chiark / gitweb /
journalctl: show systemd messages about unit for -u
[elogind.git] / src / journal / journalctl.c
index 3fcdf4b4a2e9797a4bd99fe1412e65efd224a594..65114b2ff8a219711c56d5d1adc4ba9bf41f5d7e 100644 (file)
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
+#include <locale.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <sys/poll.h>
 #include <time.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
+#include <signal.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <systemd/sd-journal.h>
 
 #include "log.h"
+#include "logs-show.h"
 #include "util.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
 #include "build.h"
 #include "journal-authenticate.h"
 #include "journal-qrcode.h"
 #include "fsprg.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "catalog.h"
 
 #define DEFAULT_FSS_INTERVAL_USEC (15*USEC_PER_MINUTE)
 
 static OutputMode arg_output = OUTPUT_SHORT;
+static bool arg_pager_end = false;
 static bool arg_follow = false;
-static bool arg_show_all = false;
+static bool arg_full = false;
+static bool arg_all = false;
 static bool arg_no_pager = false;
 static int arg_lines = -1;
 static bool arg_no_tail = false;
 static bool arg_quiet = false;
-static bool arg_local = false;
+static bool arg_merge = false;
 static bool arg_this_boot = false;
+static const char *arg_cursor = NULL;
 static const char *arg_directory = NULL;
 static int arg_priorities = 0xFF;
 static const char *arg_verify_key = NULL;
 #ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
 static usec_t arg_interval = DEFAULT_FSS_INTERVAL_USEC;
 #endif
+static usec_t arg_since, arg_until;
+static bool arg_since_set = false, arg_until_set = false;
+static const char *arg_unit = NULL;
+static bool arg_unit_system;
+static const char *arg_field = NULL;
+static bool arg_catalog = false;
+static bool arg_reverse = false;
 
 static enum {
         ACTION_SHOW,
         ACTION_NEW_ID128,
         ACTION_PRINT_HEADER,
         ACTION_SETUP_KEYS,
-        ACTION_VERIFY
+        ACTION_VERIFY,
+        ACTION_DISK_USAGE,
+        ACTION_LIST_CATALOG,
+        ACTION_UPDATE_CATALOG
 } arg_action = ACTION_SHOW;
 
 static int help(void) {
 
-        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [MATCH]\n\n"
-               "Send control commands to or query the journal.\n\n"
-               "  -h --help              Show this help\n"
-               "     --version           Show package version\n"
-               "     --no-pager          Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
-               "  -a --all               Show all fields, including long and unprintable\n"
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...] [MATCHES...]\n\n"
+               "Query the journal.\n\n"
+               "Flags:\n"
+               "     --since=DATE        Start showing entries newer or of the specified date\n"
+               "     --until=DATE        Stop showing entries older or of the specified date\n"
+               "  -c --cursor=CURSOR     Start showing entries from specified cursor\n"
+               "  -b --this-boot         Show data only from current boot\n"
+               "  -u --unit=UNIT         Show data only from the specified unit\n"
+               "     --user-unit=UNIT    Show data only from the specified user session unit\n"
+               "  -p --priority=RANGE    Show only messages within the specified priority range\n"
+               "  -e --pager-end         Immediately jump to end of the journal in the pager\n"
                "  -f --follow            Follow journal\n"
-               "  -n --lines=INTEGER     Journal entries to show\n"
+               "  -n --lines[=INTEGER]   Number of journal entries to show\n"
                "     --no-tail           Show all lines, even in follow mode\n"
+               "  -r --reverse           Show the newest entries first\n"
                "  -o --output=STRING     Change journal output mode (short, short-monotonic,\n"
-               "                         verbose, export, json, cat)\n"
+               "                         verbose, export, json, json-pretty, json-sse, cat)\n"
+               "  -x --catalog           Add message explanations where available\n"
+               "     --full              Do not ellipsize fields\n"
+               "  -a --all               Show all fields, including long and unprintable\n"
                "  -q --quiet             Don't show privilege warning\n"
-               "  -l --local             Only local entries\n"
-               "  -b --this-boot         Show data only from current boot\n"
+               "     --no-pager          Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
+               "  -m --merge             Show entries from all available journals\n"
                "  -D --directory=PATH    Show journal files from directory\n"
-               "  -p --priority=RANGE    Show only messages within the specified priority range\n\n"
-               "Commands:\n"
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+               "     --interval=TIME     Time interval for changing the FSS sealing key\n"
+               "     --verify-key=KEY    Specify FSS verification key\n"
+#endif
+               "\nCommands:\n"
+               "  -h --help              Show this help\n"
+               "     --version           Show package version\n"
                "     --new-id128         Generate a new 128 Bit ID\n"
                "     --header            Show journal header information\n"
+               "     --disk-usage        Show total disk usage\n"
+               "  -F --field=FIELD       List all values a certain field takes\n"
+               "     --list-catalog      Show message IDs of all entries in the message catalog\n"
+               "     --update-catalog    Update the message catalog database\n"
 #ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
                "     --setup-keys        Generate new FSS key pair\n"
-               "       --interval=TIME   Time interval for changing the FSS sealing key\n"
                "     --verify            Verify journal file consistency\n"
-               "       --verify-key=KEY  Specify FSS verification key\n"
 #endif
                , program_invocation_short_name);
 
@@ -115,32 +149,52 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 ARG_NO_TAIL,
                 ARG_NEW_ID128,
                 ARG_HEADER,
+                ARG_FULL,
                 ARG_SETUP_KEYS,
                 ARG_INTERVAL,
                 ARG_VERIFY,
-                ARG_VERIFY_KEY
+                ARG_VERIFY_KEY,
+                ARG_DISK_USAGE,
+                ARG_SINCE,
+                ARG_UNTIL,
+                ARG_USER_UNIT,
+                ARG_LIST_CATALOG,
+                ARG_UPDATE_CATALOG
         };
 
         static const struct option options[] = {
                 { "help",         no_argument,       NULL, 'h'              },
                 { "version" ,     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION      },
                 { "no-pager",     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_PAGER     },
+                { "pager-end",    no_argument,       NULL, 'e'              },
                 { "follow",       no_argument,       NULL, 'f'              },
                 { "output",       required_argument, NULL, 'o'              },
                 { "all",          no_argument,       NULL, 'a'              },
-                { "lines",        required_argument, NULL, 'n'              },
+                { "full",         no_argument,       NULL, ARG_FULL         },
+                { "lines",        optional_argument, NULL, 'n'              },
                 { "no-tail",      no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_TAIL      },
                 { "new-id128",    no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NEW_ID128    },
                 { "quiet",        no_argument,       NULL, 'q'              },
-                { "local",        no_argument,       NULL, 'l'              },
+                { "merge",        no_argument,       NULL, 'm'              },
                 { "this-boot",    no_argument,       NULL, 'b'              },
                 { "directory",    required_argument, NULL, 'D'              },
                 { "header",       no_argument,       NULL, ARG_HEADER       },
-                { "priority",     no_argument,       NULL, 'p'              },
+                { "priority",     required_argument, NULL, 'p'              },
                 { "setup-keys",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SETUP_KEYS   },
                 { "interval",     required_argument, NULL, ARG_INTERVAL     },
                 { "verify",       no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERIFY       },
                 { "verify-key",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_VERIFY_KEY   },
+                { "disk-usage",   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_DISK_USAGE   },
+                { "cursor",       required_argument, NULL, 'c'              },
+                { "since",        required_argument, NULL, ARG_SINCE        },
+                { "until",        required_argument, NULL, ARG_UNTIL        },
+                { "unit",         required_argument, NULL, 'u'              },
+                { "user-unit",    required_argument, NULL, ARG_USER_UNIT    },
+                { "field",        required_argument, NULL, 'F'              },
+                { "catalog",      no_argument,       NULL, 'x'              },
+                { "list-catalog", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_LIST_CATALOG },
+                { "update-catalog",no_argument,      NULL, ARG_UPDATE_CATALOG },
+                { "reverse",      no_argument,       NULL, 'r'              },
                 { NULL,           0,                 NULL, 0                }
         };
 
@@ -149,7 +203,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         assert(argc >= 0);
         assert(argv);
 
-        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hfo:an:qlbD:p:", options, NULL)) >= 0) {
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hefo:an::qmbD:p:c:u:F:xr", options, NULL)) >= 0) {
 
                 switch (c) {
 
@@ -159,7 +213,6 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                 case ARG_VERSION:
                         puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
-                        puts(DISTRIBUTION);
                         puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
                         return 0;
 
@@ -167,29 +220,69 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         arg_no_pager = true;
                         break;
 
+                case 'e':
+                        arg_pager_end = true;
+
+                        if (arg_lines < 0)
+                                arg_lines = 1000;
+
+                        break;
+
                 case 'f':
                         arg_follow = true;
                         break;
 
                 case 'o':
-                        arg_output =  output_mode_from_string(optarg);
+                        arg_output = output_mode_from_string(optarg);
                         if (arg_output < 0) {
-                                log_error("Unknown output '%s'.", optarg);
+                                log_error("Unknown output format '%s'.", optarg);
                                 return -EINVAL;
                         }
 
+                        if (arg_output == OUTPUT_EXPORT ||
+                            arg_output == OUTPUT_JSON ||
+                            arg_output == OUTPUT_JSON_PRETTY ||
+                            arg_output == OUTPUT_JSON_SSE ||
+                            arg_output == OUTPUT_CAT)
+                                arg_quiet = true;
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_FULL:
+                        arg_full = true;
                         break;
 
                 case 'a':
-                        arg_show_all = true;
+                        arg_all = true;
                         break;
 
                 case 'n':
-                        r = safe_atoi(optarg, &arg_lines);
-                        if (r < 0 || arg_lines < 0) {
-                                log_error("Failed to parse lines '%s'", optarg);
-                                return -EINVAL;
+                        if (optarg) {
+                                r = safe_atoi(optarg, &arg_lines);
+                                if (r < 0 || arg_lines < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to parse lines '%s'", optarg);
+                                        return -EINVAL;
+                                }
+                        } else {
+                                int n;
+
+                                /* Hmm, no argument? Maybe the next
+                                 * word on the command line is
+                                 * supposed to be the argument? Let's
+                                 * see if there is one, and is
+                                 * parsable as a positive
+                                 * integer... */
+
+                                if (optind < argc &&
+                                    safe_atoi(argv[optind], &n) >= 0 &&
+                                    n >= 0) {
+
+                                        arg_lines = n;
+                                        optind++;
+                                } else
+                                        arg_lines = 10;
                         }
+
                         break;
 
                 case ARG_NO_TAIL:
@@ -204,8 +297,8 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         arg_quiet = true;
                         break;
 
-                case 'l':
-                        arg_local = true;
+                case 'm':
+                        arg_merge = true;
                         break;
 
                 case 'b':
@@ -216,6 +309,10 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         arg_directory = optarg;
                         break;
 
+                case 'c':
+                        arg_cursor = optarg;
+                        break;
+
                 case ARG_HEADER:
                         arg_action = ACTION_PRINT_HEADER;
                         break;
@@ -224,6 +321,10 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         arg_action = ACTION_VERIFY;
                         break;
 
+                case ARG_DISK_USAGE:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_DISK_USAGE;
+                        break;
+
 #ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
                 case ARG_SETUP_KEYS:
                         arg_action = ACTION_SETUP_KEYS;
@@ -233,6 +334,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 case ARG_VERIFY_KEY:
                         arg_action = ACTION_VERIFY;
                         arg_verify_key = optarg;
+                        arg_merge = false;
                         break;
 
                 case ARG_INTERVAL:
@@ -300,9 +402,57 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         break;
                 }
 
+                case ARG_SINCE:
+                        r = parse_timestamp(optarg, &arg_since);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse timestamp: %s", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                        arg_since_set = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_UNTIL:
+                        r = parse_timestamp(optarg, &arg_until);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse timestamp: %s", optarg);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+                        arg_until_set = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'u':
+                        arg_unit = optarg;
+                        arg_unit_system = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_USER_UNIT:
+                        arg_unit = optarg;
+                        arg_unit_system = false;
+                        break;
+
                 case '?':
                         return -EINVAL;
 
+                case 'F':
+                        arg_field = optarg;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'x':
+                        arg_catalog = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LIST_CATALOG:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_LIST_CATALOG;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_UPDATE_CATALOG:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_UPDATE_CATALOG;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'r':
+                        arg_reverse = true;
+                        break;
+
                 default:
                         log_error("Unknown option code %c", c);
                         return -EINVAL;
@@ -312,22 +462,22 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (arg_follow && !arg_no_tail && arg_lines < 0)
                 arg_lines = 10;
 
-        return 1;
-}
-
-static bool on_tty(void) {
-        static int t = -1;
+        if (arg_since_set && arg_until_set && arg_since > arg_until) {
+                log_error("--since= must be before --until=.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
 
-        /* Note that this is invoked relatively early, before we start
-         * the pager. That means the value we return reflects whether
-         * we originally were started on a tty, not if we currently
-         * are. But this is intended, since we want colour and so on
-         * when run in our own pager. */
+        if (arg_cursor && arg_since_set) {
+                log_error("Please specify either --since= or --cursor=, not both.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
 
-        if (_unlikely_(t < 0))
-                t = isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) > 0;
+        if (arg_follow && arg_reverse) {
+                log_error("Please specify either --reverse= or --follow=, not both.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
 
-        return t;
+        return 1;
 }
 
 static int generate_new_id128(void) {
@@ -346,14 +496,17 @@ static int generate_new_id128(void) {
                "As UUID:\n"
                "%02x%02x%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x\n\n"
                "As macro:\n"
-              "#define MESSAGE_XYZ SD_ID128_MAKE(",
+               "#define MESSAGE_XYZ SD_ID128_MAKE(",
                SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(id),
                SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(id));
-
         for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
                 printf("%02x%s", id.bytes[i], i != 15 ? "," : "");
+        fputs(")\n\n", stdout);
 
-        fputs(")\n", stdout);
+        printf("As Python constant:\n"
+               ">>> import uuid\n"
+               ">>> MESSAGE_XYZ = uuid.UUID('" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR "')\n",
+               SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(id));
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -439,6 +592,29 @@ static int add_this_boot(sd_journal *j) {
         return 0;
 }
 
+static int add_unit(sd_journal *j) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *m = NULL, *u = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (isempty(arg_unit))
+                return 0;
+
+        u = unit_name_mangle(arg_unit);
+        if (!u)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (arg_unit_system)
+                r = add_matches_for_unit(j, u);
+        else
+                r = add_matches_for_user_unit(j, u, getuid());
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 static int add_priorities(sd_journal *j) {
         char match[] = "PRIORITY=0";
         int i, r;
@@ -452,8 +628,6 @@ static int add_priorities(sd_journal *j) {
                 if (arg_priorities & (1 << i)) {
                         match[sizeof(match)-2] = '0' + i;
 
-                        log_info("adding match %s", match);
-
                         r = sd_journal_add_match(j, match, strlen(match));
                         if (r < 0) {
                                 log_error("Failed to add match: %s", strerror(-r));
@@ -586,11 +760,12 @@ static int setup_keys(void) {
                 goto finish;
         }
 
-        if (isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)) {
+        if (on_tty()) {
                 fprintf(stderr,
                         "\n"
                         "The new key pair has been generated. The " ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_ON "secret sealing key" ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF " has been written to\n"
-                        "the following local file. It should not be used on multiple hosts.\n"
+                        "the following local file. This key file is automatically updated when the\n"
+                        "sealing key is advanced. It should not be used on multiple hosts.\n"
                         "\n"
                         "\t%s\n"
                         "\n"
@@ -607,7 +782,7 @@ static int setup_keys(void) {
 
         printf("/%llx-%llx\n", (unsigned long long) n, (unsigned long long) arg_interval);
 
-        if (isatty(STDOUT_FILENO)) {
+        if (on_tty()) {
                 char tsb[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], *hn;
 
                 fprintf(stderr,
@@ -619,14 +794,16 @@ static int setup_keys(void) {
 
                 if (hn) {
                         hostname_cleanup(hn);
-                        fprintf(stderr, "The keys have been generated for host %s (" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR ").\n", hn, SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(machine));
+                        fprintf(stderr, "\nThe keys have been generated for host %s/" SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR ".\n", hn, SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(machine));
                 } else
-                        fprintf(stderr, "The keys have been generated for host " SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR ".\n", SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(machine));
+                        fprintf(stderr, "\nThe keys have been generated for host " SD_ID128_FORMAT_STR ".\n", SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(machine));
 
 #ifdef HAVE_QRENCODE
-                fputc('\n', stderr);
-                print_qr_code(stderr, seed, seed_size, n, arg_interval, hn, machine);
-                fprintf(stderr, "\nScan this QR code with your mobile phone to transfer the verification key to it.\n");
+                /* If this is not an UTF-8 system don't print any QR codes */
+                if (is_locale_utf8()) {
+                        fputs("\nTo transfer the verification key to your phone please scan the QR code below:\n\n", stderr);
+                        print_qr_code(stderr, seed, seed_size, n, arg_interval, hn, machine);
+                }
 #endif
                 free(hn);
         }
@@ -658,16 +835,18 @@ static int verify(sd_journal *j) {
 
         assert(j);
 
+        log_show_color(true);
+
         HASHMAP_FOREACH(f, j->files, i) {
                 int k;
-                usec_t from, to, total;
+                usec_t first, validated, last;
 
 #ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
                 if (!arg_verify_key && JOURNAL_HEADER_SEALED(f->header))
-                        log_warning("Journal file %s has sealing enabled but verification key has not been passed using --verify-key=.", f->path);
+                        log_notice("Journal file %s has sealing enabled but verification key has not been passed using --verify-key=.", f->path);
 #endif
 
-                k = journal_file_verify(f, arg_verify_key, &from, &to, &total, true);
+                k = journal_file_verify(f, arg_verify_key, &first, &validated, &last, true);
                 if (k == -EINVAL) {
                         /* If the key was invalid give up right-away. */
                         return k;
@@ -678,26 +857,53 @@ static int verify(sd_journal *j) {
                         char a[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], b[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], c[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
                         log_info("PASS: %s", f->path);
 
-                        if (arg_verify_key && JOURNAL_HEADER_SEALED(f->header))
-                                log_info("=> Validated from %s to %s, %s missing",
-                                         format_timestamp(a, sizeof(a), from),
-                                         format_timestamp(b, sizeof(b), to),
-                                         format_timespan(c, sizeof(c), total > to ? total - to : 0));
+                        if (arg_verify_key && JOURNAL_HEADER_SEALED(f->header)) {
+                                if (validated > 0) {
+                                        log_info("=> Validated from %s to %s, final %s entries not sealed.",
+                                                 format_timestamp(a, sizeof(a), first),
+                                                 format_timestamp(b, sizeof(b), validated),
+                                                 format_timespan(c, sizeof(c), last > validated ? last - validated : 0));
+                                } else if (last > 0)
+                                        log_info("=> No sealing yet, %s of entries not sealed.",
+                                                 format_timespan(c, sizeof(c), last - first));
+                                else
+                                        log_info("=> No sealing yet, no entries in file.");
+                        }
                 }
         }
 
         return r;
 }
 
+static int access_check(void) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+        if (access("/var/log/journal", F_OK) < 0 && geteuid() != 0 && in_group("systemd-journal") <= 0) {
+                log_error("Unprivileged users can't see messages unless persistent log storage is enabled. Users in the group 'systemd-journal' can always see messages.");
+                return -EACCES;
+        }
+
+        if (!arg_quiet && geteuid() != 0 && in_group("systemd-journal") <= 0)
+                log_warning("Showing user generated messages only. Users in the group 'systemd-journal' can see all messages. Pass -q to turn this notice off.");
+#else
+        if (geteuid() != 0 && in_group("systemd-journal") <= 0) {
+                log_error("No access to messages. Only users in the group 'systemd-journal' can see messages.");
+                return -EACCES;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         int r;
         sd_journal *j = NULL;
-        unsigned line = 0;
         bool need_seek = false;
         sd_id128_t previous_boot_id;
-        bool previous_boot_id_valid = false;
-        bool have_pager;
+        bool previous_boot_id_valid = false, first_line = true;
+        int n_shown = 0;
 
+        setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
         log_parse_environment();
         log_open();
 
@@ -705,6 +911,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (r <= 0)
                 goto finish;
 
+        signal(SIGWINCH, columns_lines_cache_reset);
+
         if (arg_action == ACTION_NEW_ID128) {
                 r = generate_new_id128();
                 goto finish;
@@ -715,11 +923,26 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 goto finish;
         }
 
+        if (arg_action == ACTION_LIST_CATALOG)  {
+                r = catalog_list(stdout);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error("Failed to list catalog: %s", strerror(-r));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_action == ACTION_UPDATE_CATALOG)  {
+                r = catalog_update();
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = access_check();
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
         if (arg_directory)
                 r = sd_journal_open_directory(&j, arg_directory, 0);
         else
-                r = sd_journal_open(&j, arg_local ? SD_JOURNAL_LOCAL_ONLY : 0);
-
+                r = sd_journal_open(&j, arg_merge ? 0 : SD_JOURNAL_LOCAL_ONLY);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error("Failed to open journal: %s", strerror(-r));
                 goto finish;
@@ -736,15 +959,27 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 goto finish;
         }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_ACL
-        if (!arg_quiet && geteuid() != 0 && in_group("adm") <= 0)
-                log_warning("Showing user generated messages only. Users in the group 'adm' can see all messages. Pass -q to turn this message off.");
-#endif
+        if (arg_action == ACTION_DISK_USAGE) {
+                uint64_t bytes;
+                char sbytes[FORMAT_BYTES_MAX];
+
+                r = sd_journal_get_usage(j, &bytes);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                printf("Journals take up %s on disk.\n", format_bytes(sbytes, sizeof(sbytes), bytes));
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
 
         r = add_this_boot(j);
         if (r < 0)
                 goto finish;
 
+        r = add_unit(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
         r = add_matches(j, argv + optind);
         if (r < 0)
                 goto finish;
@@ -753,27 +988,68 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         if (r < 0)
                 goto finish;
 
-        if (!arg_quiet) {
-                usec_t start, end;
-                char start_buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], end_buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+        /* Opening the fd now means the first sd_journal_wait() will actually wait */
+        r = sd_journal_get_fd(j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
 
-                r = sd_journal_get_cutoff_realtime_usec(j, &start, &end);
+        if (arg_field) {
+                const void *data;
+                size_t size;
+
+                r = sd_journal_query_unique(j, arg_field);
                 if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Failed to get cutoff: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        log_error("Failed to query unique data objects: %s", strerror(-r));
                         goto finish;
                 }
 
-                if (r > 0) {
-                        if (arg_follow)
-                                printf("Logs begin at %s.\n", format_timestamp(start_buf, sizeof(start_buf), start));
+                SD_JOURNAL_FOREACH_UNIQUE(j, data, size) {
+                        const void *eq;
+
+                        if (arg_lines >= 0 && n_shown >= arg_lines)
+                                break;
+
+                        eq = memchr(data, '=', size);
+                        if (eq)
+                                printf("%.*s\n", (int) (size - ((const uint8_t*) eq - (const uint8_t*) data + 1)), (const char*) eq + 1);
                         else
-                                printf("Logs begin at %s, end at %s.\n",
-                                       format_timestamp(start_buf, sizeof(start_buf), start),
-                                       format_timestamp(end_buf, sizeof(end_buf), end));
+                                printf("%.*s\n", (int) size, (const char*) data);
+
+                        n_shown ++;
                 }
+
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
         }
 
-        if (arg_lines >= 0) {
+        if (arg_cursor) {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_cursor(j, arg_cursor);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to seek to cursor: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+                if (!arg_reverse)
+                        r = sd_journal_next(j);
+                else
+                        r = sd_journal_previous(j);
+
+        } else if (arg_since_set && !arg_reverse) {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_realtime_usec(j, arg_since);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to seek to date: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+                r = sd_journal_next(j);
+
+        } else if (arg_until_set && arg_reverse) {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_realtime_usec(j, arg_until);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to seek to date: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+                r = sd_journal_previous(j);
+
+        } else if (arg_lines >= 0) {
                 r = sd_journal_seek_tail(j);
                 if (r < 0) {
                         log_error("Failed to seek to tail: %s", strerror(-r));
@@ -781,6 +1057,16 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 }
 
                 r = sd_journal_previous_skip(j, arg_lines);
+
+        } else if (arg_reverse) {
+                r = sd_journal_seek_tail(j);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to seek to tail: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = sd_journal_previous(j);
+
         } else {
                 r = sd_journal_seek_head(j);
                 if (r < 0) {
@@ -796,24 +1082,39 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 goto finish;
         }
 
-        on_tty();
-        have_pager = !arg_no_pager && !arg_follow && pager_open();
+        if (!arg_no_pager && !arg_follow)
+                pager_open(arg_pager_end);
+
+        if (!arg_quiet) {
+                usec_t start, end;
+                char start_buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX], end_buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+                r = sd_journal_get_cutoff_realtime_usec(j, &start, &end);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to get cutoff: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
 
-        if (arg_output == OUTPUT_JSON) {
-                fputc('[', stdout);
-                fflush(stdout);
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        if (arg_follow)
+                                printf("-- Logs begin at %s. --\n",
+                                       format_timestamp(start_buf, sizeof(start_buf), start));
+                        else
+                                printf("-- Logs begin at %s, end at %s. --\n",
+                                       format_timestamp(start_buf, sizeof(start_buf), start),
+                                       format_timestamp(end_buf, sizeof(end_buf), end));
+                }
         }
 
         for (;;) {
-                for (;;) {
-                        sd_id128_t boot_id;
-                        int flags =
-                                arg_show_all * OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL |
-                                have_pager * OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH |
-                                on_tty() * OUTPUT_COLOR;
+                while (arg_lines < 0 || n_shown < arg_lines || (arg_follow && !first_line)) {
+                        int flags;
 
                         if (need_seek) {
-                                r = sd_journal_next(j);
+                                if (!arg_reverse)
+                                        r = sd_journal_next(j);
+                                else
+                                        r = sd_journal_previous(j);
                                 if (r < 0) {
                                         log_error("Failed to iterate through journal: %s", strerror(-r));
                                         goto finish;
@@ -823,23 +1124,56 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                         if (r == 0)
                                 break;
 
-                        r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, NULL, &boot_id);
-                        if (r >= 0) {
-                                if (previous_boot_id_valid &&
-                                    !sd_id128_equal(boot_id, previous_boot_id))
-                                        printf(ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_ON "----- Reboot -----" ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF "\n");
+                        if (arg_until_set && !arg_reverse) {
+                                usec_t usec;
 
-                                previous_boot_id = boot_id;
-                                previous_boot_id_valid = true;
+                                r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &usec);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to determine timestamp: %s", strerror(-r));
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+                                if (usec > arg_until)
+                                        goto finish;
                         }
 
-                        line ++;
+                        if (arg_since_set && arg_reverse) {
+                                usec_t usec;
 
-                        r = output_journal(j, arg_output, line, 0, flags);
-                        if (r < 0)
+                                r = sd_journal_get_realtime_usec(j, &usec);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to determine timestamp: %s", strerror(-r));
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+                                if (usec < arg_since)
+                                        goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!arg_merge) {
+                                sd_id128_t boot_id;
+
+                                r = sd_journal_get_monotonic_usec(j, NULL, &boot_id);
+                                if (r >= 0) {
+                                        if (previous_boot_id_valid &&
+                                            !sd_id128_equal(boot_id, previous_boot_id))
+                                                printf(ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_ON "-- Reboot --" ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF "\n");
+
+                                        previous_boot_id = boot_id;
+                                        previous_boot_id_valid = true;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        flags =
+                                arg_all * OUTPUT_SHOW_ALL |
+                                (arg_full || !on_tty() || pager_have()) * OUTPUT_FULL_WIDTH |
+                                on_tty() * OUTPUT_COLOR |
+                                arg_catalog * OUTPUT_CATALOG;
+
+                        r = output_journal(stdout, j, arg_output, 0, flags);
+                        if (r < 0 || ferror(stdout))
                                 goto finish;
 
                         need_seek = true;
+                        n_shown++;
                 }
 
                 if (!arg_follow)
@@ -847,13 +1181,12 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
                 r = sd_journal_wait(j, (uint64_t) -1);
                 if (r < 0) {
-                        log_error("Couldn't wait for log event: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        log_error("Couldn't wait for journal event: %s", strerror(-r));
                         goto finish;
                 }
-        }
 
-        if (arg_output == OUTPUT_JSON)
-                fputs("\n]\n", stdout);
+                first_line = false;
+        }
 
 finish:
         if (j)