chiark / gitweb /
core: output unit status output strings to console, only if we actually are changing...
[elogind.git] / src / core / transaction.c
index 8fa89a7be3981d7831ed638ec3647a5000a308eb..b0b3d6bd60e4d4b5c87204e1e0191041a36d1cf1 100644 (file)
@@ -1,5 +1,31 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include "bus-common-errors.h"
+#include "bus-util.h"
+#include "bus-error.h"
 #include "transaction.h"
-#include "bus-errors.h"
 
 static void transaction_unlink_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, bool delete_dependencies);
 
@@ -11,8 +37,7 @@ static void transaction_delete_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, bool delete_dependen
 
         transaction_unlink_job(tr, j, delete_dependencies);
 
-        if (!j->installed)
-                job_free(j);
+        job_free(j);
 }
 
 static void transaction_delete_unit(Transaction *tr, Unit *u) {
@@ -31,29 +56,23 @@ void transaction_abort(Transaction *tr) {
         assert(tr);
 
         while ((j = hashmap_first(tr->jobs)))
-                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, false);
 
         assert(hashmap_isempty(tr->jobs));
-
-        assert(!tr->anchor);
 }
 
-static void transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(Transaction *tr, Job *j, unsigned generation) {
+static void transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(Job *j, unsigned generation) {
         JobDependency *l;
 
-        assert(tr);
-
         /* A recursive sweep through the graph that marks all units
          * that matter to the anchor job, i.e. are directly or
          * indirectly a dependency of the anchor job via paths that
          * are fully marked as mattering. */
 
-        if (j)
-                l = j->subject_list;
-        else
-                l = tr->anchor;
+        j->matters_to_anchor = true;
+        j->generation = generation;
 
-        LIST_FOREACH(subject, l, l) {
+        LIST_FOREACH(subject, l, j->subject_list) {
 
                 /* This link does not matter */
                 if (!l->matters)
@@ -63,10 +82,7 @@ static void transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(Transaction *tr, Job *j,
                 if (l->object->generation == generation)
                         continue;
 
-                l->object->matters_to_anchor = true;
-                l->object->generation = generation;
-
-                transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(tr, l->object, generation);
+                transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(l->object, generation);
         }
 }
 
@@ -83,6 +99,7 @@ static void transaction_merge_and_delete_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *other
         j->type = t;
         j->state = JOB_WAITING;
         j->override = j->override || other->override;
+        j->irreversible = j->irreversible || other->irreversible;
 
         j->matters_to_anchor = j->matters_to_anchor || other->matters_to_anchor;
 
@@ -124,7 +141,7 @@ static void transaction_merge_and_delete_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *other
         transaction_delete_job(tr, other, true);
 }
 
-static bool job_is_conflicted_by(Job *j) {
+_pure_ static bool job_is_conflicted_by(Job *j) {
         JobDependency *l;
 
         assert(j);
@@ -172,8 +189,14 @@ static int delete_one_unmergeable_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j) {
                                  * another unit in which case we
                                  * rather remove the start. */
 
-                                log_debug("Looking at job %s/%s conflicted_by=%s", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), yes_no(j->type == JOB_STOP && job_is_conflicted_by(j)));
-                                log_debug("Looking at job %s/%s conflicted_by=%s", k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type), yes_no(k->type == JOB_STOP && job_is_conflicted_by(k)));
+                                log_unit_debug(j->unit->id,
+                                               "Looking at job %s/%s conflicted_by=%s",
+                                               j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                                               yes_no(j->type == JOB_STOP && job_is_conflicted_by(j)));
+                                log_unit_debug(k->unit->id,
+                                               "Looking at job %s/%s conflicted_by=%s",
+                                               k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type),
+                                               yes_no(k->type == JOB_STOP && job_is_conflicted_by(k)));
 
                                 if (j->type == JOB_STOP) {
 
@@ -199,7 +222,11 @@ static int delete_one_unmergeable_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j) {
                                 return -ENOEXEC;
 
                         /* Ok, we can drop one, so let's do so. */
-                        log_debug("Fixing conflicting jobs by deleting job %s/%s", d->unit->id, job_type_to_string(d->type));
+                        log_unit_debug(d->unit->id,
+                                       "Fixing conflicting jobs %s/%s,%s/%s by deleting job %s/%s",
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                                       k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type),
+                                       d->unit->id, job_type_to_string(d->type));
                         transaction_delete_job(tr, d, true);
                         return 0;
                 }
@@ -207,7 +234,7 @@ static int delete_one_unmergeable_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j) {
         return -EINVAL;
 }
 
-static int transaction_merge_jobs(Transaction *tr, DBusError *e) {
+static int transaction_merge_jobs(Transaction *tr, sd_bus_error *e) {
         Job *j;
         Iterator i;
         int r;
@@ -222,7 +249,7 @@ static int transaction_merge_jobs(Transaction *tr, DBusError *e) {
 
                 t = j->type;
                 LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j->transaction_next) {
-                        if (job_type_merge(&t, k->type) >= 0)
+                        if (job_type_merge_and_collapse(&t, k->type, j->unit) >= 0)
                                 continue;
 
                         /* OK, we could not merge all jobs for this
@@ -237,9 +264,12 @@ static int transaction_merge_jobs(Transaction *tr, DBusError *e) {
                                 return -EAGAIN;
 
                         /* We couldn't merge anything. Failure */
-                        dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_JOBS_CONFLICTING, "Transaction contains conflicting jobs '%s' and '%s' for %s. Probably contradicting requirement dependencies configured.",
-                                       job_type_to_string(t), job_type_to_string(k->type), k->unit->id);
-                        return r;
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_JOBS_CONFLICTING,
+                                                 "Transaction contains conflicting jobs '%s' and '%s' for %s. "
+                                                 "Probably contradicting requirement dependencies configured.",
+                                                 job_type_to_string(t),
+                                                 job_type_to_string(k->type),
+                                                 k->unit->id);
                 }
         }
 
@@ -248,25 +278,18 @@ static int transaction_merge_jobs(Transaction *tr, DBusError *e) {
                 JobType t = j->type;
                 Job *k;
 
-                /* Merge all transactions */
+                /* Merge all transaction jobs for j->unit */
                 LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j->transaction_next)
-                        assert_se(job_type_merge(&t, k->type) == 0);
-
-                /* If an active job is mergeable, merge it too */
-                if (j->unit->job)
-                        job_type_merge(&t, j->unit->job->type); /* Might fail. Which is OK */
+                        assert_se(job_type_merge_and_collapse(&t, k->type, j->unit) == 0);
 
                 while ((k = j->transaction_next)) {
-                        if (j->installed) {
+                        if (tr->anchor_job == k) {
                                 transaction_merge_and_delete_job(tr, k, j, t);
                                 j = k;
                         } else
                                 transaction_merge_and_delete_job(tr, j, k, t);
                 }
 
-                if (j->unit->job && !j->installed)
-                        transaction_merge_and_delete_job(tr, j, j->unit->job, t);
-
                 assert(!j->transaction_next);
                 assert(!j->transaction_prev);
         }
@@ -275,47 +298,35 @@ static int transaction_merge_jobs(Transaction *tr, DBusError *e) {
 }
 
 static void transaction_drop_redundant(Transaction *tr) {
-        bool again;
-
-        assert(tr);
-
-        /* Goes through the transaction and removes all jobs that are
-         * a noop */
-
-        do {
-                Job *j;
-                Iterator i;
-
-                again = false;
-
-                HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
-                        bool changes_something = false;
-                        Job *k;
+        Job *j;
+        Iterator i;
 
-                        LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j) {
+        /* Goes through the transaction and removes all jobs of the units
+         * whose jobs are all noops. If not all of a unit's jobs are
+         * redundant, they are kept. */
 
-                                if (!job_is_anchor(k) &&
-                                    (k->installed || job_type_is_redundant(k->type, unit_active_state(k->unit))) &&
-                                    (!k->unit->job || !job_type_is_conflicting(k->type, k->unit->job->type)))
-                                        continue;
+        assert(tr);
 
-                                changes_something = true;
-                                break;
-                        }
+rescan:
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                Job *k;
 
-                        if (changes_something)
-                                continue;
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j) {
 
-                        /* log_debug("Found redundant job %s/%s, dropping.", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type)); */
-                        transaction_delete_job(tr, j, false);
-                        again = true;
-                        break;
+                        if (tr->anchor_job == k ||
+                            !job_type_is_redundant(k->type, unit_active_state(k->unit)) ||
+                            (k->unit->job && job_type_is_conflicting(k->type, k->unit->job->type)))
+                                goto next_unit;
                 }
 
-        } while (again);
+                /* log_debug("Found redundant job %s/%s, dropping.", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type)); */
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, false);
+                goto rescan;
+        next_unit:;
+        }
 }
 
-static bool unit_matters_to_anchor(Unit *u, Job *j) {
+_pure_ static bool unit_matters_to_anchor(Unit *u, Job *j) {
         assert(u);
         assert(!j->transaction_prev);
 
@@ -329,7 +340,7 @@ static bool unit_matters_to_anchor(Unit *u, Job *j) {
         return false;
 }
 
-static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsigned generation, DBusError *e) {
+static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsigned generation, sd_bus_error *e) {
         Iterator i;
         Unit *u;
         int r;
@@ -339,7 +350,7 @@ static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsi
         assert(!j->transaction_prev);
 
         /* Does a recursive sweep through the ordering graph, looking
-         * for a cycle. If we find cycle we try to break it. */
+         * for a cycle. If we find cycle we try to break it. */
 
         /* Have we seen this before? */
         if (j->generation == generation) {
@@ -357,15 +368,19 @@ static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsi
                  * job to remove. We use the marker to find our way
                  * back, since smart how we are we stored our way back
                  * in there. */
-                log_warning("Found ordering cycle on %s/%s", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                log_unit_warning(j->unit->id,
+                                 "Found ordering cycle on %s/%s",
+                                 j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
 
                 delete = NULL;
                 for (k = from; k; k = ((k->generation == generation && k->marker != k) ? k->marker : NULL)) {
 
-                        log_info("Walked on cycle path to %s/%s", k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type));
+                        /* logging for j not k here here to provide consistent narrative */
+                        log_unit_warning(j->unit->id,
+                                         "Found dependency on %s/%s",
+                                         k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type));
 
-                        if (!delete &&
-                            !k->installed &&
+                        if (!delete && hashmap_get(tr->jobs, k->unit) &&
                             !unit_matters_to_anchor(k->unit, k)) {
                                 /* Ok, we can drop this one, so let's
                                  * do so. */
@@ -380,15 +395,24 @@ static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsi
 
 
                 if (delete) {
-                        log_warning("Breaking ordering cycle by deleting job %s/%s", delete->unit->id, job_type_to_string(delete->type));
+                        /* logging for j not k here here to provide consistent narrative */
+                        log_unit_warning(j->unit->id,
+                                         "Breaking ordering cycle by deleting job %s/%s",
+                                         delete->unit->id, job_type_to_string(delete->type));
+                        log_unit_error(delete->unit->id,
+                                       "Job %s/%s deleted to break ordering cycle starting with %s/%s",
+                                       delete->unit->id, job_type_to_string(delete->type),
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                        unit_status_printf(delete->unit, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED_ON " SKIP " ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF,
+                                           "Ordering cycle found, skipping %s");
                         transaction_delete_unit(tr, delete->unit);
                         return -EAGAIN;
                 }
 
                 log_error("Unable to break cycle");
 
-                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_ORDER_IS_CYCLIC, "Transaction order is cyclic. See system logs for details.");
-                return -ENOEXEC;
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_ORDER_IS_CYCLIC,
+                                         "Transaction order is cyclic. See system logs for details.");
         }
 
         /* Make the marker point to where we come from, so that we can
@@ -398,7 +422,7 @@ static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsi
         j->marker = from ? from : j;
         j->generation = generation;
 
-        /* We assume that the the dependencies are bidirectional, and
+        /* We assume that the dependencies are bidirectional, and
          * hence can ignore UNIT_AFTER */
         SET_FOREACH(u, j->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
                 Job *o;
@@ -426,7 +450,7 @@ static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsi
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int transaction_verify_order(Transaction *tr, unsigned *generation, DBusError *e) {
+static int transaction_verify_order(Transaction *tr, unsigned *generation, sd_bus_error *e) {
         Job *j;
         int r;
         Iterator i;
@@ -448,37 +472,30 @@ static int transaction_verify_order(Transaction *tr, unsigned *generation, DBusE
 }
 
 static void transaction_collect_garbage(Transaction *tr) {
-        bool again;
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
 
         assert(tr);
 
         /* Drop jobs that are not required by any other job */
 
-        do {
-                Iterator i;
-                Job *j;
-
-                again = false;
-
-                HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
-                        if (j->object_list) {
-                                /* log_debug("Keeping job %s/%s because of %s/%s", */
-                                /*           j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), */
-                                /*           j->object_list->subject ? j->object_list->subject->unit->id : "root", */
-                                /*           j->object_list->subject ? job_type_to_string(j->object_list->subject->type) : "root"); */
-                                continue;
-                        }
-
-                        /* log_debug("Garbage collecting job %s/%s", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type)); */
-                        transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
-                        again = true;
-                        break;
+rescan:
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                if (tr->anchor_job == j || j->object_list) {
+                        /* log_debug("Keeping job %s/%s because of %s/%s", */
+                        /*           j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), */
+                        /*           j->object_list->subject ? j->object_list->subject->unit->id : "root", */
+                        /*           j->object_list->subject ? job_type_to_string(j->object_list->subject->type) : "root"); */
+                        continue;
                 }
 
-        } while (again);
+                /* log_debug("Garbage collecting job %s/%s", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type)); */
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
+                goto rescan;
+        }
 }
 
-static int transaction_is_destructive(Transaction *tr, DBusError *e) {
+static int transaction_is_destructive(Transaction *tr, JobMode mode, sd_bus_error *e) {
         Iterator i;
         Job *j;
 
@@ -493,72 +510,66 @@ static int transaction_is_destructive(Transaction *tr, DBusError *e) {
                 assert(!j->transaction_prev);
                 assert(!j->transaction_next);
 
-                if (j->unit->job &&
-                    j->unit->job != j &&
-                    !job_type_is_superset(j->type, j->unit->job->type)) {
-
-                        dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_IS_DESTRUCTIVE, "Transaction is destructive.");
-                        return -EEXIST;
-                }
+                if (j->unit->job && (mode == JOB_FAIL || j->unit->job->irreversible) &&
+                    job_type_is_conflicting(j->unit->job->type, j->type))
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_IS_DESTRUCTIVE,
+                                                 "Transaction is destructive.");
         }
 
         return 0;
 }
 
 static void transaction_minimize_impact(Transaction *tr) {
-        bool again;
+        Job *j;
+        Iterator i;
+
         assert(tr);
 
         /* Drops all unnecessary jobs that reverse already active jobs
          * or that stop a running service. */
 
-        do {
-                Job *j;
-                Iterator i;
-
-                again = false;
-
-                HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
-                        LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, j) {
-                                bool stops_running_service, changes_existing_job;
+rescan:
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, j) {
+                        bool stops_running_service, changes_existing_job;
 
-                                /* If it matters, we shouldn't drop it */
-                                if (j->matters_to_anchor)
-                                        continue;
+                        /* If it matters, we shouldn't drop it */
+                        if (j->matters_to_anchor)
+                                continue;
 
-                                /* Would this stop a running service?
-                                 * Would this change an existing job?
-                                 * If so, let's drop this entry */
+                        /* Would this stop a running service?
+                         * Would this change an existing job?
+                         * If so, let's drop this entry */
 
-                                stops_running_service =
-                                        j->type == JOB_STOP && UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(j->unit));
+                        stops_running_service =
+                                j->type == JOB_STOP && UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(j->unit));
 
-                                changes_existing_job =
-                                        j->unit->job &&
-                                        job_type_is_conflicting(j->type, j->unit->job->type);
+                        changes_existing_job =
+                                j->unit->job &&
+                                job_type_is_conflicting(j->type, j->unit->job->type);
 
-                                if (!stops_running_service && !changes_existing_job)
-                                        continue;
+                        if (!stops_running_service && !changes_existing_job)
+                                continue;
 
-                                if (stops_running_service)
-                                        log_debug("%s/%s would stop a running service.", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                        if (stops_running_service)
+                                log_unit_debug(j->unit->id,
+                                               "%s/%s would stop a running service.",
+                                               j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
 
-                                if (changes_existing_job)
-                                        log_debug("%s/%s would change existing job.", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                        if (changes_existing_job)
+                                log_unit_debug(j->unit->id,
+                                               "%s/%s would change existing job.",
+                                               j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
 
-                                /* Ok, let's get rid of this */
-                                log_debug("Deleting %s/%s to minimize impact.", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                        /* Ok, let's get rid of this */
+                        log_unit_debug(j->unit->id,
+                                       "Deleting %s/%s to minimize impact.",
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
 
-                                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
-                                again = true;
-                                break;
-                        }
-
-                        if (again)
-                                break;
+                        transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
+                        goto rescan;
                 }
-
-        } while (again);
+        }
 }
 
 static int transaction_apply(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode) {
@@ -568,22 +579,20 @@ static int transaction_apply(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode) {
 
         /* Moves the transaction jobs to the set of active jobs */
 
-        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE) {
+        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE || mode == JOB_FLUSH) {
 
                 /* When isolating first kill all installed jobs which
                  * aren't part of the new transaction */
-        rescan:
                 HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i) {
                         assert(j->installed);
 
                         if (hashmap_get(tr->jobs, j->unit))
                                 continue;
 
-                        /* 'j' itself is safe to remove, but if other jobs
-                           are invalidated recursively, our iterator may become
-                           invalid and we need to start over. */
-                        if (job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_CANCELED) > 0)
-                                goto rescan;
+                        /* Not invalidating recursively. Avoids triggering
+                         * OnFailure= actions of dependent jobs. Also avoids
+                         * invalidating our iterator. */
+                        job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_CANCELED, false);
                 }
         }
 
@@ -592,64 +601,46 @@ static int transaction_apply(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode) {
                 assert(!j->transaction_prev);
                 assert(!j->transaction_next);
 
-                if (j->installed)
-                        continue;
-
                 r = hashmap_put(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id), j);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto rollback;
         }
 
         while ((j = hashmap_steal_first(tr->jobs))) {
-                Job *uj;
-                if (j->installed) {
-                        /* log_debug("Skipping already installed job %s/%s as %u", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), (unsigned) j->id); */
-                        continue;
-                }
-
-                uj = j->unit->job;
-                if (uj) {
-                        job_uninstall(uj);
-                        job_free(uj);
-                }
-
-                j->unit->job = j;
-                j->installed = true;
-                m->n_installed_jobs ++;
-
-                /* We're fully installed. Now let's free data we don't
-                 * need anymore. */
-
-                assert(!j->transaction_next);
-                assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+                Job *installed_job;
 
                 /* Clean the job dependencies */
                 transaction_unlink_job(tr, j, false);
 
+                installed_job = job_install(j);
+                if (installed_job != j) {
+                        /* j has been merged into a previously installed job */
+                        if (tr->anchor_job == j)
+                                tr->anchor_job = installed_job;
+                        hashmap_remove(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
+                        job_free(j);
+                        j = installed_job;
+                }
+
                 job_add_to_run_queue(j);
                 job_add_to_dbus_queue(j);
                 job_start_timer(j);
-
-                log_debug("Installed new job %s/%s as %u", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), (unsigned) j->id);
+                job_shutdown_magic(j);
         }
 
-        assert(!tr->anchor);
-
         return 0;
 
 rollback:
 
-        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
-                if (j->installed)
-                        continue;
-
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i)
                 hashmap_remove(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
-        }
 
         return r;
 }
 
-int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, DBusError *e) {
+int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, sd_bus_error *e) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
         int r;
         unsigned generation = 1;
 
@@ -658,8 +649,14 @@ int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, DBusError *e
         /* This applies the changes recorded in tr->jobs to
          * the actual list of jobs, if possible. */
 
+        /* Reset the generation counter of all installed jobs. The detection of cycles
+         * looks at installed jobs. If they had a non-zero generation from some previous
+         * walk of the graph, the algorithm would break. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i)
+                j->generation = 0;
+
         /* First step: figure out which jobs matter */
-        transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(tr, NULL, generation++);
+        transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(tr->anchor_job, generation++);
 
         /* Second step: Try not to stop any running services if
          * we don't have to. Don't try to reverse running
@@ -683,7 +680,7 @@ int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, DBusError *e
                         break;
 
                 if (r != -EAGAIN) {
-                        log_warning("Requested transaction contains an unfixable cyclic ordering dependency: %s", bus_error(e, r));
+                        log_warning("Requested transaction contains an unfixable cyclic ordering dependency: %s", bus_error_message(e, r));
                         return r;
                 }
 
@@ -700,7 +697,7 @@ int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, DBusError *e
                         break;
 
                 if (r != -EAGAIN) {
-                        log_warning("Requested transaction contains unmergeable jobs: %s", bus_error(e, r));
+                        log_warning("Requested transaction contains unmergeable jobs: %s", bus_error_message(e, r));
                         return r;
                 }
 
@@ -717,23 +714,32 @@ int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, DBusError *e
         transaction_drop_redundant(tr);
 
         /* Ninth step: check whether we can actually apply this */
-        if (mode == JOB_FAIL) {
-                r = transaction_is_destructive(tr, e);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        log_notice("Requested transaction contradicts existing jobs: %s", bus_error(e, r));
-                        return r;
-                }
+        r = transaction_is_destructive(tr, mode, e);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_notice("Requested transaction contradicts existing jobs: %s", bus_error_message(e, r));
+                return r;
         }
 
         /* Tenth step: apply changes */
         r = transaction_apply(tr, m, mode);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                log_warning("Failed to apply transaction: %s", strerror(-r));
-                return r;
-        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to apply transaction: %m");
 
         assert(hashmap_isempty(tr->jobs));
-        assert(!tr->anchor);
+
+        if (!hashmap_isempty(m->jobs)) {
+                /* Are there any jobs now? Then make sure we have the
+                 * idle pipe around. We don't really care too much
+                 * whether this works or not, as the idle pipe is a
+                 * feature for cosmetics, not actually useful for
+                 * anything beyond that. */
+
+                if (m->idle_pipe[0] < 0 && m->idle_pipe[1] < 0 &&
+                    m->idle_pipe[2] < 0 && m->idle_pipe[3] < 0) {
+                        pipe2(m->idle_pipe, O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC);
+                        pipe2(m->idle_pipe + 2, O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC);
+                }
+        }
 
         return 0;
 }
@@ -760,23 +766,20 @@ static Job* transaction_add_one_job(Transaction *tr, JobType type, Unit *unit, b
                 }
         }
 
-        if (unit->job && unit->job->type == type)
-                j = unit->job;
-        else {
-                j = job_new(unit->manager, type, unit);
-                if (!j)
-                        return NULL;
-        }
+        j = job_new(unit, type);
+        if (!j)
+                return NULL;
 
         j->generation = 0;
         j->marker = NULL;
         j->matters_to_anchor = false;
         j->override = override;
+        j->irreversible = tr->irreversible;
 
-        LIST_PREPEND(Job, transaction, f, j);
+        LIST_PREPEND(transaction, f, j);
 
         if (hashmap_replace(tr->jobs, unit, f) < 0) {
-                LIST_REMOVE(Job, transaction, f, j);
+                LIST_REMOVE(transaction, f, j);
                 job_free(j);
                 return NULL;
         }
@@ -806,17 +809,18 @@ static void transaction_unlink_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, bool delete_dependen
         j->transaction_prev = j->transaction_next = NULL;
 
         while (j->subject_list)
-                job_dependency_free(j->subject_list, tr);
+                job_dependency_free(j->subject_list);
 
         while (j->object_list) {
                 Job *other = j->object_list->matters ? j->object_list->subject : NULL;
 
-                job_dependency_free(j->object_list, tr);
+                job_dependency_free(j->object_list);
 
                 if (other && delete_dependencies) {
-                        log_debug("Deleting job %s/%s as dependency of job %s/%s",
-                                  other->unit->id, job_type_to_string(other->type),
-                                  j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                        log_unit_debug(other->unit->id,
+                                       "Deleting job %s/%s as dependency of job %s/%s",
+                                       other->unit->id, job_type_to_string(other->type),
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
                         transaction_delete_job(tr, other, delete_dependencies);
                 }
         }
@@ -832,8 +836,7 @@ int transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(
                 bool conflicts,
                 bool ignore_requirements,
                 bool ignore_order,
-                DBusError *e,
-                Job **_ret) {
+                sd_bus_error *e) {
         Job *ret;
         Iterator i;
         Unit *dep;
@@ -842,6 +845,7 @@ int transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(
 
         assert(tr);
         assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION);
         assert(unit);
 
         /* log_debug("Pulling in %s/%s from %s/%s", */
@@ -849,32 +853,39 @@ int transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(
         /*           by ? by->unit->id : "NA", */
         /*           by ? job_type_to_string(by->type) : "NA"); */
 
-        if (unit->load_state != UNIT_LOADED &&
-            unit->load_state != UNIT_ERROR &&
-            unit->load_state != UNIT_MASKED) {
-                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED, "Unit %s is not loaded properly.", unit->id);
-                return -EINVAL;
-        }
+        if (!IN_SET(unit->load_state, UNIT_LOADED, UNIT_ERROR, UNIT_NOT_FOUND, UNIT_MASKED))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED,
+                                         "Unit %s is not loaded properly.", unit->id);
 
         if (type != JOB_STOP && unit->load_state == UNIT_ERROR) {
-                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED,
-                               "Unit %s failed to load: %s. "
-                               "See system logs and 'systemctl status %s' for details.",
-                               unit->id,
-                               strerror(-unit->load_error),
-                               unit->id);
-                return -EINVAL;
+                if (unit->load_error == -ENOENT || unit->manager->test_run)
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED,
+                                                 "Unit %s failed to load: %s.",
+                                                 unit->id,
+                                                 strerror(-unit->load_error));
+                else
+                        return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED,
+                                                 "Unit %s failed to load: %s. "
+                                                 "See system logs and 'systemctl status %s' for details.",
+                                                 unit->id,
+                                                 strerror(-unit->load_error),
+                                                 unit->id);
         }
 
-        if (type != JOB_STOP && unit->load_state == UNIT_MASKED) {
-                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_MASKED, "Unit %s is masked.", unit->id);
-                return -EINVAL;
-        }
+        if (type != JOB_STOP && unit->load_state == UNIT_NOT_FOUND)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED,
+                                         "Unit %s failed to load: %s.",
+                                         unit->id, strerror(-unit->load_error));
+
+        if (type != JOB_STOP && unit->load_state == UNIT_MASKED)
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_UNIT_MASKED,
+                                         "Unit %s is masked.", unit->id);
+
+        if (!unit_job_is_applicable(unit, type))
+                return sd_bus_error_setf(e, BUS_ERROR_JOB_TYPE_NOT_APPLICABLE,
+                                         "Job type %s is not applicable for unit %s.",
+                                         job_type_to_string(type), unit->id);
 
-        if (!unit_job_is_applicable(unit, type)) {
-                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_JOB_TYPE_NOT_APPLICABLE, "Job type %s is not applicable for unit %s.", job_type_to_string(type), unit->id);
-                return -EBADR;
-        }
 
         /* First add the job. */
         ret = transaction_add_one_job(tr, type, unit, override, &is_new);
@@ -884,22 +895,30 @@ int transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(
         ret->ignore_order = ret->ignore_order || ignore_order;
 
         /* Then, add a link to the job. */
-        if (!job_dependency_new(by, ret, matters, conflicts, tr))
-                return -ENOMEM;
+        if (by) {
+                if (!job_dependency_new(by, ret, matters, conflicts))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        } else {
+                /* If the job has no parent job, it is the anchor job. */
+                assert(!tr->anchor_job);
+                tr->anchor_job = ret;
+        }
 
-        if (is_new && !ignore_requirements) {
+        if (is_new && !ignore_requirements && type != JOB_NOP) {
                 Set *following;
 
                 /* If we are following some other unit, make sure we
                  * add all dependencies of everybody following. */
                 if (unit_following_set(ret->unit, &following) > 0) {
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, following, i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, false, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, false, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
-                                        log_warning("Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s", dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+                                        log_unit_warning(dep->id,
+                                                         "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                         dep->id, bus_error_message(e, r));
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
@@ -907,137 +926,159 @@ int transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(
                 }
 
                 /* Finally, recursively add in all dependencies. */
-                if (type == JOB_START || type == JOB_RELOAD_OR_START) {
+                if (type == JOB_START || type == JOB_RESTART) {
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
                                         if (r != -EBADR)
                                                 goto fail;
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
-                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BIND_TO], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
                                         if (r != -EBADR)
                                                 goto fail;
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, !override, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, !override, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
-                                        log_warning("Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s", dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+                                        log_unit_full(dep->id,
+                                                      r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING,
+                                                      "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                      dep->id, bus_error_message(e, r));
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_WANTS], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, false, false, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, false, false, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
-                                        log_warning("Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s", dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+                                        log_unit_full(dep->id,
+                                                      r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING,
+                                                      "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                      dep->id, bus_error_message(e, r));
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
                                         if (r != -EBADR)
                                                 goto fail;
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE_OVERRIDABLE], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE, dep, ret, !override, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE, dep, ret, !override, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
-                                        log_warning("Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s", dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+                                        log_unit_full(dep->id,
+                                                      r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING,
+                                                      "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                      dep->id, bus_error_message(e, r));
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTS], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, dep, ret, true, override, true, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, dep, ret, true, override, true, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
                                         if (r != -EBADR)
                                                 goto fail;
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, dep, ret, false, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, dep, ret, false, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
-                                        log_warning("Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s", dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+                                        log_unit_warning(dep->id,
+                                                         "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                         dep->id, bus_error_message(e, r));
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
                 }
 
-                if (type == JOB_STOP || type == JOB_RESTART || type == JOB_TRY_RESTART) {
+                if (type == JOB_STOP || type == JOB_RESTART) {
 
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRED_BY], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
                                         if (r != -EBADR)
                                                 goto fail;
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
 
                         SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BOUND_BY], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR)
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_CONSISTS_OF], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
                                         if (r != -EBADR)
                                                 goto fail;
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
+
                 }
 
-                if (type == JOB_RELOAD || type == JOB_RELOAD_OR_START) {
+                if (type == JOB_RELOAD) {
 
-                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_PROPAGATE_RELOAD_TO], i) {
-                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_RELOAD, dep, ret, false, override, false, false, ignore_order, e, NULL);
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_RELOAD, dep, ret, false, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
                                 if (r < 0) {
-                                        log_warning("Cannot add dependency reload job for unit %s, ignoring: %s", dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+                                        log_unit_warning(dep->id,
+                                                         "Cannot add dependency reload job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                         dep->id, bus_error_message(e, r));
 
                                         if (e)
-                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                                sd_bus_error_free(e);
                                 }
                         }
                 }
 
-                /* JOB_VERIFY_STARTED, JOB_RELOAD require no dependency handling */
+                /* JOB_VERIFY_STARTED require no dependency handling */
         }
 
-        if (_ret)
-                *_ret = ret;
-
         return 0;
 
 fail:
@@ -1070,27 +1111,31 @@ int transaction_add_isolate_jobs(Transaction *tr, Manager *m) {
                 if (hashmap_get(tr->jobs, u))
                         continue;
 
-                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, u, NULL, true, false, false, false, false, NULL, NULL);
+                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, u, tr->anchor_job, true, false, false, false, false, NULL);
                 if (r < 0)
-                        log_warning("Cannot add isolate job for unit %s, ignoring: %s", u->id, strerror(-r));
+                        log_unit_warning(u->id,
+                                         "Cannot add isolate job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                         u->id, strerror(-r));
         }
 
         return 0;
 }
 
-Transaction *transaction_new(void) {
+Transaction *transaction_new(bool irreversible) {
         Transaction *tr;
 
         tr = new0(Transaction, 1);
         if (!tr)
                 return NULL;
 
-        tr->jobs = hashmap_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
+        tr->jobs = hashmap_new(NULL);
         if (!tr->jobs) {
                 free(tr);
                 return NULL;
         }
 
+        tr->irreversible = irreversible;
+
         return tr;
 }