chiark / gitweb /
core: don't wait for reply if writing to pipe fails
[elogind.git] / src / core / execute.c
index a328fc265f719ec123a0f1cab6b93d0e2808ea2f..02df51b5bb29f6b0b0b05f83c22c6a5c6813a8f0 100644 (file)
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 ***/
 
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
-#include <linux/sched.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <grp.h>
-#include <pwd.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <linux/fs.h>
-#include <linux/oom.h>
-#include <sys/poll.h>
+#include <poll.h>
 #include <glob.h>
 #include <sys/personality.h>
-#include <libgen.h>
-#undef basename
 
 #ifdef HAVE_PAM
 #include <security/pam_appl.h>
@@ -69,7 +59,6 @@
 #include "ioprio.h"
 #include "securebits.h"
 #include "namespace.h"
-#include "tcpwrap.h"
 #include "exit-status.h"
 #include "missing.h"
 #include "utmp-wtmp.h"
 #include "async.h"
 #include "selinux-util.h"
 #include "errno-list.h"
+#include "af-list.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "smack-util.h"
+#include "bus-endpoint.h"
+#include "cap-list.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_APPARMOR
 #include "apparmor-util.h"
+#endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
 #include "seccomp-util.h"
@@ -121,11 +118,11 @@ static int shift_fds(int fds[], unsigned n_fds) {
                         if ((nfd = fcntl(fds[i], F_DUPFD, i+3)) < 0)
                                 return -errno;
 
-                        close_nointr_nofail(fds[i]);
+                        safe_close(fds[i]);
                         fds[i] = nfd;
 
                         /* Hmm, the fd we wanted isn't free? Then
-                         * let's remember that and try again from here*/
+                         * let's remember that and try again from here */
                         if (nfd != i+3 && restart_from < 0)
                                 restart_from = i;
                 }
@@ -207,19 +204,59 @@ static int open_null_as(int flags, int nfd) {
 
         if (fd != nfd) {
                 r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
-                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                safe_close(fd);
         } else
                 r = nfd;
 
         return r;
 }
 
-static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, int nfd) {
-        int fd, r;
+static int connect_journal_socket(int fd, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
         union sockaddr_union sa = {
                 .un.sun_family = AF_UNIX,
                 .un.sun_path = "/run/systemd/journal/stdout",
         };
+        uid_t olduid = UID_INVALID;
+        gid_t oldgid = GID_INVALID;
+        int r;
+
+        if (gid != GID_INVALID) {
+                oldgid = getgid();
+
+                r = setegid(gid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (uid != UID_INVALID) {
+                olduid = getuid();
+
+                r = seteuid(uid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        goto restore_gid;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = connect(fd, &sa.sa, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sa.un.sun_path));
+        if (r < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+
+        /* If we fail to restore the uid or gid, things will likely
+           fail later on. This should only happen if an LSM interferes. */
+
+        if (uid != UID_INVALID)
+                (void) seteuid(olduid);
+
+ restore_gid:
+        if (gid != GID_INVALID)
+                (void) setegid(oldgid);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, int nfd, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        int fd, r;
 
         assert(context);
         assert(output < _EXEC_OUTPUT_MAX);
@@ -230,14 +267,12 @@ static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, cons
         if (fd < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        r = connect(fd, &sa.sa, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sa.un.sun_path));
-        if (r < 0) {
-                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
-                return -errno;
-        }
+        r = connect_journal_socket(fd, uid, gid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
 
         if (shutdown(fd, SHUT_RD) < 0) {
-                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                safe_close(fd);
                 return -errno;
         }
 
@@ -261,7 +296,7 @@ static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, cons
 
         if (fd != nfd) {
                 r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
-                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                safe_close(fd);
         } else
                 r = nfd;
 
@@ -278,7 +313,7 @@ static int open_terminal_as(const char *path, mode_t mode, int nfd) {
 
         if (fd != nfd) {
                 r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
-                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                safe_close(fd);
         } else
                 r = nfd;
 
@@ -332,13 +367,13 @@ static int setup_input(const ExecContext *context, int socket_fd, bool apply_tty
                                       i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL,
                                       i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE,
                                       false,
-                                      (usec_t) -1);
+                                      USEC_INFINITY);
                 if (fd < 0)
                         return fd;
 
                 if (fd != STDIN_FILENO) {
                         r = dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDIN_FILENO;
-                        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                        safe_close(fd);
                 } else
                         r = STDIN_FILENO;
 
@@ -353,7 +388,7 @@ static int setup_input(const ExecContext *context, int socket_fd, bool apply_tty
         }
 }
 
-static int setup_output(const ExecContext *context, int fileno, int socket_fd, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, bool apply_tty_stdin) {
+static int setup_output(const ExecContext *context, int fileno, int socket_fd, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, bool apply_tty_stdin, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
         ExecOutput o;
         ExecInput i;
         int r;
@@ -420,14 +455,15 @@ static int setup_output(const ExecContext *context, int fileno, int socket_fd, c
         case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE:
         case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL:
         case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE:
-                r = connect_logger_as(context, o, ident, unit_id, fileno);
+                r = connect_logger_as(context, o, ident, unit_id, fileno, uid, gid);
                 if (r < 0) {
-                        log_struct_unit(LOG_CRIT, unit_id,
-                                "MESSAGE=Failed to connect std%s of %s to the journal socket: %s",
-                                fileno == STDOUT_FILENO ? "out" : "err",
-                                unit_id, strerror(-r),
-                                "ERRNO=%d", -r,
-                                NULL);
+                        log_unit_struct(unit_id,
+                                        LOG_ERR,
+                                        LOG_MESSAGE("Failed to connect %s of %s to the journal socket: %s",
+                                                    fileno == STDOUT_FILENO ? "stdout" : "stderr",
+                                                    unit_id, strerror(-r)),
+                                        LOG_ERRNO(-r),
+                                        NULL);
                         r = open_null_as(O_WRONLY, fileno);
                 }
                 return r;
@@ -502,7 +538,7 @@ static int setup_confirm_stdio(int *_saved_stdin,
         }
 
         if (fd >= 2)
-                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                safe_close(fd);
 
         *_saved_stdin = saved_stdin;
         *_saved_stdout = saved_stdout;
@@ -510,20 +546,15 @@ static int setup_confirm_stdio(int *_saved_stdin,
         return 0;
 
 fail:
-        if (saved_stdout >= 0)
-                close_nointr_nofail(saved_stdout);
-
-        if (saved_stdin >= 0)
-                close_nointr_nofail(saved_stdin);
-
-        if (fd >= 0)
-                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        safe_close(saved_stdout);
+        safe_close(saved_stdin);
+        safe_close(fd);
 
         return r;
 }
 
 _printf_(1, 2) static int write_confirm_message(const char *format, ...) {
-        int fd;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
         va_list ap;
 
         assert(format);
@@ -536,8 +567,6 @@ _printf_(1, 2) static int write_confirm_message(const char *format, ...) {
         vdprintf(fd, format, ap);
         va_end(ap);
 
-        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
-
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -559,18 +588,15 @@ static int restore_confirm_stdio(int *saved_stdin,
                 if (dup2(*saved_stdout, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0)
                         r = -errno;
 
-        if (*saved_stdin >= 0)
-                close_nointr_nofail(*saved_stdin);
-
-        if (*saved_stdout >= 0)
-                close_nointr_nofail(*saved_stdout);
+        safe_close(*saved_stdin);
+        safe_close(*saved_stdout);
 
         return r;
 }
 
 static int ask_for_confirmation(char *response, char **argv) {
         int saved_stdout = -1, saved_stdin = -1, r;
-        char *line;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
 
         r = setup_confirm_stdio(&saved_stdin, &saved_stdout);
         if (r < 0)
@@ -580,8 +606,7 @@ static int ask_for_confirmation(char *response, char **argv) {
         if (!line)
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-        r = ask(response, "yns", "Execute %s? [Yes, No, Skip] ", line);
-        free(line);
+        r = ask_char(response, "yns", "Execute %s? [Yes, No, Skip] ", line);
 
         restore_confirm_stdio(&saved_stdin, &saved_stdout);
 
@@ -764,7 +789,7 @@ static int setup_pam(
          * daemon. We do things this way to ensure that the main PID
          * of the daemon is the one we initially fork()ed. */
 
-        if (log_get_max_level() < LOG_PRI(LOG_DEBUG))
+        if (log_get_max_level() < LOG_DEBUG)
                 flags |= PAM_SILENT;
 
         pam_code = pam_start(name, user, &conv, &handle);
@@ -829,7 +854,7 @@ static int setup_pam(
                  * If this fails, ignore the error - but expect sd-pam threads
                  * to fail to exit normally */
                 if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
-                        log_error("Error: Failed to setresuid() in sd-pam: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        log_error_errno(r, "Error: Failed to setresuid() in sd-pam: %m");
 
                 /* Wait until our parent died. This will only work if
                  * the above setresuid() succeeds, otherwise the kernel
@@ -891,7 +916,7 @@ fail:
                 log_error("PAM failed: %s", pam_strerror(handle, pam_code));
                 err = -EPERM;  /* PAM errors do not map to errno */
         } else {
-                log_error("PAM failed: %m");
+                log_error_errno(errno, "PAM failed: %m");
                 err = -errno;
         }
 
@@ -948,7 +973,7 @@ static void rename_process_from_path(const char *path) {
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
 
-static int apply_seccomp(ExecContext *c) {
+static int apply_seccomp(const ExecContext *c) {
         uint32_t negative_action, action;
         scmp_filter_ctx *seccomp;
         Iterator i;
@@ -969,43 +994,163 @@ static int apply_seccomp(ExecContext *c) {
                         r = seccomp_arch_add(seccomp, PTR_TO_UINT32(id) - 1);
                         if (r == -EEXIST)
                                 continue;
-                        if (r < 0) {
-                                seccomp_release(seccomp);
-                                return r;
-                        }
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
                 }
-        } else {
 
+        } else {
                 r = seccomp_add_secondary_archs(seccomp);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        seccomp_release(seccomp);
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
         }
 
         action = c->syscall_whitelist ? SCMP_ACT_ALLOW : negative_action;
         SET_FOREACH(id, c->syscall_filter, i) {
                 r = seccomp_rule_add(seccomp, action, PTR_TO_INT(id) - 1, 0);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        seccomp_release(seccomp);
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
         }
 
+        r = seccomp_attr_set(seccomp, SCMP_FLTATR_CTL_NNP, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
         r = seccomp_load(seccomp);
+
+finish:
         seccomp_release(seccomp);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int apply_address_families(const ExecContext *c) {
+        scmp_filter_ctx *seccomp;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        seccomp = seccomp_init(SCMP_ACT_ALLOW);
+        if (!seccomp)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = seccomp_add_secondary_archs(seccomp);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
 
+        if (c->address_families_whitelist) {
+                int af, first = 0, last = 0;
+                void *afp;
+
+                /* If this is a whitelist, we first block the address
+                 * families that are out of range and then everything
+                 * that is not in the set. First, we find the lowest
+                 * and highest address family in the set. */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(afp, c->address_families, i) {
+                        af = PTR_TO_INT(afp);
+
+                        if (af <= 0 || af >= af_max())
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (first == 0 || af < first)
+                                first = af;
+
+                        if (last == 0 || af > last)
+                                last = af;
+                }
+
+                assert((first == 0) == (last == 0));
+
+                if (first == 0) {
+
+                        /* No entries in the valid range, block everything */
+                        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                        seccomp,
+                                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                        SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                        0);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                } else {
+
+                        /* Block everything below the first entry */
+                        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                        seccomp,
+                                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                        SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                        1,
+                                        SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_LT, first));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        /* Block everything above the last entry */
+                        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                        seccomp,
+                                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                        SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                        1,
+                                        SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_GT, last));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        /* Block everything between the first and last
+                         * entry */
+                        for (af = 1; af < af_max(); af++) {
+
+                                if (set_contains(c->address_families, INT_TO_PTR(af)))
+                                        continue;
+
+                                r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                                seccomp,
+                                                SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                                SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                                1,
+                                                SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_EQ, af));
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                void *af;
+
+                /* If this is a blacklist, then generate one rule for
+                 * each address family that are then combined in OR
+                 * checks. */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(af, c->address_families, i) {
+
+                        r = seccomp_rule_add(
+                                        seccomp,
+                                        SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EPROTONOSUPPORT),
+                                        SCMP_SYS(socket),
+                                        1,
+                                        SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_EQ, PTR_TO_INT(af)));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = seccomp_attr_set(seccomp, SCMP_FLTATR_CTL_NNP, 0);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = seccomp_load(seccomp);
+
+finish:
+        seccomp_release(seccomp);
         return r;
 }
+
 #endif
 
 static void do_idle_pipe_dance(int idle_pipe[4]) {
         assert(idle_pipe);
 
-        if (idle_pipe[1] >= 0)
-                close_nointr_nofail(idle_pipe[1]);
-        if (idle_pipe[2] >= 0)
-                close_nointr_nofail(idle_pipe[2]);
+
+        safe_close(idle_pipe[1]);
+        safe_close(idle_pipe[2]);
 
         if (idle_pipe[0] >= 0) {
                 int r;
@@ -1014,22 +1159,21 @@ static void do_idle_pipe_dance(int idle_pipe[4]) {
 
                 if (idle_pipe[3] >= 0 && r == 0 /* timeout */) {
                         /* Signal systemd that we are bored and want to continue. */
-                        write(idle_pipe[3], "x", 1);
-
-                        /* Wait for systemd to react to the signal above. */
-                        fd_wait_for_event(idle_pipe[0], POLLHUP, IDLE_TIMEOUT2_USEC);
+                        r = write(idle_pipe[3], "x", 1);
+                        if (r > 0)
+                                /* Wait for systemd to react to the signal above. */
+                                fd_wait_for_event(idle_pipe[0], POLLHUP, IDLE_TIMEOUT2_USEC);
                 }
 
-                close_nointr_nofail(idle_pipe[0]);
+                safe_close(idle_pipe[0]);
 
         }
 
-        if (idle_pipe[3] >= 0)
-                close_nointr_nofail(idle_pipe[3]);
+        safe_close(idle_pipe[3]);
 }
 
 static int build_environment(
-                ExecContext *c,
+                const ExecContext *c,
                 unsigned n_fds,
                 usec_t watchdog_usec,
                 const char *home,
@@ -1063,7 +1207,7 @@ static int build_environment(
                         return -ENOMEM;
                 our_env[n_env++] = x;
 
-                if (asprintf(&x, "WATCHDOG_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) watchdog_usec) < 0)
+                if (asprintf(&x, "WATCHDOG_USEC="USEC_FMT, watchdog_usec) < 0)
                         return -ENOMEM;
                 our_env[n_env++] = x;
         }
@@ -1114,581 +1258,648 @@ static int build_environment(
         return 0;
 }
 
-int exec_spawn(ExecCommand *command,
-               char **argv,
-               ExecContext *context,
-               int fds[], unsigned n_fds,
-               char **environment,
-               bool apply_permissions,
-               bool apply_chroot,
-               bool apply_tty_stdin,
-               bool confirm_spawn,
-               CGroupControllerMask cgroup_supported,
-               const char *cgroup_path,
-               const char *unit_id,
-               usec_t watchdog_usec,
-               int idle_pipe[4],
-               ExecRuntime *runtime,
-               pid_t *ret) {
-
-        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files_env = NULL;
-        int socket_fd;
-        char *line;
-        pid_t pid;
-        int r;
+static int exec_child(
+                ExecCommand *command,
+                const ExecContext *context,
+                const ExecParameters *params,
+                ExecRuntime *runtime,
+                char **argv,
+                int socket_fd,
+                int *fds, unsigned n_fds,
+                char **files_env,
+                int *exit_status) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **our_env = NULL, **pam_env = NULL, **final_env = NULL, **final_argv = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *mac_selinux_context_net = NULL;
+        const char *username = NULL, *home = NULL, *shell = NULL;
+        unsigned n_dont_close = 0;
+        int dont_close[n_fds + 4];
+        uid_t uid = UID_INVALID;
+        gid_t gid = GID_INVALID;
+        int i, r;
 
         assert(command);
         assert(context);
-        assert(ret);
-        assert(fds || n_fds <= 0);
+        assert(params);
+        assert(exit_status);
 
-        if (context->std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET ||
-            context->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET ||
-            context->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET) {
+        rename_process_from_path(command->path);
 
-                if (n_fds != 1)
-                        return -EINVAL;
-
-                socket_fd = fds[0];
+        /* We reset exactly these signals, since they are the
+         * only ones we set to SIG_IGN in the main daemon. All
+         * others we leave untouched because we set them to
+         * SIG_DFL or a valid handler initially, both of which
+         * will be demoted to SIG_DFL. */
+        default_signals(SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER,
+                        SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
 
-                fds = NULL;
-                n_fds = 0;
-        } else
-                socket_fd = -1;
+        if (context->ignore_sigpipe)
+                ignore_signals(SIGPIPE, -1);
 
-        r = exec_context_load_environment(context, &files_env);
+        r = reset_signal_mask();
         if (r < 0) {
-                log_struct_unit(LOG_ERR,
-                           unit_id,
-                           "MESSAGE=Failed to load environment files: %s", strerror(-r),
-                           "ERRNO=%d", -r,
-                           NULL);
+                *exit_status = EXIT_SIGNAL_MASK;
                 return r;
         }
 
-        if (!argv)
-                argv = command->argv;
-
-        line = exec_command_line(argv);
-        if (!line)
-                return log_oom();
-
-        log_struct_unit(LOG_DEBUG,
-                        unit_id,
-                        "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
-                        "MESSAGE=About to execute: %s", line,
-                        NULL);
-        free(line);
+        if (params->idle_pipe)
+                do_idle_pipe_dance(params->idle_pipe);
 
-        pid = fork();
-        if (pid < 0)
-                return -errno;
+        /* Close sockets very early to make sure we don't
+         * block init reexecution because it cannot bind its
+         * sockets */
 
-        if (pid == 0) {
-                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **our_env = NULL, **pam_env = NULL, **final_env = NULL, **final_argv = NULL;
-                const char *username = NULL, *home = NULL, *shell = NULL;
-                unsigned n_dont_close = 0;
-                int dont_close[n_fds + 3];
-                uid_t uid = (uid_t) -1;
-                gid_t gid = (gid_t) -1;
-                sigset_t ss;
-                int i, err;
-
-                /* child */
-
-                rename_process_from_path(command->path);
-
-                /* We reset exactly these signals, since they are the
-                 * only ones we set to SIG_IGN in the main daemon. All
-                 * others we leave untouched because we set them to
-                 * SIG_DFL or a valid handler initially, both of which
-                 * will be demoted to SIG_DFL. */
-                default_signals(SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER,
-                                SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
-
-                if (context->ignore_sigpipe)
-                        ignore_signals(SIGPIPE, -1);
-
-                assert_se(sigemptyset(&ss) == 0);
-                if (sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &ss, NULL) < 0) {
-                        err = -errno;
-                        r = EXIT_SIGNAL_MASK;
-                        goto fail_child;
-                }
+        log_forget_fds();
 
-                if (idle_pipe)
-                        do_idle_pipe_dance(idle_pipe);
+        if (socket_fd >= 0)
+                dont_close[n_dont_close++] = socket_fd;
+        if (n_fds > 0) {
+                memcpy(dont_close + n_dont_close, fds, sizeof(int) * n_fds);
+                n_dont_close += n_fds;
+        }
+        if (params->bus_endpoint_fd >= 0)
+                dont_close[n_dont_close++] = params->bus_endpoint_fd;
+        if (runtime) {
+                if (runtime->netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0)
+                        dont_close[n_dont_close++] = runtime->netns_storage_socket[0];
+                if (runtime->netns_storage_socket[1] >= 0)
+                        dont_close[n_dont_close++] = runtime->netns_storage_socket[1];
+        }
 
-                /* Close sockets very early to make sure we don't
-                 * block init reexecution because it cannot bind its
-                 * sockets */
-                log_forget_fds();
+        r = close_all_fds(dont_close, n_dont_close);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_FDS;
+                return r;
+        }
 
-                if (socket_fd >= 0)
-                        dont_close[n_dont_close++] = socket_fd;
-                if (n_fds > 0) {
-                        memcpy(dont_close + n_dont_close, fds, sizeof(int) * n_fds);
-                        n_dont_close += n_fds;
+        if (!context->same_pgrp)
+                if (setsid() < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_SETSID;
+                        return -errno;
                 }
-                if (runtime) {
-                        if (runtime->netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0)
-                                dont_close[n_dont_close++] = runtime->netns_storage_socket[0];
-                        if (runtime->netns_storage_socket[1] >= 0)
-                                dont_close[n_dont_close++] = runtime->netns_storage_socket[1];
+
+        exec_context_tty_reset(context);
+
+        if (params->confirm_spawn) {
+                char response;
+
+                r = ask_for_confirmation(&response, argv);
+                if (r == -ETIMEDOUT)
+                        write_confirm_message("Confirmation question timed out, assuming positive response.\n");
+                else if (r < 0)
+                        write_confirm_message("Couldn't ask confirmation question, assuming positive response: %s\n", strerror(-r));
+                else if (response == 's') {
+                        write_confirm_message("Skipping execution.\n");
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CONFIRM;
+                        return -ECANCELED;
+                } else if (response == 'n') {
+                        write_confirm_message("Failing execution.\n");
+                        *exit_status = 0;
+                        return 0;
                 }
+        }
 
-                err = close_all_fds(dont_close, n_dont_close);
-                if (err < 0) {
-                        r = EXIT_FDS;
-                        goto fail_child;
+        if (context->user) {
+                username = context->user;
+                r = get_user_creds(&username, &uid, &gid, &home, &shell);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_USER;
+                        return r;
                 }
+        }
 
-                if (!context->same_pgrp)
-                        if (setsid() < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_SETSID;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        /* If a socket is connected to STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR, we
+         * must sure to drop O_NONBLOCK */
+        if (socket_fd >= 0)
+                fd_nonblock(socket_fd, false);
 
-                if (context->tcpwrap_name) {
-                        if (socket_fd >= 0)
-                                if (!socket_tcpwrap(socket_fd, context->tcpwrap_name)) {
-                                        err = -EACCES;
-                                        r = EXIT_TCPWRAP;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+        r = setup_input(context, socket_fd, params->apply_tty_stdin);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_STDIN;
+                return r;
+        }
 
-                        for (i = 0; i < (int) n_fds; i++) {
-                                if (!socket_tcpwrap(fds[i], context->tcpwrap_name)) {
-                                        err = -EACCES;
-                                        r = EXIT_TCPWRAP;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
-                        }
-                }
+        r = setup_output(context, STDOUT_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), params->unit_id, params->apply_tty_stdin, uid, gid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_STDOUT;
+                return r;
+        }
 
-                exec_context_tty_reset(context);
+        r = setup_output(context, STDERR_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), params->unit_id, params->apply_tty_stdin, uid, gid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_STDERR;
+                return r;
+        }
 
-                if (confirm_spawn) {
-                        char response;
-
-                        err = ask_for_confirmation(&response, argv);
-                        if (err == -ETIMEDOUT)
-                                write_confirm_message("Confirmation question timed out, assuming positive response.\n");
-                        else if (err < 0)
-                                write_confirm_message("Couldn't ask confirmation question, assuming positive response: %s\n", strerror(-err));
-                        else if (response == 's') {
-                                write_confirm_message("Skipping execution.\n");
-                                err = -ECANCELED;
-                                r = EXIT_CONFIRM;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        } else if (response == 'n') {
-                                write_confirm_message("Failing execution.\n");
-                                err = r = 0;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        if (params->cgroup_path) {
+                r = cg_attach_everywhere(params->cgroup_supported, params->cgroup_path, 0, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                        return r;
                 }
+        }
+
+        if (context->oom_score_adjust_set) {
+                char t[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(context->oom_score_adjust)];
 
-                /* If a socket is connected to STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR, we
-                 * must sure to drop O_NONBLOCK */
-                if (socket_fd >= 0)
-                        fd_nonblock(socket_fd, false);
+                /* When we can't make this change due to EPERM, then
+                 * let's silently skip over it. User namespaces
+                 * prohibit write access to this file, and we
+                 * shouldn't trip up over that. */
 
-                err = setup_input(context, socket_fd, apply_tty_stdin);
-                if (err < 0) {
-                        r = EXIT_STDIN;
-                        goto fail_child;
+                sprintf(t, "%i", context->oom_score_adjust);
+                r = write_string_file("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", t);
+                if (r == -EPERM || r == -EACCES) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_unit_debug_errno(params->unit_id, r, "Failed to adjust OOM setting, assuming containerized execution, ignoring: %m");
+                        log_close();
+                } else if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_OOM_ADJUST;
+                        return -errno;
                 }
+        }
 
-                err = setup_output(context, STDOUT_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), unit_id, apply_tty_stdin);
-                if (err < 0) {
-                        r = EXIT_STDOUT;
-                        goto fail_child;
+        if (context->nice_set)
+                if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, context->nice) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_NICE;
+                        return -errno;
                 }
 
-                err = setup_output(context, STDERR_FILENO, socket_fd, basename(command->path), unit_id, apply_tty_stdin);
-                if (err < 0) {
-                        r = EXIT_STDERR;
-                        goto fail_child;
+        if (context->cpu_sched_set) {
+                struct sched_param param = {
+                        .sched_priority = context->cpu_sched_priority,
+                };
+
+                r = sched_setscheduler(0,
+                                       context->cpu_sched_policy |
+                                       (context->cpu_sched_reset_on_fork ?
+                                        SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK : 0),
+                                       &param);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_SETSCHEDULER;
+                        return -errno;
                 }
+        }
 
-                if (cgroup_path) {
-                        err = cg_attach_everywhere(cgroup_supported, cgroup_path, 0);
-                        if (err < 0) {
-                                r = EXIT_CGROUP;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        if (context->cpuset)
+                if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(context->cpuset_ncpus), context->cpuset) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CPUAFFINITY;
+                        return -errno;
                 }
 
-                if (context->oom_score_adjust_set) {
-                        char t[16];
+        if (context->ioprio_set)
+                if (ioprio_set(IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS, 0, context->ioprio) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_IOPRIO;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
 
-                        snprintf(t, sizeof(t), "%i", context->oom_score_adjust);
-                        char_array_0(t);
+        if (context->timer_slack_nsec != NSEC_INFINITY)
+                if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, context->timer_slack_nsec) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_TIMERSLACK;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
 
-                        if (write_string_file("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", t) < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_OOM_ADJUST;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        if (context->personality != 0xffffffffUL)
+                if (personality(context->personality) < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_PERSONALITY;
+                        return -errno;
                 }
 
-                if (context->nice_set)
-                        if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, context->nice) < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_NICE;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        if (context->utmp_id)
+                utmp_put_init_process(context->utmp_id, getpid(), getsid(0), context->tty_path);
 
-                if (context->cpu_sched_set) {
-                        struct sched_param param = {
-                                .sched_priority = context->cpu_sched_priority,
-                        };
+        if (context->user && is_terminal_input(context->std_input)) {
+                r = chown_terminal(STDIN_FILENO, uid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_STDIN;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
 
-                        r = sched_setscheduler(0,
-                                               context->cpu_sched_policy |
-                                               (context->cpu_sched_reset_on_fork ?
-                                                SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK : 0),
-                                               &param);
-                        if (r < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_SETSCHEDULER;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+#ifdef ENABLE_KDBUS
+        if (params->bus_endpoint_fd >= 0 && context->bus_endpoint) {
+                uid_t ep_uid = (uid == UID_INVALID) ? 0 : uid;
+
+                r = bus_kernel_set_endpoint_policy(params->bus_endpoint_fd, ep_uid, context->bus_endpoint);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_BUS_ENDPOINT;
+                        return r;
                 }
+        }
+#endif
 
-                if (context->cpuset)
-                        if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(context->cpuset_ncpus), context->cpuset) < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_CPUAFFINITY;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        /* If delegation is enabled we'll pass ownership of the cgroup
+         * (but only in systemd's own controller hierarchy!) to the
+         * user of the new process. */
+        if (params->cgroup_path && context->user && params->cgroup_delegate) {
+                r = cg_set_task_access(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, params->cgroup_path, 0644, uid, gid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                        return r;
+                }
 
-                if (context->ioprio_set)
-                        if (ioprio_set(IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS, 0, context->ioprio) < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_IOPRIO;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
 
-                if (context->timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
-                        if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, context->timer_slack_nsec) < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_TIMERSLACK;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+                r = cg_set_group_access(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, params->cgroup_path, 0755, uid, gid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
 
-                if (context->personality != 0xffffffffUL)
-                        if (personality(context->personality) < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_PERSONALITY;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        if (!strv_isempty(context->runtime_directory) && params->runtime_prefix) {
+                char **rt;
 
-                if (context->utmp_id)
-                        utmp_put_init_process(context->utmp_id, getpid(), getsid(0), context->tty_path);
+                STRV_FOREACH(rt, context->runtime_directory) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p;
 
-                if (context->user) {
-                        username = context->user;
-                        err = get_user_creds(&username, &uid, &gid, &home, &shell);
-                        if (err < 0) {
-                                r = EXIT_USER;
-                                goto fail_child;
+                        p = strjoin(params->runtime_prefix, "/", *rt, NULL);
+                        if (!p) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_RUNTIME_DIRECTORY;
+                                return -ENOMEM;
                         }
 
-                        if (is_terminal_input(context->std_input)) {
-                                err = chown_terminal(STDIN_FILENO, uid);
-                                if (err < 0) {
-                                        r = EXIT_STDIN;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+                        r = mkdir_safe_label(p, context->runtime_directory_mode, uid, gid);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_RUNTIME_DIRECTORY;
+                                return r;
                         }
                 }
+        }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_PAM
-                if (cgroup_path && context->user && context->pam_name) {
-                        err = cg_set_task_access(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, cgroup_path, 0644, uid, gid);
-                        if (err < 0) {
-                                r = EXIT_CGROUP;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        if (params->apply_permissions) {
+                r = enforce_groups(context, username, gid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_GROUP;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
 
+        umask(context->umask);
 
-                        err = cg_set_group_access(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, cgroup_path, 0755, uid, gid);
-                        if (err < 0) {
-                                r = EXIT_CGROUP;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+        if (params->apply_permissions && context->pam_name && username) {
+                r = setup_pam(context->pam_name, username, uid, context->tty_path, &pam_env, fds, n_fds);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_PAM;
+                        return r;
                 }
+        }
 #endif
 
-                if (apply_permissions) {
-                        err = enforce_groups(context, username, gid);
-                        if (err < 0) {
-                                r = EXIT_GROUP;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        if (context->private_network && runtime && runtime->netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0) {
+                r = setup_netns(runtime->netns_storage_socket);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_NETWORK;
+                        return r;
                 }
+        }
 
-                umask(context->umask);
-
-#ifdef HAVE_PAM
-                if (apply_permissions && context->pam_name && username) {
-                        err = setup_pam(context->pam_name, username, uid, context->tty_path, &pam_env, fds, n_fds);
-                        if (err < 0) {
-                                r = EXIT_PAM;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+        if (!strv_isempty(context->read_write_dirs) ||
+            !strv_isempty(context->read_only_dirs) ||
+            !strv_isempty(context->inaccessible_dirs) ||
+            context->mount_flags != 0 ||
+            (context->private_tmp && runtime && (runtime->tmp_dir || runtime->var_tmp_dir)) ||
+            params->bus_endpoint_path ||
+            context->private_devices ||
+            context->protect_system != PROTECT_SYSTEM_NO ||
+            context->protect_home != PROTECT_HOME_NO) {
+
+                char *tmp = NULL, *var = NULL;
+
+                /* The runtime struct only contains the parent
+                 * of the private /tmp, which is
+                 * non-accessible to world users. Inside of it
+                 * there's a /tmp that is sticky, and that's
+                 * the one we want to use here. */
+
+                if (context->private_tmp && runtime) {
+                        if (runtime->tmp_dir)
+                                tmp = strjoina(runtime->tmp_dir, "/tmp");
+                        if (runtime->var_tmp_dir)
+                                var = strjoina(runtime->var_tmp_dir, "/tmp");
                 }
-#endif
-                if (context->private_network && runtime && runtime->netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0) {
-                        err = setup_netns(runtime->netns_storage_socket);
-                        if (err < 0) {
-                                r = EXIT_NETWORK;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+
+                r = setup_namespace(
+                                context->read_write_dirs,
+                                context->read_only_dirs,
+                                context->inaccessible_dirs,
+                                tmp,
+                                var,
+                                params->bus_endpoint_path,
+                                context->private_devices,
+                                context->protect_home,
+                                context->protect_system,
+                                context->mount_flags);
+
+                /* If we couldn't set up the namespace this is
+                 * probably due to a missing capability. In this case,
+                 * silently proceeed. */
+                if (r == -EPERM || r == -EACCES) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_unit_debug_errno(params->unit_id, r, "Failed to set up namespace, assuming containerized execution, ignoring: %m");
+                        log_close();
+                } else if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_NAMESPACE;
+                        return r;
                 }
+        }
 
-                if (!strv_isempty(context->read_write_dirs) ||
-                    !strv_isempty(context->read_only_dirs) ||
-                    !strv_isempty(context->inaccessible_dirs) ||
-                    context->mount_flags != 0 ||
-                    (context->private_tmp && runtime && (runtime->tmp_dir || runtime->var_tmp_dir)) ||
-                    context->private_devices) {
-
-                        char *tmp = NULL, *var = NULL;
-
-                        /* The runtime struct only contains the parent
-                         * of the private /tmp, which is
-                         * non-accessible to world users. Inside of it
-                         * there's a /tmp that is sticky, and that's
-                         * the one we want to use here. */
-
-                        if (context->private_tmp && runtime) {
-                                if (runtime->tmp_dir)
-                                        tmp = strappenda(runtime->tmp_dir, "/tmp");
-                                if (runtime->var_tmp_dir)
-                                        var = strappenda(runtime->var_tmp_dir, "/tmp");
+        if (params->apply_chroot) {
+                if (context->root_directory)
+                        if (chroot(context->root_directory) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_CHROOT;
+                                return -errno;
                         }
 
-                        err = setup_namespace(
-                                        context->read_write_dirs,
-                                        context->read_only_dirs,
-                                        context->inaccessible_dirs,
-                                        tmp,
-                                        var,
-                                        context->private_devices,
-                                        context->mount_flags);
-
-                        if (err < 0) {
-                                r = EXIT_NAMESPACE;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+                if (chdir(context->working_directory ?: "/") < 0 &&
+                    !context->working_directory_missing_ok) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CHDIR;
+                        return -errno;
                 }
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *d = NULL;
 
-                if (apply_chroot) {
-                        if (context->root_directory)
-                                if (chroot(context->root_directory) < 0) {
-                                        err = -errno;
-                                        r = EXIT_CHROOT;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
-
-                        if (chdir(context->working_directory ? context->working_directory : "/") < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_CHDIR;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
-                } else {
-                        _cleanup_free_ char *d = NULL;
-
-                        if (asprintf(&d, "%s/%s",
-                                     context->root_directory ? context->root_directory : "",
-                                     context->working_directory ? context->working_directory : "") < 0) {
-                                err = -ENOMEM;
-                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+                if (asprintf(&d, "%s/%s",
+                             context->root_directory ?: "",
+                             context->working_directory ?: "") < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
 
-                        if (chdir(d) < 0) {
-                                err = -errno;
-                                r = EXIT_CHDIR;
-                                goto fail_child;
-                        }
+                if (chdir(d) < 0 &&
+                    !context->working_directory_missing_ok) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_CHDIR;
+                        return -errno;
                 }
+        }
 
-                /* We repeat the fd closing here, to make sure that
-                 * nothing is leaked from the PAM modules */
-                err = close_all_fds(fds, n_fds);
-                if (err >= 0)
-                        err = shift_fds(fds, n_fds);
-                if (err >= 0)
-                        err = flags_fds(fds, n_fds, context->non_blocking);
-                if (err < 0) {
-                        r = EXIT_FDS;
-                        goto fail_child;
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        if (params->apply_permissions && mac_selinux_use() && params->selinux_context_net && socket_fd >= 0) {
+                r = mac_selinux_get_child_mls_label(socket_fd, command->path, context->selinux_context, &mac_selinux_context_net);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        *exit_status = EXIT_SELINUX_CONTEXT;
+                        return r;
                 }
+        }
+#endif
 
-                if (apply_permissions) {
+        /* We repeat the fd closing here, to make sure that
+         * nothing is leaked from the PAM modules. Note that
+         * we are more aggressive this time since socket_fd
+         * and the netns fds we don't need anymore. The custom
+         * endpoint fd was needed to upload the policy and can
+         * now be closed as well. */
+        r = close_all_fds(fds, n_fds);
+        if (r >= 0)
+                r = shift_fds(fds, n_fds);
+        if (r >= 0)
+                r = flags_fds(fds, n_fds, context->non_blocking);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_FDS;
+                return r;
+        }
 
-                        for (i = 0; i < RLIMIT_NLIMITS; i++) {
-                                if (!context->rlimit[i])
-                                        continue;
+        if (params->apply_permissions) {
 
-                                if (setrlimit_closest(i, context->rlimit[i]) < 0) {
-                                        err = -errno;
-                                        r = EXIT_LIMITS;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+                for (i = 0; i < _RLIMIT_MAX; i++) {
+                        if (!context->rlimit[i])
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (setrlimit_closest(i, context->rlimit[i]) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_LIMITS;
+                                return -errno;
                         }
+                }
 
-                        if (context->capability_bounding_set_drop) {
-                                err = capability_bounding_set_drop(context->capability_bounding_set_drop, false);
-                                if (err < 0) {
-                                        r = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+                if (context->capability_bounding_set_drop) {
+                        r = capability_bounding_set_drop(context->capability_bounding_set_drop, false);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                return r;
                         }
+                }
 
-                        if (context->user) {
-                                err = enforce_user(context, uid);
-                                if (err < 0) {
-                                        r = EXIT_USER;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+#ifdef HAVE_SMACK
+                if (context->smack_process_label) {
+                        r = mac_smack_apply_pid(0, context->smack_process_label);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SMACK_PROCESS_LABEL;
+                                return r;
                         }
+                }
+#endif
 
-                        /* PR_GET_SECUREBITS is not privileged, while
-                         * PR_SET_SECUREBITS is. So to suppress
-                         * potential EPERMs we'll try not to call
-                         * PR_SET_SECUREBITS unless necessary. */
-                        if (prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS) != context->secure_bits)
-                                if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, context->secure_bits) < 0) {
-                                        err = -errno;
-                                        r = EXIT_SECUREBITS;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+                if (context->user) {
+                        r = enforce_user(context, uid);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_USER;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
 
-                        if (context->capabilities)
-                                if (cap_set_proc(context->capabilities) < 0) {
-                                        err = -errno;
-                                        r = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+                /* PR_GET_SECUREBITS is not privileged, while
+                 * PR_SET_SECUREBITS is. So to suppress
+                 * potential EPERMs we'll try not to call
+                 * PR_SET_SECUREBITS unless necessary. */
+                if (prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS) != context->secure_bits)
+                        if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, context->secure_bits) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SECUREBITS;
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
 
-                        if (context->no_new_privileges)
-                                if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
-                                        err = -errno;
-                                        r = EXIT_NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+                if (context->capabilities)
+                        if (cap_set_proc(context->capabilities) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->no_new_privileges)
+                        if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES;
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
-                        if (context->syscall_filter || context->syscall_archs) {
-                                err = apply_seccomp(context);
-                                if (err < 0) {
-                                        r = EXIT_SECCOMP;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+                if (context->address_families_whitelist ||
+                    !set_isempty(context->address_families)) {
+                        r = apply_address_families(context);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_ADDRESS_FAMILIES;
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->syscall_whitelist ||
+                    !set_isempty(context->syscall_filter) ||
+                    !set_isempty(context->syscall_archs)) {
+                        r = apply_seccomp(context);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_SECCOMP;
+                                return r;
                         }
+                }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
-                        if (context->selinux_context && use_selinux()) {
-                                err = setexeccon(context->selinux_context);
-                                if (err < 0 && !context->selinux_context_ignore) {
-                                        r = EXIT_SELINUX_CONTEXT;
-                                        goto fail_child;
+                if (mac_selinux_use()) {
+                        char *exec_context = mac_selinux_context_net ?: context->selinux_context;
+
+                        if (exec_context) {
+                                r = setexeccon(exec_context);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        *exit_status = EXIT_SELINUX_CONTEXT;
+                                        return r;
                                 }
                         }
+                }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_APPARMOR
-                        if (context->apparmor_profile && use_apparmor()) {
-                                err = aa_change_onexec(context->apparmor_profile);
-                                if (err < 0 && !context->apparmor_profile_ignore) {
-                                        r = EXIT_APPARMOR_PROFILE;
-                                        goto fail_child;
-                                }
+                if (context->apparmor_profile && mac_apparmor_use()) {
+                        r = aa_change_onexec(context->apparmor_profile);
+                        if (r < 0 && !context->apparmor_profile_ignore) {
+                                *exit_status = EXIT_APPARMOR_PROFILE;
+                                return -errno;
                         }
-#endif
                 }
+#endif
+        }
 
-                err = build_environment(context, n_fds, watchdog_usec, home, username, shell, &our_env);
-                if (r < 0) {
-                        r = EXIT_MEMORY;
-                        goto fail_child;
-                }
+        r = build_environment(context, n_fds, params->watchdog_usec, home, username, shell, &our_env);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return r;
+        }
 
-                final_env = strv_env_merge(5,
-                                           environment,
-                                           our_env,
-                                           context->environment,
-                                           files_env,
-                                           pam_env,
-                                           NULL);
-                if (!final_env) {
-                        err = -ENOMEM;
-                        r = EXIT_MEMORY;
-                        goto fail_child;
-                }
+        final_env = strv_env_merge(5,
+                                   params->environment,
+                                   our_env,
+                                   context->environment,
+                                   files_env,
+                                   pam_env,
+                                   NULL);
+        if (!final_env) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
 
-                final_argv = replace_env_argv(argv, final_env);
-                if (!final_argv) {
-                        err = -ENOMEM;
-                        r = EXIT_MEMORY;
-                        goto fail_child;
-                }
+        final_argv = replace_env_argv(argv, final_env);
+        if (!final_argv) {
+                *exit_status = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
 
-                final_env = strv_env_clean(final_env);
-
-                if (_unlikely_(log_get_max_level() >= LOG_PRI(LOG_DEBUG))) {
-                        line = exec_command_line(final_argv);
-                        if (line) {
-                                log_open();
-                                log_struct_unit(LOG_DEBUG,
-                                                unit_id,
-                                                "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
-                                                "MESSAGE=Executing: %s", line,
-                                                NULL);
-                                log_close();
-                                free(line);
-                                line = NULL;
-                        }
-                }
-                execve(command->path, final_argv, final_env);
-                err = -errno;
-                r = EXIT_EXEC;
+        final_env = strv_env_clean(final_env);
+
+        if (_unlikely_(log_get_max_level() >= LOG_DEBUG)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *line;
 
-        fail_child:
-                if (r != 0) {
+                line = exec_command_line(final_argv);
+                if (line) {
                         log_open();
-                        log_struct(LOG_ERR, MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_SPAWN_FAILED),
-                                   "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
-                                   "MESSAGE=Failed at step %s spawning %s: %s",
-                                          exit_status_to_string(r, EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD),
-                                          command->path, strerror(-err),
-                                   "ERRNO=%d", -err,
-                                   NULL);
+                        log_unit_struct(params->unit_id,
+                                        LOG_DEBUG,
+                                        "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                                        LOG_MESSAGE("Executing: %s", line),
+                                        NULL);
                         log_close();
                 }
+        }
+        execve(command->path, final_argv, final_env);
+        *exit_status = EXIT_EXEC;
+        return -errno;
+}
 
-                _exit(r);
+int exec_spawn(ExecCommand *command,
+               const ExecContext *context,
+               const ExecParameters *params,
+               ExecRuntime *runtime,
+               pid_t *ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files_env = NULL;
+        int *fds = NULL; unsigned n_fds = 0;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
+        int socket_fd, r;
+        char **argv;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        assert(command);
+        assert(context);
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(params);
+        assert(params->fds || params->n_fds <= 0);
+
+        if (context->std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET ||
+            context->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET ||
+            context->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET) {
+
+                if (params->n_fds != 1) {
+                        log_unit_error(params->unit_id, "Got more than one socket.");
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                socket_fd = params->fds[0];
+        } else {
+                socket_fd = -1;
+                fds = params->fds;
+                n_fds = params->n_fds;
         }
 
-        log_struct_unit(LOG_DEBUG,
-                        unit_id,
-                        "MESSAGE=Forked %s as "PID_FMT,
-                        command->path, pid,
+        r = exec_context_load_environment(context, params->unit_id, &files_env);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(params->unit_id, r, "Failed to load environment files: %m");
+
+        argv = params->argv ?: command->argv;
+        line = exec_command_line(argv);
+        if (!line)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        log_unit_struct(params->unit_id,
+                        LOG_DEBUG,
+                        "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                        LOG_MESSAGE("About to execute: %s", line),
                         NULL);
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return log_unit_error_errno(params->unit_id, r, "Failed to fork: %m");
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                int exit_status;
+
+                r = exec_child(command,
+                               context,
+                               params,
+                               runtime,
+                               argv,
+                               socket_fd,
+                               fds, n_fds,
+                               files_env,
+                               &exit_status);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_unit_struct(params->unit_id,
+                                        LOG_ERR,
+                                        LOG_MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_SPAWN_FAILED),
+                                        "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                                        LOG_MESSAGE("Failed at step %s spawning %s: %s",
+                                                    exit_status_to_string(exit_status, EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD),
+                                                    command->path, strerror(-r)),
+                                        LOG_ERRNO(r),
+                                        NULL);
+                }
+
+                _exit(exit_status);
+        }
+
+        log_unit_debug(params->unit_id, "Forked %s as "PID_FMT, command->path, pid);
 
         /* We add the new process to the cgroup both in the child (so
          * that we can be sure that no user code is ever executed
          * outside of the cgroup) and in the parent (so that we can be
          * sure that when we kill the cgroup the process will be
          * killed too). */
-        if (cgroup_path)
-                cg_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, cgroup_path, pid);
+        if (params->cgroup_path)
+                cg_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, params->cgroup_path, pid);
 
         exec_status_start(&command->exec_status, pid);
 
@@ -1705,8 +1916,9 @@ void exec_context_init(ExecContext *c) {
         c->syslog_priority = LOG_DAEMON|LOG_INFO;
         c->syslog_level_prefix = true;
         c->ignore_sigpipe = true;
-        c->timer_slack_nsec = (nsec_t) -1;
+        c->timer_slack_nsec = NSEC_INFINITY;
         c->personality = 0xffffffffUL;
+        c->runtime_directory_mode = 0755;
 }
 
 void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c) {
@@ -1733,9 +1945,6 @@ void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c) {
         free(c->tty_path);
         c->tty_path = NULL;
 
-        free(c->tcpwrap_name);
-        c->tcpwrap_name = NULL;
-
         free(c->syslog_identifier);
         c->syslog_identifier = NULL;
 
@@ -1777,13 +1986,44 @@ void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c) {
         free(c->apparmor_profile);
         c->apparmor_profile = NULL;
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SECCOMP
         set_free(c->syscall_filter);
         c->syscall_filter = NULL;
 
         set_free(c->syscall_archs);
         c->syscall_archs = NULL;
-#endif
+
+        set_free(c->address_families);
+        c->address_families = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->runtime_directory);
+        c->runtime_directory = NULL;
+
+        bus_endpoint_free(c->bus_endpoint);
+        c->bus_endpoint = NULL;
+}
+
+int exec_context_destroy_runtime_directory(ExecContext *c, const char *runtime_prefix) {
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (!runtime_prefix)
+                return 0;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, c->runtime_directory) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p;
+
+                p = strjoin(runtime_prefix, "/", *i, NULL);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                /* We execute this synchronously, since we need to be
+                 * sure this is gone when we start the service
+                 * next. */
+                rm_rf(p, false, true, false);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
 }
 
 void exec_command_done(ExecCommand *c) {
@@ -1803,7 +2043,7 @@ void exec_command_done_array(ExecCommand *c, unsigned n) {
                 exec_command_done(c+i);
 }
 
-void exec_command_free_list(ExecCommand *c) {
+ExecCommand* exec_command_free_list(ExecCommand *c) {
         ExecCommand *i;
 
         while ((i = c)) {
@@ -1811,18 +2051,29 @@ void exec_command_free_list(ExecCommand *c) {
                 exec_command_done(i);
                 free(i);
         }
+
+        return NULL;
 }
 
 void exec_command_free_array(ExecCommand **c, unsigned n) {
         unsigned i;
 
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-                exec_command_free_list(c[i]);
-                c[i] = NULL;
-        }
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                c[i] = exec_command_free_list(c[i]);
 }
 
-int exec_context_load_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***l) {
+typedef struct InvalidEnvInfo {
+        const char *unit_id;
+        const char *path;
+} InvalidEnvInfo;
+
+static void invalid_env(const char *p, void *userdata) {
+        InvalidEnvInfo *info = userdata;
+
+        log_unit_error(info->unit_id, "Ignoring invalid environment assignment '%s': %s", p, info->path);
+}
+
+int exec_context_load_environment(const ExecContext *c, const char *unit_id, char ***l) {
         char **i, **r = NULL;
 
         assert(c);
@@ -1869,7 +2120,7 @@ int exec_context_load_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***l) {
                         return -EINVAL;
                 }
                 for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
-                        k = load_env_file(pglob.gl_pathv[n], NULL, &p);
+                        k = load_env_file(NULL, pglob.gl_pathv[n], NULL, &p);
                         if (k < 0) {
                                 if (ignore)
                                         continue;
@@ -1878,8 +2129,14 @@ int exec_context_load_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***l) {
                                 return k;
                         }
                         /* Log invalid environment variables with filename */
-                        if (p)
-                                p = strv_env_clean_log(p, pglob.gl_pathv[n]);
+                        if (p) {
+                                InvalidEnvInfo info = {
+                                        .unit_id = unit_id,
+                                        .path = pglob.gl_pathv[n]
+                                };
+
+                                p = strv_env_clean_with_callback(p, invalid_env, &info);
+                        }
 
                         if (r == NULL)
                                 r = p;
@@ -1903,8 +2160,8 @@ int exec_context_load_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***l) {
 }
 
 static bool tty_may_match_dev_console(const char *tty) {
-        char *active = NULL, *console;
-        bool b;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *active = NULL;
+       char *console;
 
         if (startswith(tty, "/dev/"))
                 tty += 5;
@@ -1919,10 +2176,7 @@ static bool tty_may_match_dev_console(const char *tty) {
                 return true;
 
         /* "tty0" means the active VC, so it may be the same sometimes */
-        b = streq(console, tty) || (streq(console, "tty0") && tty_is_vc(tty));
-        free(active);
-
-        return b;
+        return streq(console, tty) || (streq(console, "tty0") && tty_is_vc(tty));
 }
 
 bool exec_context_may_touch_console(ExecContext *ec) {
@@ -1959,6 +2213,8 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                 "%sPrivateTmp: %s\n"
                 "%sPrivateNetwork: %s\n"
                 "%sPrivateDevices: %s\n"
+                "%sProtectHome: %s\n"
+                "%sProtectSystem: %s\n"
                 "%sIgnoreSIGPIPE: %s\n",
                 prefix, c->umask,
                 prefix, c->working_directory ? c->working_directory : "/",
@@ -1967,6 +2223,8 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                 prefix, yes_no(c->private_tmp),
                 prefix, yes_no(c->private_network),
                 prefix, yes_no(c->private_devices),
+                prefix, protect_home_to_string(c->protect_home),
+                prefix, protect_system_to_string(c->protect_system),
                 prefix, yes_no(c->ignore_sigpipe));
 
         STRV_FOREACH(e, c->environment)
@@ -1975,11 +2233,6 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
         STRV_FOREACH(e, c->environment_files)
                 fprintf(f, "%sEnvironmentFile: %s\n", prefix, *e);
 
-        if (c->tcpwrap_name)
-                fprintf(f,
-                        "%sTCPWrapName: %s\n",
-                        prefix, c->tcpwrap_name);
-
         if (c->nice_set)
                 fprintf(f,
                         "%sNice: %i\n",
@@ -1992,7 +2245,8 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
 
         for (i = 0; i < RLIM_NLIMITS; i++)
                 if (c->rlimit[i])
-                        fprintf(f, "%s%s: %llu\n", prefix, rlimit_to_string(i), (unsigned long long) c->rlimit[i]->rlim_max);
+                        fprintf(f, "%s%s: "RLIM_FMT"\n",
+                                prefix, rlimit_to_string(i), c->rlimit[i]->rlim_max);
 
         if (c->ioprio_set) {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *class_str = NULL;
@@ -2026,7 +2280,7 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                 fputs("\n", f);
         }
 
-        if (c->timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
+        if (c->timer_slack_nsec != NSEC_INFINITY)
                 fprintf(f, "%sTimerSlackNSec: "NSEC_FMT "\n", prefix, c->timer_slack_nsec);
 
         fprintf(f,
@@ -2096,13 +2350,8 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                 fprintf(f, "%sCapabilityBoundingSet:", prefix);
 
                 for (l = 0; l <= cap_last_cap(); l++)
-                        if (!(c->capability_bounding_set_drop & ((uint64_t) 1ULL << (uint64_t) l))) {
-                                _cleanup_cap_free_charp_ char *t;
-
-                                t = cap_to_name(l);
-                                if (t)
-                                        fprintf(f, " %s", t);
-                        }
+                        if (!(c->capability_bounding_set_drop & ((uint64_t) 1ULL << (uint64_t) l)))
+                                fprintf(f, " %s", strna(capability_to_name(l)));
 
                 fputs("\n", f);
         }
@@ -2213,6 +2462,21 @@ void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
                         prefix, c->apparmor_profile_ignore ? "-" : "", c->apparmor_profile);
 }
 
+bool exec_context_maintains_privileges(ExecContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* Returns true if the process forked off would run run under
+         * an unchanged UID or as root. */
+
+        if (!c->user)
+                return true;
+
+        if (streq(c->user, "root") || streq(c->user, "0"))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
 void exec_status_start(ExecStatus *s, pid_t pid) {
         assert(s);
 
@@ -2247,12 +2511,11 @@ void exec_status_dump(ExecStatus *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
         assert(s);
         assert(f);
 
-        if (!prefix)
-                prefix = "";
-
         if (s->pid <= 0)
                 return;
 
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+
         fprintf(f,
                 "%sPID: "PID_FMT"\n",
                 prefix, s->pid);
@@ -2312,37 +2575,27 @@ char *exec_command_line(char **argv) {
 }
 
 void exec_command_dump(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
-        char *p2;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *cmd = NULL;
         const char *prefix2;
 
-        char *cmd;
-
         assert(c);
         assert(f);
 
-        if (!prefix)
-                prefix = "";
-        p2 = strappend(prefix, "\t");
-        prefix2 = p2 ? p2 : prefix;
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
+        prefix2 = strjoina(prefix, "\t");
 
         cmd = exec_command_line(c->argv);
-
         fprintf(f,
                 "%sCommand Line: %s\n",
                 prefix, cmd ? cmd : strerror(ENOMEM));
 
-        free(cmd);
-
         exec_status_dump(&c->exec_status, f, prefix2);
-
-        free(p2);
 }
 
 void exec_command_dump_list(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
         assert(f);
 
-        if (!prefix)
-                prefix = "";
+        prefix = strempty(prefix);
 
         LIST_FOREACH(command, c, c)
                 exec_command_dump(c, f, prefix);
@@ -2391,6 +2644,29 @@ int exec_command_set(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...) {
         return 0;
 }
 
+int exec_command_append(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        va_list ap;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(path);
+
+        va_start(ap, path);
+        l = strv_new_ap(path, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = strv_extend_strv(&c->argv, l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
 static int exec_runtime_allocate(ExecRuntime **rt) {
 
         if (*rt)
@@ -2456,7 +2732,7 @@ ExecRuntime *exec_runtime_unref(ExecRuntime *r) {
         if (r->n_ref <= 0) {
                 free(r->tmp_dir);
                 free(r->var_tmp_dir);
-                close_pipe(r->netns_storage_socket);
+                safe_close_pair(r->netns_storage_socket);
                 free(r);
         }
 
@@ -2543,11 +2819,9 @@ int exec_runtime_deserialize_item(ExecRuntime **rt, Unit *u, const char *key, co
                         return r;
 
                 if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
-                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse netns socket value %s", value);
+                        log_unit_debug(u->id, "Failed to parse netns socket value %s", value);
                 else {
-                        if ((*rt)->netns_storage_socket[0] >= 0)
-                                close_nointr_nofail((*rt)->netns_storage_socket[0]);
-
+                        safe_close((*rt)->netns_storage_socket[0]);
                         (*rt)->netns_storage_socket[0] = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
                 }
         } else if (streq(key, "netns-socket-1")) {
@@ -2558,11 +2832,9 @@ int exec_runtime_deserialize_item(ExecRuntime **rt, Unit *u, const char *key, co
                         return r;
 
                 if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
-                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse netns socket value %s", value);
+                        log_unit_debug(u->id, "Failed to parse netns socket value %s", value);
                 else {
-                        if ((*rt)->netns_storage_socket[1] >= 0)
-                                close_nointr_nofail((*rt)->netns_storage_socket[1]);
-
+                        safe_close((*rt)->netns_storage_socket[1]);
                         (*rt)->netns_storage_socket[1] = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
                 }
         } else
@@ -2579,6 +2851,8 @@ static void *remove_tmpdir_thread(void *p) {
 }
 
 void exec_runtime_destroy(ExecRuntime *rt) {
+        int r;
+
         if (!rt)
                 return;
 
@@ -2588,17 +2862,29 @@ void exec_runtime_destroy(ExecRuntime *rt) {
 
         if (rt->tmp_dir) {
                 log_debug("Spawning thread to nuke %s", rt->tmp_dir);
-                asynchronous_job(remove_tmpdir_thread, rt->tmp_dir);
+
+                r = asynchronous_job(remove_tmpdir_thread, rt->tmp_dir);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to nuke %s: %m", rt->tmp_dir);
+                        free(rt->tmp_dir);
+                }
+
                 rt->tmp_dir = NULL;
         }
 
         if (rt->var_tmp_dir) {
                 log_debug("Spawning thread to nuke %s", rt->var_tmp_dir);
-                asynchronous_job(remove_tmpdir_thread, rt->var_tmp_dir);
+
+                r = asynchronous_job(remove_tmpdir_thread, rt->var_tmp_dir);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to nuke %s: %m", rt->var_tmp_dir);
+                        free(rt->var_tmp_dir);
+                }
+
                 rt->var_tmp_dir = NULL;
         }
 
-        close_pipe(rt->netns_storage_socket);
+        safe_close_pair(rt->netns_storage_socket);
 }
 
 static const char* const exec_input_table[_EXEC_INPUT_MAX] = {