* val, attr */
         TK_A_ENV,                       /* val, attr */
-        TK_A_TAG,                       /* val */
         TK_A_NAME,                      /* val */
         TK_A_DEVLINK,                   /* val */
         TK_A_ATTR,                      /* val, attr */
@@ -201,7 +191,6 @@ struct token {
                         unsigned int value_off;
                         union {
                                 unsigned int attr_off;
-                                int devlink_unique;
                                 unsigned int rule_goto;
                                 mode_t  mode;
                                 uid_t uid;
@@ -303,6 +292,7 @@ static const char *token_str(enum token_type type)
                 [TK_A_OWNER_ID] =               "A OWNER_ID",
                 [TK_A_GROUP_ID] =               "A GROUP_ID",
                 [TK_A_STATIC_NODE] =            "A STATIC_NODE",
+                [TK_A_SECLABEL] =               "A SECLABEL",
                 [TK_A_MODE_ID] =                "A MODE_ID",
                 [TK_A_ENV] =                    "A ENV",
                 [TK_A_TAG] =                    "A ENV",
@@ -324,7 +314,7 @@ static void dump_token(struct udev_rules *rules, struct token *token)
         enum token_type type = token->type;
         enum operation_type op = token->key.op;
         enum string_glob_type glob = token->key.glob;
-        const char *value = &rules->buf[token->key.value_off];
+        const char *value = str(rules, token->key.value_off);
         const char *attr = &rules->buf[token->key.attr_off];
 
         switch (type) {
@@ -334,7 +324,7 @@ static void dump_token(struct udev_rules *rules, struct token *token)
                         const char *tk_ptr = (char *)token;
                         unsigned int idx = (tk_ptr - tks_ptr) / sizeof(struct token);
 
-                        log_debug("* RULE %s:%u, token: %u, count: %u, label: '%s'\n",
+                        log_debug("* RULE %s:%u, token: %u, count: %u, label: '%s'",
                                   &rules->buf[token->rule.filename_off], token->rule.filename_line,
                                   idx, token->rule.token_count,
                                   &rules->buf[token->rule.label_off]);
@@ -366,65 +356,68 @@ static void dump_token(struct udev_rules *rules, struct token *token)
         case TK_A_MODE:
         case TK_A_RUN_BUILTIN:
         case TK_A_RUN_PROGRAM:
-                log_debug("%s %s '%s'(%s)\n",
+                log_debug("%s %s '%s'(%s)",
                           token_str(type), operation_str(op), value, string_glob_str(glob));
                 break;
         case TK_M_IMPORT_BUILTIN:
-                log_debug("%s %i '%s'\n", token_str(type), token->key.builtin_cmd, value);
+                log_debug("%s %i '%s'", token_str(type), token->key.builtin_cmd, value);
                 break;
         case TK_M_ATTR:
         case TK_M_ATTRS:
         case TK_M_ENV:
         case TK_A_ATTR:
         case TK_A_ENV:
-                log_debug("%s %s '%s' '%s'(%s)\n",
+                log_debug("%s %s '%s' '%s'(%s)",
                           token_str(type), operation_str(op), attr, value, string_glob_str(glob));
                 break;
         case TK_M_TAG:
         case TK_A_TAG:
-                log_debug("%s %s '%s'\n", token_str(type), operation_str(op), value);
+                log_debug("%s %s '%s'", token_str(type), operation_str(op), value);
                 break;
         case TK_A_STRING_ESCAPE_NONE:
         case TK_A_STRING_ESCAPE_REPLACE:
         case TK_A_DB_PERSIST:
-                log_debug("%s\n", token_str(type));
+                log_debug("%s", token_str(type));
                 break;
         case TK_M_TEST:
-                log_debug("%s %s '%s'(%s) %#o\n",
+                log_debug("%s %s '%s'(%s) %#o",
                           token_str(type), operation_str(op), value, string_glob_str(glob), token->key.mode);
                 break;
         case TK_A_INOTIFY_WATCH:
-                log_debug("%s %u\n", token_str(type), token->key.watch);
+                log_debug("%s %u", token_str(type), token->key.watch);
                 break;
         case TK_A_DEVLINK_PRIO:
-                log_debug("%s %u\n", token_str(type), token->key.devlink_prio);
+                log_debug("%s %u", token_str(type), token->key.devlink_prio);
                 break;
         case TK_A_OWNER_ID:
-                log_debug("%s %s %u\n", token_str(type), operation_str(op), token->key.uid);
+                log_debug("%s %s %u", token_str(type), operation_str(op), token->key.uid);
                 break;
         case TK_A_GROUP_ID:
-                log_debug("%s %s %u\n", token_str(type), operation_str(op), token->key.gid);
+                log_debug("%s %s %u", token_str(type), operation_str(op), token->key.gid);
                 break;
         case TK_A_MODE_ID:
-                log_debug("%s %s %#o\n", token_str(type), operation_str(op), token->key.mode);
+                log_debug("%s %s %#o", token_str(type), operation_str(op), token->key.mode);
                 break;
         case TK_A_STATIC_NODE:
-                log_debug("%s '%s'\n", token_str(type), value);
+                log_debug("%s '%s'", token_str(type), value);
+                break;
+        case TK_A_SECLABEL:
+                log_debug("%s %s '%s' '%s'", token_str(type), operation_str(op), attr, value);
                 break;
         case TK_M_EVENT_TIMEOUT:
-                log_debug("%s %u\n", token_str(type), token->key.event_timeout);
+                log_debug("%s %u", token_str(type), token->key.event_timeout);
                 break;
         case TK_A_GOTO:
-                log_debug("%s '%s' %u\n", token_str(type), value, token->key.rule_goto);
+                log_debug("%s '%s' %u", token_str(type), value, token->key.rule_goto);
                 break;
         case TK_END:
-                log_debug("* %s\n", token_str(type));
+                log_debug("* %s", token_str(type));
                 break;
         case TK_M_PARENTS_MIN:
         case TK_M_PARENTS_MAX:
         case TK_M_MAX:
         case TK_UNSET:
-                log_debug("unknown type %u\n", type);
+                log_debug("unknown type %u", type);
                 break;
         }
 }
@@ -433,12 +426,12 @@ static void dump_rules(struct udev_rules *rules)
 {
         unsigned int i;
 
-        log_debug("dumping %u (%zu bytes) tokens, %u (%zu bytes) strings\n",
+        log_debug("dumping %u (%zu bytes) tokens, %u (%zu bytes) strings",
                   rules->token_cur,
                   rules->token_cur * sizeof(struct token),
                   rules->buf_count,
                   rules->buf_cur);
-        for(i = 0; i < rules->token_cur; i++)
+        for (i = 0; i < rules->token_cur; i++)
                 dump_token(rules, &rules->tokens[i]);
 }
 #else
@@ -448,118 +441,6 @@ static inline void dump_token(struct udev_rules *rules, struct token *token) {}
 static inline void dump_rules(struct udev_rules *rules) {}
 #endif /* DEBUG */
 
-static int add_new_string(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *str, size_t bytes)
-{
-        int off;
-
-        /* grow buffer if needed */
-        if (rules->buf_cur + bytes+1 >= rules->buf_max) {
-                char *buf;
-                unsigned int add;
-
-                /* double the buffer size */
-                add = rules->buf_max;
-                if (add < bytes * 8)
-                        add = bytes * 8;
-
-                buf = realloc(rules->buf, rules->buf_max + add);
-                if (buf == NULL)
-                        return -1;
-                rules->buf = buf;
-                rules->buf_max += add;
-        }
-        off = rules->buf_cur;
-        memcpy(&rules->buf[rules->buf_cur], str, bytes);
-        rules->buf_cur += bytes;
-        rules->buf_count++;
-        return off;
-}
-
-static int add_string(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *str)
-{
-        unsigned int node_idx;
-        struct trie_node *new_node;
-        unsigned int new_node_idx;
-        unsigned char key;
-        unsigned short len;
-        unsigned int depth;
-        unsigned int off;
-        struct trie_node *parent;
-
-        /* walk trie, start from last character of str to find matching tails */
-        len = strlen(str);
-        key = str[len-1];
-        node_idx = 0;
-        for (depth = 0; depth <= len; depth++) {
-                struct trie_node *node;
-                unsigned int child_idx;
-
-                node = &rules->trie_nodes[node_idx];
-                off = node->value_off + node->value_len - len;
-
-                /* match against current node */
-                if (depth == len || (node->value_len >= len && memcmp(&rules->buf[off], str, len) == 0))
-                        return off;
-
-                /* lookup child node */
-                key = str[len - 1 - depth];
-                child_idx = node->child_idx;
-                while (child_idx > 0) {
-                        struct trie_node *child;
-
-                        child = &rules->trie_nodes[child_idx];
-                        if (child->key == key)
-                                break;
-                        child_idx = child->next_child_idx;
-                }
-                if (child_idx == 0)
-                        break;
-                node_idx = child_idx;
-        }
-
-        /* string not found, add it */
-        off = add_new_string(rules, str, len + 1);
-
-        /* grow trie nodes if needed */
-        if (rules->trie_nodes_cur >= rules->trie_nodes_max) {
-                struct trie_node *nodes;
-                unsigned int add;
-
-                /* double the buffer size */
-                add = rules->trie_nodes_max;
-                if (add < 8)
-                        add = 8;
-
-                nodes = realloc(rules->trie_nodes, (rules->trie_nodes_max + add) * sizeof(struct trie_node));
-                if (nodes == NULL)
-                        return -1;
-                rules->trie_nodes = nodes;
-                rules->trie_nodes_max += add;
-        }
-
-        /* get a new node */
-        new_node_idx = rules->trie_nodes_cur;
-        rules->trie_nodes_cur++;
-        new_node = &rules->trie_nodes[new_node_idx];
-        memset(new_node, 0x00, sizeof(struct trie_node));
-        new_node->value_off = off;
-        new_node->value_len = len;
-        new_node->key = key;
-
-        /* join the parent's child list */
-        parent = &rules->trie_nodes[node_idx];
-        if (parent->child_idx == 0) {
-                parent->child_idx = new_node_idx;
-        } else {
-                struct trie_node *last_child;
-
-                last_child = &rules->trie_nodes[parent->last_child_idx];
-                last_child->next_child_idx = new_node_idx;
-        }
-        parent->last_child_idx = new_node_idx;
-        return off;
-}
-
 static int add_token(struct udev_rules *rules, struct token *token)
 {
         /* grow buffer if needed */
@@ -592,7 +473,7 @@ static uid_t add_uid(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *owner)
         /* lookup, if we know it already */
         for (i = 0; i < rules->uids_cur; i++) {
                 off = rules->uids[i].name_off;
-                if (streq(&rules->buf[off], owner)) {
+                if (streq(rules_str(rules, off), owner)) {
                         uid = rules->uids[i].uid;
                         return uid;
                 }
@@ -616,7 +497,7 @@ static uid_t add_uid(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *owner)
                 rules->uids_max += add;
         }
         rules->uids[rules->uids_cur].uid = uid;
-        off = add_string(rules, owner);
+        off = rules_add_string(rules, owner);
         if (off <= 0)
                 return uid;
         rules->uids[rules->uids_cur].name_off = off;
@@ -633,7 +514,7 @@ static gid_t add_gid(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *group)
         /* lookup, if we know it already */
         for (i = 0; i < rules->gids_cur; i++) {
                 off = rules->gids[i].name_off;
-                if (streq(&rules->buf[off], group)) {
+                if (streq(rules_str(rules, off), group)) {
                         gid = rules->gids[i].gid;
                         return gid;
                 }
@@ -657,7 +538,7 @@ static gid_t add_gid(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *group)
                 rules->gids_max += add;
         }
         rules->gids[rules->gids_cur].gid = gid;
-        off = add_string(rules, group);
+        off = rules_add_string(rules, group);
         if (off <= 0)
                 return gid;
         rules->gids[rules->gids_cur].name_off = off;
@@ -670,6 +551,7 @@ static int import_property_from_string(struct udev_device *dev, char *line)
         char *key;
         char *val;
         size_t len;
+        struct udev_list_entry *entry;
 
         /* find key */
         key = line;
@@ -713,29 +595,18 @@ static int import_property_from_string(struct udev_device *dev, char *line)
         /* unquote */
         if (val[0] == '"' || val[0] == '\'') {
                 if (val[len-1] != val[0]) {
-                        log_debug("inconsistent quoting: '%s', skip\n", line);
+                        log_debug("inconsistent quoting: '%s', skip", line);
                         return -1;
                 }
                 val[len-1] = '\0';
                 val++;
         }
 
-        /* handle device, renamed by external tool, returning new path */
-        if (streq(key, "DEVPATH")) {
-                char syspath[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
-
-                log_debug("updating devpath from '%s' to '%s'\n",
-                          udev_device_get_devpath(dev), val);
-                util_strscpyl(syspath, sizeof(syspath), "/sys", val, NULL);
-                udev_device_set_syspath(dev, syspath);
-        } else {
-                struct udev_list_entry *entry;
-
-                entry = udev_device_add_property(dev, key, val);
-                /* store in db, skip private keys */
-                if (key[0] != '.')
-                        udev_list_entry_set_num(entry, true);
-        }
+        entry = udev_device_add_property(dev, key, val);
+        /* store in db, skip private keys */
+        if (key[0] != '.')
+                udev_list_entry_set_num(entry, true);
+
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -744,7 +615,7 @@ static int import_file_into_properties(struct udev_device *dev, const char *file
         FILE *f;
         char line[UTIL_LINE_SIZE];
 
-        f = fopen(filename, "r");
+        f = fopen(filename, "re");
         if (f == NULL)
                 return -1;
         while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f) != NULL)
@@ -817,8 +688,8 @@ static int wait_for_file(struct udev_device *dev, const char *file, int timeout)
         /* a relative path is a device attribute */
         devicepath[0] = '\0';
         if (file[0] != '/') {
-                util_strscpyl(devicepath, sizeof(devicepath), udev_device_get_syspath(dev), NULL);
-                util_strscpyl(filepath, sizeof(filepath), devicepath, "/", file, NULL);
+                strscpyl(devicepath, sizeof(devicepath), udev_device_get_syspath(dev), NULL);
+                strscpyl(filepath, sizeof(filepath), devicepath, "/", file, NULL);
                 file = filepath;
         }
 
@@ -827,18 +698,18 @@ static int wait_for_file(struct udev_device *dev, const char *file, int timeout)
 
                 /* lookup file */
                 if (stat(file, &stats) == 0) {
-                        log_debug("file '%s' appeared after %i loops\n", file, (timeout * WAIT_LOOP_PER_SECOND) - loop-1);
+                        log_debug("file '%s' appeared after %i loops", file, (timeout * WAIT_LOOP_PER_SECOND) - loop-1);
                         return 0;
                 }
                 /* make sure, the device did not disappear in the meantime */
                 if (devicepath[0] != '\0' && stat(devicepath, &stats) != 0) {
-                        log_debug("device disappeared while waiting for '%s'\n", file);
+                        log_debug("device disappeared while waiting for '%s'", file);
                         return -2;
                 }
-                log_debug("wait for '%s' for %i mseconds\n", file, 1000 / WAIT_LOOP_PER_SECOND);
+                log_debug("wait for '%s' for %i mseconds", file, 1000 / WAIT_LOOP_PER_SECOND);
                 nanosleep(&duration, NULL);
         }
-        log_debug("waiting for '%s' failed\n", file);
+        log_debug("waiting for '%s' failed", file);
         return -1;
 }
 
@@ -852,7 +723,7 @@ static int attr_subst_subdir(char *attr, size_t len)
                 const char *tail;
                 DIR *dir;
 
-                util_strscpy(dirname, sizeof(dirname), attr);
+                strscpy(dirname, sizeof(dirname), attr);
                 pos = strstr(dirname, "/*/");
                 if (pos == NULL)
                         return -1;
@@ -867,7 +738,7 @@ static int attr_subst_subdir(char *attr, size_t len)
 
                                 if (dent->d_name[0] == '.')
                                         continue;
-                                util_strscpyl(attr, len, dirname, "/", dent->d_name, tail, NULL);
+                                strscpyl(attr, len, dirname, "/", dent->d_name, tail, NULL);
                                 if (stat(attr, &stats) == 0) {
                                         found = true;
                                         break;
@@ -978,7 +849,7 @@ static const char *get_key_attribute(struct udev *udev, char *str)
                 attr++;
                 pos = strchr(attr, '}');
                 if (pos == NULL) {
-                        log_error("missing closing brace for format\n");
+                        log_error("missing closing brace for format");
                         return NULL;
                 }
                 pos[0] = '\0';
@@ -1019,14 +890,15 @@ static int rule_add_key(struct rule_tmp *rule_tmp, enum token_type type,
         case TK_A_OWNER:
         case TK_A_GROUP:
         case TK_A_MODE:
+        case TK_A_DEVLINK:
         case TK_A_NAME:
         case TK_A_GOTO:
         case TK_M_TAG:
         case TK_A_TAG:
-                token->key.value_off = add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
+                token->key.value_off = rules_add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
                 break;
         case TK_M_IMPORT_BUILTIN:
-                token->key.value_off = add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
+                token->key.value_off = rules_add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
                 token->key.builtin_cmd = *(enum udev_builtin_cmd *)data;
                 break;
         case TK_M_ENV:
@@ -1034,16 +906,13 @@ static int rule_add_key(struct rule_tmp *rule_tmp, enum token_type type,
         case TK_M_ATTRS:
         case TK_A_ATTR:
         case TK_A_ENV:
+        case TK_A_SECLABEL:
                 attr = data;
-                token->key.value_off = add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
-                token->key.attr_off = add_string(rule_tmp->rules, attr);
-                break;
-        case TK_A_DEVLINK:
-                token->key.value_off = add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
-                token->key.devlink_unique = *(int *)data;
+                token->key.value_off = rules_add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
+                token->key.attr_off = rules_add_string(rule_tmp->rules, attr);
                 break;
         case TK_M_TEST:
-                token->key.value_off = add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
+                token->key.value_off = rules_add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
                 if (data != NULL)
                         token->key.mode = *(mode_t *)data;
                 break;
@@ -1054,7 +923,7 @@ static int rule_add_key(struct rule_tmp *rule_tmp, enum token_type type,
         case TK_A_RUN_BUILTIN:
         case TK_A_RUN_PROGRAM:
                 token->key.builtin_cmd = *(enum udev_builtin_cmd *)data;
-                token->key.value_off = add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
+                token->key.value_off = rules_add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
                 break;
         case TK_A_INOTIFY_WATCH:
         case TK_A_DEVLINK_PRIO:
@@ -1070,7 +939,7 @@ static int rule_add_key(struct rule_tmp *rule_tmp, enum token_type type,
                 token->key.mode = *(mode_t *)data;
                 break;
         case TK_A_STATIC_NODE:
-                token->key.value_off = add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
+                token->key.value_off = rules_add_string(rule_tmp->rules, value);
                 break;
         case TK_M_EVENT_TIMEOUT:
                 token->key.event_timeout = *(int *)data;
@@ -1081,7 +950,7 @@ static int rule_add_key(struct rule_tmp *rule_tmp, enum token_type type,
         case TK_M_MAX:
         case TK_END:
         case TK_UNSET:
-                log_error("wrong type %u\n", type);
+                log_error("wrong type %u", type);
                 return -1;
         }
 
@@ -1092,7 +961,7 @@ static int rule_add_key(struct rule_tmp *rule_tmp, enum token_type type,
                 int has_glob;
 
                 has_split = (strchr(value, '|') != NULL);
-                has_glob = (strchr(value, '*') != NULL || strchr(value, '?') != NULL || strchr(value, '[') != NULL);
+                has_glob = string_is_glob(value);
                 if (has_split && has_glob) {
                         glob = GL_SPLIT_GLOB;
                 } else if (has_split) {
@@ -1132,7 +1001,7 @@ static int rule_add_key(struct rule_tmp *rule_tmp, enum token_type type,
         token->key.op = op;
         rule_tmp->token_cur++;
         if (rule_tmp->token_cur >= ELEMENTSOF(rule_tmp->token)) {
-                log_error("temporary rule array too small\n");
+                log_error("temporary rule array too small");
                 return -1;
         }
         return 0;
@@ -1194,12 +1063,32 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                 char *value;
                 enum operation_type op;
 
-                if (get_key(rules->udev, &linepos, &key, &op, &value) != 0)
+                if (get_key(rules->udev, &linepos, &key, &op, &value) != 0) {
+                        /* Avoid erroring on trailing whitespace. This is probably rare
+                         * so save the work for the error case instead of always trying
+                         * to strip the trailing whitespace with strstrip(). */
+                        while (isblank(*linepos))
+                                linepos++;
+
+                        /* If we aren't at the end of the line, this is a parsing error.
+                         * Make a best effort to describe where the problem is. */
+                        if (*linepos != '\n') {
+                                char buf[2] = {linepos[1]};
+                                _cleanup_free_ char *tmp;
+
+                                tmp = cescape(buf);
+                                log_error("invalid key/value pair in file %s on line %u,"
+                                          "starting at character %tu ('%s')\n",
+                                          filename, lineno, linepos - line + 1, tmp);
+                                if (linepos[1] == '#')
+                                        log_error("hint: comments can only start at beginning of line");
+                        }
                         break;
+                }
 
                 if (streq(key, "ACTION")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid ACTION operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid ACTION operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_ACTION, op, value, NULL);
@@ -1208,7 +1097,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                 if (streq(key, "DEVPATH")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid DEVPATH operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid DEVPATH operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_DEVPATH, op, value, NULL);
@@ -1217,7 +1106,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                 if (streq(key, "KERNEL")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid KERNEL operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid KERNEL operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_KERNEL, op, value, NULL);
@@ -1226,7 +1115,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                 if (streq(key, "SUBSYSTEM")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid SUBSYSTEM operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid SUBSYSTEM operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         /* bus, class, subsystem events should all be the same */
@@ -1234,7 +1123,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                             streq(value, "bus") ||
                             streq(value, "class")) {
                                 if (streq(value, "bus") || streq(value, "class"))
-                                        log_error("'%s' must be specified as 'subsystem' \n"
+                                        log_error("'%s' must be specified as 'subsystem' "
                                             "please fix it in %s:%u", value, filename, lineno);
                                 rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_SUBSYSTEM, op, "subsystem|class|bus", NULL);
                         } else
@@ -1244,7 +1133,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                 if (streq(key, "DRIVER")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid DRIVER operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid DRIVER operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_DRIVER, op, value, NULL);
@@ -1254,7 +1143,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                 if (startswith(key, "ATTR{")) {
                         attr = get_key_attribute(rules->udev, key + sizeof("ATTR")-1);
                         if (attr == NULL) {
-                                log_error("error parsing ATTR attribute\n");
+                                log_error("error parsing ATTR attribute");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         if (op < OP_MATCH_MAX) {
@@ -1265,9 +1154,20 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                         continue;
                 }
 
+                if (startswith(key, "SECLABEL{")) {
+                        attr = get_key_attribute(rules->udev, key + sizeof("SECLABEL")-1);
+                        if (!attr) {
+                                log_error("error parsing SECLABEL attribute");
+                                goto invalid;
+                        }
+
+                        rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_A_SECLABEL, op, value, attr);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
                 if (streq(key, "KERNELS")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid KERNELS operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid KERNELS operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_KERNELS, op, value, NULL);
@@ -1276,7 +1176,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                 if (streq(key, "SUBSYSTEMS")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid SUBSYSTEMS operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid SUBSYSTEMS operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_SUBSYSTEMS, op, value, NULL);
@@ -1285,7 +1185,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                 if (streq(key, "DRIVERS")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid DRIVERS operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid DRIVERS operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_DRIVERS, op, value, NULL);
@@ -1294,12 +1194,12 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                 if (startswith(key, "ATTRS{")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid ATTRS operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid ATTRS operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         attr = get_key_attribute(rules->udev, key + sizeof("ATTRS")-1);
                         if (attr == NULL) {
-                                log_error("error parsing ATTRS attribute\n");
+                                log_error("error parsing ATTRS attribute");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         if (startswith(attr, "device/"))
@@ -1314,7 +1214,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                 if (streq(key, "TAGS")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid TAGS operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid TAGS operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_TAGS, op, value, NULL);
@@ -1324,7 +1224,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                 if (startswith(key, "ENV{")) {
                         attr = get_key_attribute(rules->udev, key + sizeof("ENV")-1);
                         if (attr == NULL) {
-                                log_error("error parsing ENV attribute\n");
+                                log_error("error parsing ENV attribute");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         if (op < OP_MATCH_MAX) {
@@ -1349,7 +1249,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                                 for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(blacklist); i++) {
                                         if (!streq(attr, blacklist[i]))
                                                 continue;
-                                        log_error("invalid ENV attribute, '%s' can not be set %s:%u\n", attr, filename, lineno);
+                                        log_error("invalid ENV attribute, '%s' can not be set %s:%u", attr, filename, lineno);
                                         goto invalid;
                                 }
                                 if (rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_A_ENV, op, value, attr) != 0)
@@ -1373,7 +1273,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                 if (streq(key, "RESULT")) {
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid RESULT operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid RESULT operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_RESULT, op, value, NULL);
@@ -1383,7 +1283,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                 if (startswith(key, "IMPORT")) {
                         attr = get_key_attribute(rules->udev, key + sizeof("IMPORT")-1);
                         if (attr == NULL) {
-                                log_error("IMPORT{} type missing, ignoring IMPORT %s:%u\n", filename, lineno);
+                                log_error("IMPORT{} type missing, ignoring IMPORT %s:%u", filename, lineno);
                                 continue;
                         }
                         if (streq(attr, "program")) {
@@ -1393,7 +1293,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
                                         cmd = udev_builtin_lookup(value);
                                         if (cmd < UDEV_BUILTIN_MAX) {
-                                                log_debug("IMPORT found builtin '%s', replacing %s:%u\n",
+                                                log_debug("IMPORT found builtin '%s', replacing %s:%u",
                                                           value, filename, lineno);
                                                 rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_IMPORT_BUILTIN, op, value, &cmd);
                                                 continue;
@@ -1406,7 +1306,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                                 if (cmd < UDEV_BUILTIN_MAX)
                                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_IMPORT_BUILTIN, op, value, &cmd);
                                 else
-                                        log_error("IMPORT{builtin}: '%s' unknown %s:%u\n", value, filename, lineno);
+                                        log_error("IMPORT{builtin}: '%s' unknown %s:%u", value, filename, lineno);
                         } else if (streq(attr, "file")) {
                                 rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_IMPORT_FILE, op, value, NULL);
                         } else if (streq(attr, "db")) {
@@ -1416,7 +1316,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                         } else if (streq(attr, "parent")) {
                                 rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_IMPORT_PARENT, op, value, NULL);
                         } else
-                                log_error("IMPORT{} unknown type, ignoring IMPORT %s:%u\n", filename, lineno);
+                                log_error("IMPORT{} unknown type, ignoring IMPORT %s:%u", filename, lineno);
                         continue;
                 }
 
@@ -1424,7 +1324,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                         mode_t mode = 0;
 
                         if (op > OP_MATCH_MAX) {
-                                log_error("invalid TEST operation\n");
+                                log_error("invalid TEST operation");
                                 goto invalid;
                         }
                         attr = get_key_attribute(rules->udev, key + sizeof("TEST")-1);
@@ -1448,13 +1348,13 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                                 if (cmd < UDEV_BUILTIN_MAX)
                                         rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_A_RUN_BUILTIN, op, value, &cmd);
                                 else
-                                        log_error("IMPORT{builtin}: '%s' unknown %s:%u\n", value, filename, lineno);
+                                        log_error("IMPORT{builtin}: '%s' unknown %s:%u", value, filename, lineno);
                         } else if (streq(attr, "program")) {
                                 enum udev_builtin_cmd cmd = UDEV_BUILTIN_MAX;
 
                                 rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_A_RUN_PROGRAM, op, value, &cmd);
                         } else {
-                                log_error("RUN{} unknown type, ignoring RUN %s:%u\n", filename, lineno);
+                                log_error("RUN{} unknown type, ignoring RUN %s:%u", filename, lineno);
                         }
 
                         continue;
@@ -1466,7 +1366,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                 }
 
                 if (streq(key, "LABEL")) {
-                        rule_tmp.rule.rule.label_off = add_string(rules, value);
+                        rule_tmp.rule.rule.label_off = rules_add_string(rules, value);
                         continue;
                 }
 
@@ -1495,17 +1395,11 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                         continue;
                 }
 
-                if (startswith(key, "SYMLINK")) {
-                        if (op < OP_MATCH_MAX) {
+                if (streq(key, "SYMLINK")) {
+                        if (op < OP_MATCH_MAX)
                                 rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_M_DEVLINK, op, value, NULL);
-                        } else {
-                                int flag = 0;
-
-                                attr = get_key_attribute(rules->udev, key + sizeof("SYMLINK")-1);
-                                if (attr != NULL && strstr(attr, "unique") != NULL)
-                                        flag = 1;
-                                rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_A_DEVLINK, op, value, &flag);
-                        }
+                        else
+                                rule_add_key(&rule_tmp, TK_A_DEVLINK, op, value, NULL);
                         rule_tmp.rule.rule.can_set_name = true;
                         continue;
                 }
@@ -1610,7 +1504,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
                         continue;
                 }
 
-                log_error("unknown key '%s' in %s:%u\n", key, filename, lineno);
+                log_error("unknown key '%s' in %s:%u", key, filename, lineno);
                 goto invalid;
         }
 
@@ -1625,7 +1519,7 @@ static int add_rule(struct udev_rules *rules, char *line,
 
         return 0;
 invalid:
-        log_error("invalid rule '%s:%u'\n", filename, lineno);
+        log_error("invalid rule '%s:%u'", filename, lineno);
         return -1;
 }
 
@@ -1639,17 +1533,17 @@ static int parse_file(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *filename)
         unsigned int i;
 
         if (null_or_empty_path(filename)) {
-                log_debug("skip empty file: %s\n", filename);
+                log_debug("skip empty file: %s", filename);
                 return 0;
         }
-        log_debug("read rules file: %s\n", filename);
+        log_debug("read rules file: %s", filename);
 
-        f = fopen(filename, "r");
+        f = fopen(filename, "re");
         if (f == NULL)
                 return -1;
 
         first_token = rules->token_cur;
-        filename_off = add_string(rules, filename);
+        filename_off = rules_add_string(rules, filename);
 
         while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f) != NULL) {
                 char *key;
@@ -1680,7 +1574,7 @@ static int parse_file(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *filename)
                 }
 
                 if (len+1 >= sizeof(line)) {
-                        log_error("line too long '%s':%u, ignored\n", filename, line_nr);
+                        log_error("line too long '%s':%u, ignored", filename, line_nr);
                         continue;
                 }
                 add_rule(rules, key, filename, filename_off, line_nr);
@@ -1690,7 +1584,7 @@ static int parse_file(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *filename)
         /* link GOTOs to LABEL rules in this file to be able to fast-forward */
         for (i = first_token+1; i < rules->token_cur; i++) {
                 if (rules->tokens[i].type == TK_A_GOTO) {
-                        char *label = &rules->buf[rules->tokens[i].key.value_off];
+                        char *label = rules_str(rules, rules->tokens[i].key.value_off);
                         unsigned int j;
 
                         for (j = i+1; j < rules->token_cur; j++) {
@@ -1698,13 +1592,13 @@ static int parse_file(struct udev_rules *rules, const char *filename)
                                         continue;
                                 if (rules->tokens[j].rule.label_off == 0)
                                         continue;
-                                if (!streq(label, &rules->buf[rules->tokens[j].rule.label_off]))
+                                if (!streq(label, rules_str(rules, rules->tokens[j].rule.label_off)))
                                         continue;
                                 rules->tokens[i].key.rule_goto = j;
                                 break;
                         }
                         if (rules->tokens[i].key.rule_goto == 0)
-                                log_error("GOTO '%s' has no matching label in: '%s'\n", label, filename);
+                                log_error("GOTO '%s' has no matching label in: '%s'", label, filename);
                 }
         }
         return 0;
@@ -1727,61 +1621,42 @@ struct udev_rules *udev_rules_new(struct udev *udev, int resolve_names)
 
         /* init token array and string buffer */
         rules->tokens = malloc(PREALLOC_TOKEN * sizeof(struct token));
-        if (rules->tokens == NULL) {
-                free(rules);
-                return NULL;
-        }
+        if (rules->tokens == NULL)
+                return udev_rules_unref(rules);
         rules->token_max = PREALLOC_TOKEN;
 
-        rules->buf = malloc(PREALLOC_STRBUF);
-        if (rules->buf == NULL) {
-                free(rules->tokens);
-                free(rules);
-                return NULL;
-        }
-        rules->buf_max = PREALLOC_STRBUF;
-        /* offset 0 is always '\0' */
-        rules->buf[0] = '\0';
-        rules->buf_cur = 1;
-
-        rules->trie_nodes = malloc(PREALLOC_TRIE * sizeof(struct trie_node));
-        if (rules->trie_nodes == NULL) {
-                free(rules->buf);
-                free(rules->tokens);
-                free(rules);
-                return NULL;
-        }
-        rules->trie_nodes_max = PREALLOC_TRIE;
-        /* offset 0 is the trie root, with an empty string */
-        memset(rules->trie_nodes, 0x00, sizeof(struct trie_node));
-        rules->trie_nodes_cur = 1;
-
-        rules->dirs = strv_new(TEST_PREFIX SYSCONFDIR "/udev/rules.d",
-                               TEST_PREFIX "/run/udev/rules.d",
-                               TEST_PREFIX UDEVLIBEXECDIR "/rules.d",
+        rules->strbuf = strbuf_new();
+        if (!rules->strbuf)
+                return udev_rules_unref(rules);
+
+        rules->dirs = strv_new("/etc/udev/rules.d",
+                               "/run/udev/rules.d",
+                               UDEVLIBEXECDIR "/rules.d",
                                NULL);
         if (!rules->dirs) {
                 log_error("failed to build config directory array");
-                return NULL;
+                return udev_rules_unref(rules);
         }
-        if (!strv_path_canonicalize(rules->dirs)) {
-                log_error("failed to canonicalize config directories\n");
-                return NULL;
+        if (!path_strv_canonicalize(rules->dirs)) {
+                log_error("failed to canonicalize config directories");
+                return udev_rules_unref(rules);
         }
         strv_uniq(rules->dirs);
-        r = conf_files_list_strv(&files, ".rules", (const char **)rules->dirs);
+
+        udev_rules_check_timestamp(rules);
+
+        r = conf_files_list_strv(&files, ".rules", NULL, (const char **)rules->dirs);
         if (r < 0) {
-                log_error("failed to enumerate rules files: %s\n", strerror(-r));
-                return NULL;
+                log_error("failed to enumerate rules files: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return udev_rules_unref(rules);
         }
-        rules->dirs_ts_usec = calloc(strv_length(rules->dirs), sizeof(long long));
 
         /*
          * The offset value in the rules strct is limited; add all
          * rules file names to the beginning of the string buffer.
          */
         STRV_FOREACH(f, files)
-                add_string(rules, *f);
+                rules_add_string(rules, *f);
 
         STRV_FOREACH(f, files)
                 parse_file(rules, *f);
@@ -1791,37 +1666,14 @@ struct udev_rules *udev_rules_new(struct udev *udev, int resolve_names)
         memset(&end_token, 0x00, sizeof(struct token));
         end_token.type = TK_END;
         add_token(rules, &end_token);
+        log_debug("rules contain %zu bytes tokens (%u * %zu bytes), %zu bytes strings",
+                  rules->token_max * sizeof(struct token), rules->token_max, sizeof(struct token), rules->strbuf->len);
 
-        /* shrink allocated token and string buffer */
-        if (rules->token_cur < rules->token_max) {
-                struct token *tokens;
-
-                tokens = realloc(rules->tokens, rules->token_cur * sizeof(struct token));
-                if (tokens != NULL || rules->token_cur == 0) {
-                        rules->tokens = tokens;
-                        rules->token_max = rules->token_cur;
-                }
-        }
-        if (rules->buf_cur < rules->buf_max) {
-                char *buf;
-
-                buf = realloc(rules->buf, rules->buf_cur);
-                if (buf != NULL || rules->buf_cur == 0) {
-                        rules->buf = buf;
-                        rules->buf_max = rules->buf_cur;
-                }
-        }
-        log_debug("rules use %zu bytes tokens (%u * %zu bytes), %zu bytes buffer\n",
-                  rules->token_max * sizeof(struct token), rules->token_max, sizeof(struct token), rules->buf_max);
-        log_debug("temporary index used %zu bytes (%u * %zu bytes)\n",
-                  rules->trie_nodes_cur * sizeof(struct trie_node),
-                  rules->trie_nodes_cur, sizeof(struct trie_node));
-
-        /* cleanup trie */
-        free(rules->trie_nodes);
-        rules->trie_nodes = NULL;
-        rules->trie_nodes_cur = 0;
-        rules->trie_nodes_max = 0;
+        /* cleanup temporary strbuf data */
+        log_debug("%zu strings (%zu bytes), %zu de-duplicated (%zu bytes), %zu trie nodes used",
+                  rules->strbuf->in_count, rules->strbuf->in_len,
+                  rules->strbuf->dedup_count, rules->strbuf->dedup_len, rules->strbuf->nodes_count);
+        strbuf_complete(rules->strbuf);
 
         /* cleanup uid/gid cache */
         free(rules->uids);
@@ -1842,46 +1694,25 @@ struct udev_rules *udev_rules_unref(struct udev_rules *rules)
         if (rules == NULL)
                 return NULL;
         free(rules->tokens);
-        free(rules->buf);
-        free(rules->trie_nodes);
+        strbuf_cleanup(rules->strbuf);
         free(rules->uids);
         free(rules->gids);
         strv_free(rules->dirs);
-        free(rules->dirs_ts_usec);
         free(rules);
         return NULL;
 }
 
 bool udev_rules_check_timestamp(struct udev_rules *rules)
 {
-        unsigned int i;
-        bool changed = false;
-
-        for (i = 0; rules->dirs[i]; i++) {
-                struct stat stats;
-
-                if (stat(rules->dirs[i], &stats) < 0)
-                        continue;
-
-                if (rules->dirs_ts_usec[i] == ts_usec(&stats.st_mtim))
-                        continue;
-
-                /* first check */
-                if (rules->dirs_ts_usec[i] != 0) {
-                        log_debug("reload - timestamp of '%s' changed\n", rules->dirs[i]);
-                        changed = true;
-                }
+        if (!rules)
+                return false;
 
-                /* update timestamp */
-                rules->dirs_ts_usec[i] = ts_usec(&stats.st_mtim);
-        }
-
-        return changed;
+        return paths_check_timestamp(rules->dirs, &rules->dirs_ts_usec, true);
 }
 
 static int match_key(struct udev_rules *rules, struct token *token, const char *val)
 {
-        char *key_value = &rules->buf[token->key.value_off];
+        char *key_value = rules_str(rules, token->key.value_off);
         char *pos;
         bool match = false;
 
@@ -1900,7 +1731,7 @@ static int match_key(struct udev_rules *rules, struct token *token, const char *
                         const char *s;
                         size_t len;
 
-                        s = &rules->buf[token->key.value_off];
+                        s = rules_str(rules, token->key.value_off);
                         len = strlen(val);
                         for (;;) {
                                 const char *next;
@@ -1909,7 +1740,7 @@ static int match_key(struct udev_rules *rules, struct token *token, const char *
                                 if (next != NULL) {
                                         size_t matchlen = (size_t)(next - s);
 
-                                        match = (matchlen == len && strncmp(s, val, matchlen) == 0);
+                                        match = (matchlen == len && strneq(s, val, matchlen));
                                         if (match)
                                                 break;
                                 } else {
@@ -1924,7 +1755,7 @@ static int match_key(struct udev_rules *rules, struct token *token, const char *
                 {
                         char value[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
 
-                        util_strscpy(value, sizeof(value), &rules->buf[token->key.value_off]);
+                        strscpy(value, sizeof(value), rules_str(rules, token->key.value_off));
                         key_value = value;
                         while (key_value != NULL) {
                                 pos = strchr(key_value, '|');
@@ -1961,7 +1792,7 @@ static int match_attr(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_device *dev, struct
         char vbuf[UTIL_NAME_SIZE];
         size_t len;
 
-        name = &rules->buf[cur->key.attr_off];
+        name = rules_str(rules, cur->key.attr_off);
         switch (cur->key.attrsubst) {
         case SB_FORMAT:
                 udev_event_apply_format(event, name, nbuf, sizeof(nbuf));
@@ -1987,11 +1818,11 @@ static int match_attr(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_device *dev, struct
                 const char *key_value;
                 size_t klen;
 
-                key_value = &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off];
+                key_value = rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off);
                 klen = strlen(key_value);
                 if (klen > 0 && !isspace(key_value[klen-1])) {
                         if (value != vbuf) {
-                                util_strscpy(vbuf, sizeof(vbuf), value);
+                                strscpy(vbuf, sizeof(vbuf), value);
                                 value = vbuf;
                         }
                         while (len > 0 && isspace(vbuf[--len]))
@@ -2055,7 +1886,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                         udev_list_entry_foreach(list_entry, udev_device_get_devlinks_list_entry(event->dev)) {
                                 const char *devlink;
 
-                                devlink =  udev_list_entry_get_name(list_entry) + strlen(TEST_PREFIX "/dev/");
+                                devlink =  udev_list_entry_get_name(list_entry) + strlen("/dev/");
                                 if (match_key(rules, cur, devlink) == 0) {
                                         match = true;
                                         break;
@@ -2070,7 +1901,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                 goto nomatch;
                         break;
                 case TK_M_ENV: {
-                        const char *key_name = &rules->buf[cur->key.attr_off];
+                        const char *key_name = rules_str(rules, cur->key.attr_off);
                         const char *value;
 
                         value = udev_device_get_property_value(event->dev, key_name);
@@ -2085,7 +1916,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                         bool match = false;
 
                         udev_list_entry_foreach(list_entry, udev_device_get_tags_list_entry(event->dev)) {
-                                if (streq(&rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], udev_list_entry_get_name(list_entry))) {
+                                if (streq(rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), udev_list_entry_get_name(list_entry))) {
                                         match = true;
                                         break;
                                 }
@@ -2106,7 +1937,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                         char filename[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
                         int found;
 
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], filename, sizeof(filename));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), filename, sizeof(filename));
                         found = (wait_for_file(event->dev, filename, 10) == 0);
                         if (!found && (cur->key.op != OP_NOMATCH))
                                 goto nomatch;
@@ -2154,7 +1985,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                                         goto try_parent;
                                                 break;
                                         case TK_M_TAGS: {
-                                                bool match = udev_device_has_tag(event->dev_parent, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off]);
+                                                bool match = udev_device_has_tag(event->dev_parent, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off));
 
                                                 if (match && key->key.op == OP_NOMATCH)
                                                         goto try_parent;
@@ -2182,13 +2013,13 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                         struct stat statbuf;
                         int match;
 
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], filename, sizeof(filename));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), filename, sizeof(filename));
                         if (util_resolve_subsys_kernel(event->udev, filename, filename, sizeof(filename), 0) != 0) {
                                 if (filename[0] != '/') {
                                         char tmp[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
 
-                                        util_strscpy(tmp, sizeof(tmp), filename);
-                                        util_strscpyl(filename, sizeof(filename),
+                                        strscpy(tmp, sizeof(tmp), filename);
+                                        strscpyl(filename, sizeof(filename),
                                                       udev_device_get_syspath(event->dev), "/", tmp, NULL);
                                 }
                         }
@@ -2204,7 +2035,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                         break;
                 }
                 case TK_M_EVENT_TIMEOUT:
-                        log_debug("OPTIONS event_timeout=%u\n", cur->key.event_timeout);
+                        log_debug("OPTIONS event_timeout=%u", cur->key.event_timeout);
                         event->timeout_usec = cur->key.event_timeout * 1000 * 1000;
                         break;
                 case TK_M_PROGRAM: {
@@ -2214,11 +2045,11 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
 
                         free(event->program_result);
                         event->program_result = NULL;
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], program, sizeof(program));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), program, sizeof(program));
                         envp = udev_device_get_properties_envp(event->dev);
-                        log_debug("PROGRAM '%s' %s:%u\n",
+                        log_debug("PROGRAM '%s' %s:%u",
                                   program,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
 
                         if (udev_event_spawn(event, program, envp, sigmask, result, sizeof(result)) < 0) {
@@ -2231,7 +2062,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                 if (esc == ESCAPE_UNSET || esc == ESCAPE_REPLACE) {
                                         count = util_replace_chars(result, UDEV_ALLOWED_CHARS_INPUT);
                                         if (count > 0)
-                                                log_debug("%i character(s) replaced\n" , count);
+                                                log_debug("%i character(s) replaced" , count);
                                 }
                                 event->program_result = strdup(result);
                                 if (cur->key.op == OP_NOMATCH)
@@ -2242,7 +2073,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                 case TK_M_IMPORT_FILE: {
                         char import[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
 
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], import, sizeof(import));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), import, sizeof(import));
                         if (import_file_into_properties(event->dev, import) != 0)
                                 if (cur->key.op != OP_NOMATCH)
                                         goto nomatch;
@@ -2251,10 +2082,10 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                 case TK_M_IMPORT_PROG: {
                         char import[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
 
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], import, sizeof(import));
-                        log_debug("IMPORT '%s' %s:%u\n",
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), import, sizeof(import));
+                        log_debug("IMPORT '%s' %s:%u",
                                   import,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
 
                         if (import_program_into_properties(event, import, sigmask) != 0)
@@ -2268,9 +2099,9 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                         if (udev_builtin_run_once(cur->key.builtin_cmd)) {
                                 /* check if we ran already */
                                 if (event->builtin_run & (1 << cur->key.builtin_cmd)) {
-                                        log_debug("IMPORT builtin skip '%s' %s:%u\n",
+                                        log_debug("IMPORT builtin skip '%s' %s:%u",
                                                   udev_builtin_name(cur->key.builtin_cmd),
-                                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
                                         /* return the result from earlier run */
                                         if (event->builtin_ret & (1 << cur->key.builtin_cmd))
@@ -2282,15 +2113,15 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                 event->builtin_run |= (1 << cur->key.builtin_cmd);
                         }
 
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], command, sizeof(command));
-                        log_debug("IMPORT builtin '%s' %s:%u\n",
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), command, sizeof(command));
+                        log_debug("IMPORT builtin '%s' %s:%u",
                                   udev_builtin_name(cur->key.builtin_cmd),
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
 
                         if (udev_builtin_run(event->dev, cur->key.builtin_cmd, command, false) != 0) {
                                 /* remember failure */
-                                log_debug("IMPORT builtin '%s' returned non-zero\n",
+                                log_debug("IMPORT builtin '%s' returned non-zero",
                                           udev_builtin_name(cur->key.builtin_cmd));
                                 event->builtin_ret |= (1 << cur->key.builtin_cmd);
                                 if (cur->key.op != OP_NOMATCH)
@@ -2299,7 +2130,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                         break;
                 }
                 case TK_M_IMPORT_DB: {
-                        const char *key = &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off];
+                        const char *key = rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off);
                         const char *value;
 
                         value = udev_device_get_property_value(event->dev_db, key);
@@ -2318,12 +2149,12 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                         FILE *f;
                         bool imported = false;
 
-                        f = fopen("/proc/cmdline", "r");
+                        f = fopen("/proc/cmdline", "re");
                         if (f != NULL) {
                                 char cmdline[4096];
 
                                 if (fgets(cmdline, sizeof(cmdline), f) != NULL) {
-                                        const char *key = &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off];
+                                        const char *key = rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off);
                                         char *pos;
 
                                         pos = strstr(cmdline, key);
@@ -2359,7 +2190,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                 case TK_M_IMPORT_PARENT: {
                         char import[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
 
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], import, sizeof(import));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), import, sizeof(import));
                         if (import_parent_into_properties(event->dev, import) != 0)
                                 if (cur->key.op != OP_NOMATCH)
                                         goto nomatch;
@@ -2395,11 +2226,12 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                 break;
                         if (cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN_FINAL)
                                 event->owner_final = true;
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], owner, sizeof(owner));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), owner, sizeof(owner));
+                        event->owner_set = true;
                         event->uid = util_lookup_user(event->udev, owner);
-                        log_debug("OWNER %u %s:%u\n",
+                        log_debug("OWNER %u %s:%u",
                                   event->uid,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
                         break;
                 }
@@ -2410,11 +2242,12 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                 break;
                         if (cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN_FINAL)
                                 event->group_final = true;
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], group, sizeof(group));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), group, sizeof(group));
+                        event->group_set = true;
                         event->gid = util_lookup_group(event->udev, group);
-                        log_debug("GROUP %u %s:%u\n",
+                        log_debug("GROUP %u %s:%u",
                                   event->gid,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
                         break;
                 }
@@ -2425,19 +2258,19 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
 
                         if (event->mode_final)
                                 break;
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], mode_str, sizeof(mode_str));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), mode_str, sizeof(mode_str));
                         mode = strtol(mode_str, &endptr, 8);
                         if (endptr[0] != '\0') {
-                                log_error("ignoring invalid mode '%s'\n", mode_str);
+                                log_error("ignoring invalid mode '%s'", mode_str);
                                 break;
                         }
                         if (cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN_FINAL)
                                 event->mode_final = true;
                         event->mode_set = true;
                         event->mode = mode;
-                        log_debug("MODE %#o %s:%u\n",
+                        log_debug("MODE %#o %s:%u",
                                   event->mode,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
                         break;
                 }
@@ -2446,10 +2279,11 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                 break;
                         if (cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN_FINAL)
                                 event->owner_final = true;
+                        event->owner_set = true;
                         event->uid = cur->key.uid;
-                        log_debug("OWNER %u %s:%u\n",
+                        log_debug("OWNER %u %s:%u",
                                   event->uid,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
                         break;
                 case TK_A_GROUP_ID:
@@ -2457,10 +2291,11 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                 break;
                         if (cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN_FINAL)
                                 event->group_final = true;
+                        event->group_set = true;
                         event->gid = cur->key.gid;
-                        log_debug("GROUP %u %s:%u\n",
+                        log_debug("GROUP %u %s:%u",
                                   event->gid,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
                         break;
                 case TK_A_MODE_ID:
@@ -2470,34 +2305,61 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                 event->mode_final = true;
                         event->mode_set = true;
                         event->mode = cur->key.mode;
-                        log_debug("MODE %#o %s:%u\n",
+                        log_debug("MODE %#o %s:%u",
                                   event->mode,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
                         break;
-                case TK_A_ENV: {
-                        const char *name = &rules->buf[cur->key.attr_off];
-                        char *value = &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off];
+                case TK_A_SECLABEL: {
+                        const char *name, *label;
 
-                        if (value[0] != '\0') {
-                                char temp_value[UTIL_NAME_SIZE];
-                                struct udev_list_entry *entry;
+                        name = rules_str(rules, cur->key.attr_off);
+                        label = rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off);
+                        if (cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN || cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN_FINAL)
+                                udev_list_cleanup(&event->seclabel_list);
+                        udev_list_entry_add(&event->seclabel_list, name, label);
+                        log_debug("SECLABEL{%s}='%s' %s:%u",
+                                  name, label,
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
+                                  rule->rule.filename_line);
+                        break;
+                }
+                case TK_A_ENV: {
+                        const char *name = rules_str(rules, cur->key.attr_off);
+                        char *value = rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off);
+                        char value_new[UTIL_NAME_SIZE];
+                        const char *value_old = NULL;
+                        struct udev_list_entry *entry;
 
-                                udev_event_apply_format(event, value, temp_value, sizeof(temp_value));
-                                entry = udev_device_add_property(event->dev, name, temp_value);
-                                /* store in db, skip private keys */
-                                if (name[0] != '.')
-                                        udev_list_entry_set_num(entry, true);
-                        } else {
+                        if (value[0] == '\0') {
+                                if (cur->key.op == OP_ADD)
+                                        break;
                                 udev_device_add_property(event->dev, name, NULL);
+                                break;
                         }
+
+                        if (cur->key.op == OP_ADD)
+                                value_old = udev_device_get_property_value(event->dev, name);
+                        if (value_old) {
+                                char temp[UTIL_NAME_SIZE];
+
+                                /* append value separated by space */
+                                udev_event_apply_format(event, value, temp, sizeof(temp));
+                                strscpyl(value_new, sizeof(value_new), value_old, " ", temp, NULL);
+                        } else
+                                udev_event_apply_format(event, value, value_new, sizeof(value_new));
+
+                        entry = udev_device_add_property(event->dev, name, value_new);
+                        /* store in db, skip private keys */
+                        if (name[0] != '.')
+                                udev_list_entry_set_num(entry, true);
                         break;
                 }
                 case TK_A_TAG: {
                         char tag[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
                         const char *p;
 
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], tag, sizeof(tag));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), tag, sizeof(tag));
                         if (cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN || cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN_FINAL)
                                 udev_device_cleanup_tags_list(event->dev);
                         for (p = tag; *p != '\0'; p++) {
@@ -2506,14 +2368,14 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                     (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') ||
                                     *p == '-' || *p == '_')
                                         continue;
-                                log_error("ignoring invalid tag name '%s'\n", tag);
+                                log_error("ignoring invalid tag name '%s'", tag);
                                 break;
                         }
                         udev_device_add_tag(event->dev, tag);
                         break;
                 }
                 case TK_A_NAME: {
-                        const char *name  = &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off];
+                        const char *name  = rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off);
 
                         char name_str[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
                         int count;
@@ -2526,20 +2388,20 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                         if (esc == ESCAPE_UNSET || esc == ESCAPE_REPLACE) {
                                 count = util_replace_chars(name_str, "/");
                                 if (count > 0)
-                                        log_debug("%i character(s) replaced\n", count);
+                                        log_debug("%i character(s) replaced", count);
                         }
                         if (major(udev_device_get_devnum(event->dev)) &&
-                            (!streq(name_str, udev_device_get_devnode(event->dev) + strlen(TEST_PREFIX "/dev/")))) {
+                            (!streq(name_str, udev_device_get_devnode(event->dev) + strlen("/dev/")))) {
                                 log_error("NAME=\"%s\" ignored, kernel device nodes "
                                     "can not be renamed; please fix it in %s:%u\n", name,
-                                    &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off], rule->rule.filename_line);
+                                    rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off), rule->rule.filename_line);
                                 break;
                         }
                         free(event->name);
                         event->name = strdup(name_str);
-                        log_debug("NAME '%s' %s:%u\n",
+                        log_debug("NAME '%s' %s:%u",
                                   event->name,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
                         break;
                 }
@@ -2559,57 +2421,57 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                                 udev_device_cleanup_devlinks_list(event->dev);
 
                         /* allow  multiple symlinks separated by spaces */
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], temp, sizeof(temp));
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), temp, sizeof(temp));
                         if (esc == ESCAPE_UNSET)
                                 count = util_replace_chars(temp, "/ ");
                         else if (esc == ESCAPE_REPLACE)
                                 count = util_replace_chars(temp, "/");
                         if (count > 0)
-                                log_debug("%i character(s) replaced\n" , count);
+                                log_debug("%i character(s) replaced" , count);
                         pos = temp;
                         while (isspace(pos[0]))
                                 pos++;
                         next = strchr(pos, ' ');
                         while (next != NULL) {
                                 next[0] = '\0';
-                                log_debug("LINK '%s' %s:%u\n", pos,
-                                          &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off], rule->rule.filename_line);
-                                util_strscpyl(filename, sizeof(filename), TEST_PREFIX "/dev/", pos, NULL);
-                                udev_device_add_devlink(event->dev, filename, cur->key.devlink_unique);
+                                log_debug("LINK '%s' %s:%u", pos,
+                                          rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off), rule->rule.filename_line);
+                                strscpyl(filename, sizeof(filename), "/dev/", pos, NULL);
+                                udev_device_add_devlink(event->dev, filename);
                                 while (isspace(next[1]))
                                         next++;
                                 pos = &next[1];
                                 next = strchr(pos, ' ');
                         }
                         if (pos[0] != '\0') {
-                                log_debug("LINK '%s' %s:%u\n", pos,
-                                          &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off], rule->rule.filename_line);
-                                util_strscpyl(filename, sizeof(filename), TEST_PREFIX "/dev/", pos, NULL);
-                                udev_device_add_devlink(event->dev, filename, cur->key.devlink_unique);
+                                log_debug("LINK '%s' %s:%u", pos,
+                                          rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off), rule->rule.filename_line);
+                                strscpyl(filename, sizeof(filename), "/dev/", pos, NULL);
+                                udev_device_add_devlink(event->dev, filename);
                         }
                         break;
                 }
                 case TK_A_ATTR: {
-                        const char *key_name = &rules->buf[cur->key.attr_off];
+                        const char *key_name = rules_str(rules, cur->key.attr_off);
                         char attr[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
                         char value[UTIL_NAME_SIZE];
                         FILE *f;
 
                         if (util_resolve_subsys_kernel(event->udev, key_name, attr, sizeof(attr), 0) != 0)
-                                util_strscpyl(attr, sizeof(attr), udev_device_get_syspath(event->dev), "/", key_name, NULL);
+                                strscpyl(attr, sizeof(attr), udev_device_get_syspath(event->dev), "/", key_name, NULL);
                         attr_subst_subdir(attr, sizeof(attr));
 
-                        udev_event_apply_format(event, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], value, sizeof(value));
-                        log_debug("ATTR '%s' writing '%s' %s:%u\n", attr, value,
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                        udev_event_apply_format(event, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), value, sizeof(value));
+                        log_debug("ATTR '%s' writing '%s' %s:%u", attr, value,
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
-                        f = fopen(attr, "w");
+                        f = fopen(attr, "we");
                         if (f != NULL) {
                                 if (fprintf(f, "%s", value) <= 0)
-                                        log_error("error writing ATTR{%s}: %m\n", attr);
+                                        log_error("error writing ATTR{%s}: %m", attr);
                                 fclose(f);
                         } else {
-                                log_error("error opening ATTR{%s} for writing: %m\n", attr);
+                                log_error("error opening ATTR{%s} for writing: %m", attr);
                         }
                         break;
                 }
@@ -2619,11 +2481,11 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
 
                         if (cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN || cur->key.op == OP_ASSIGN_FINAL)
                                 udev_list_cleanup(&event->run_list);
-                        log_debug("RUN '%s' %s:%u\n",
-                                  &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off],
-                                  &rules->buf[rule->rule.filename_off],
+                        log_debug("RUN '%s' %s:%u",
+                                  rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off),
+                                  rules_str(rules, rule->rule.filename_off),
                                   rule->rule.filename_line);
-                        entry = udev_list_entry_add(&event->run_list, &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], NULL);
+                        entry = udev_list_entry_add(&event->run_list, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), NULL);
                         udev_list_entry_set_num(entry, cur->key.builtin_cmd);
                         break;
                 }
@@ -2639,7 +2501,7 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
                 case TK_M_PARENTS_MAX:
                 case TK_M_MAX:
                 case TK_UNSET:
-                        log_error("wrong type %u\n", cur->type);
+                        log_error("wrong type %u", cur->type);
                         goto nomatch;
                 }
 
@@ -2651,16 +2513,21 @@ int udev_rules_apply_to_event(struct udev_rules *rules, struct udev_event *event
         }
 }
 
-void udev_rules_apply_static_dev_perms(struct udev_rules *rules)
+int udev_rules_apply_static_dev_perms(struct udev_rules *rules)
 {
         struct token *cur;
         struct token *rule;
         uid_t uid = 0;
         gid_t gid = 0;
         mode_t mode = 0;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **tags = NULL;
+        char **t;
+        FILE *f = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        int r = 0;
 
         if (rules->tokens == NULL)
-                return;
+                return 0;
 
         cur = &rules->tokens[0];
         rule = cur;
@@ -2677,6 +2544,8 @@ void udev_rules_apply_static_dev_perms(struct udev_rules *rules)
                         uid = 0;
                         gid = 0;
                         mode = 0;
+                        strv_free(tags);
+                        tags = NULL;
                         break;
                 case TK_A_OWNER_ID:
                         uid = cur->key.uid;
@@ -2686,20 +2555,57 @@ void udev_rules_apply_static_dev_perms(struct udev_rules *rules)
                         break;
                 case TK_A_MODE_ID:
                         mode = cur->key.mode;
+                        break;
+                case TK_A_TAG:
+                        r = strv_extend(&tags, rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
                         break;
                 case TK_A_STATIC_NODE: {
-                        char filename[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
+                        char device_node[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
+                        char tags_dir[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
+                        char tag_symlink[UTIL_PATH_SIZE];
                         struct stat stats;
 
                         /* we assure, that the permissions tokens are sorted before the static token */
-                        if (mode == 0 && uid == 0 && gid == 0)
+                        if (mode == 0 && uid == 0 && gid == 0 && tags == NULL)
                                 goto next;
-                        util_strscpyl(filename, sizeof(filename), TEST_PREFIX "/dev/",
-                                      &rules->buf[cur->key.value_off], NULL);
-                        if (stat(filename, &stats) != 0)
+                        strscpyl(device_node, sizeof(device_node), "/dev/", rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), NULL);
+                        if (stat(device_node, &stats) != 0)
                                 goto next;
                         if (!S_ISBLK(stats.st_mode) && !S_ISCHR(stats.st_mode))
                                 goto next;
+
+                        if (tags) {
+                                /* Export the tags to a directory as symlinks, allowing otherwise dead nodes to be tagged */
+
+                                STRV_FOREACH(t, tags) {
+                                        _cleanup_free_ char *unescaped_filename = NULL;
+
+                                        strscpyl(tags_dir, sizeof(tags_dir), "/run/udev/static_node-tags/", *t, "/", NULL);
+                                        r = mkdir_p(tags_dir, 0755);
+                                        if (r < 0) {
+                                                log_error("failed to create %s: %s", tags_dir, strerror(-r));
+                                                return r;
+                                        }
+
+                                        unescaped_filename = xescape(rules_str(rules, cur->key.value_off), "/.");
+
+                                        strscpyl(tag_symlink, sizeof(tag_symlink), tags_dir, unescaped_filename, NULL);
+                                        r = symlink(device_node, tag_symlink);
+                                        if (r < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+                                                log_error("failed to create symlink %s -> %s: %m", tag_symlink, device_node);
+                                                return -errno;
+                                        } else
+                                                r = 0;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        /* don't touch the permissions if only the tags were set */
+                        if (mode == 0 && uid == 0 && gid == 0)
+                                goto next;
+
                         if (mode == 0) {
                                 if (gid > 0)
                                         mode = 0660;
@@ -2707,20 +2613,28 @@ void udev_rules_apply_static_dev_perms(struct udev_rules *rules)
                                         mode = 0600;
                         }
                         if (mode != (stats.st_mode & 01777)) {
-                                chmod(filename, mode);
-                                log_debug("chmod '%s' %#o\n", filename, mode);
+                                r = chmod(device_node, mode);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error("failed to chmod '%s' %#o", device_node, mode);
+                                        return -errno;
+                                } else
+                                        log_debug("chmod '%s' %#o", device_node, mode);
                         }
 
                         if ((uid != 0 && uid != stats.st_uid) || (gid != 0 && gid != stats.st_gid)) {
-                                chown(filename, uid, gid);
-                                log_debug("chown '%s' %u %u\n", filename, uid, gid);
+                                r = chown(device_node, uid, gid);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error("failed to chown '%s' %u %u ", device_node, uid, gid);
+                                        return -errno;
+                                } else
+                                        log_debug("chown '%s' %u %u", device_node, uid, gid);
                         }
 
-                        utimensat(AT_FDCWD, filename, NULL, 0);
+                        utimensat(AT_FDCWD, device_node, NULL, 0);
                         break;
                 }
                 case TK_END:
-                        return;
+                        goto finish;
                 }
 
                 cur++;
@@ -2730,4 +2644,18 @@ next:
                 cur = rule + rule->rule.token_count;
                 continue;
         }
+
+finish:
+        if (f) {
+                fflush(f);
+                fchmod(fileno(f), 0644);
+                if (ferror(f) || rename(path, "/run/udev/static_node-tags") < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        unlink("/run/udev/static_node-tags");
+                        unlink(path);
+                }
+                fclose(f);
+        }
+
+        return r;
 }