journal as written by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
- <para>If called without parameter it will show the full
+ <para>If called without parameters, it will show the full
contents of the journal, starting with the oldest
entry collected.</para>
- <para>If one or more match arguments are passed the
+ <para>If one or more match arguments are passed, the
output is filtered accordingly. A match is in the
format <literal>FIELD=VALUE</literal>,
e.g. <literal>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=httpd.service</literal>,
entry. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for a list of well-known fields. If multiple matches
- are specified matching different fields the log
+ are specified matching different fields, the log
entries are filtered by both, i.e. the resulting output
will show only entries matching all the specified
matches of this kind. If two matches apply to the same
entries matching any of the specified matches for the
same field. Finally, if the character
<literal>+</literal> appears as separate word on the
- command line all matches before and after are combined
+ command line, all matches before and after are combined
in a disjunction (i.e. logical OR).</para>
<para>As shortcuts for a few types of field/value
- matches file paths may be specified. If a file path
+ matches, file paths may be specified. If a file path
refers to an executable file, this is equivalent to an
<literal>_EXE=</literal> match for the canonicalized
- binary path. Similar, if a path refers to a device
+ binary path. Similarly, if a path refers to a device
node, this is equivalent to a
<literal>_KERNEL_DEVICE=</literal> match for the
device.</para>
<para>Output is interleaved from all accessible
journal files, whether they are rotated or currently
- being written, and regardless whether they belong to the
+ being written, and regardless of whether they belong to the
system itself or are accessible user journals.</para>
<para>All users are granted access to their private
- per-user journals. However, by default only root and
+ per-user journals. However, by default, only root and
users who are members of the <literal>adm</literal>
group get access to the system journal and the
journals of other users.</para>
the end of the journal inside the
implied pager tool. This implies
<option>-n1000</option> to guarantee
- that the pager won't buffer logs of
+ that the pager will not buffer logs of
unbounded size. This may be overridden
with an explicit <option>-n</option>
with some other numeric value on the
<literal>cat</literal>. <literal>short</literal>
is the default and generates an output
that is mostly identical to the
- formatting of classic syslog log
+ formatting of classic syslog
files, showing one line per journal
entry. <literal>short-monotonic</literal>
is very similar but shows monotonic
manuals. Note that help texts are not
available for all messages, but only
for selected ones. For more
- information on the message catalog
+ information on the message catalog,
please refer to the <ulink
url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog">Message
Catalog Developer
<literal>notice</literal> (5),
<literal>info</literal> (6),
<literal>debug</literal> (7). If a
- single log level is specified all
+ single log level is specified, all
messages with this log level or a
lower (hence more important) log level
- are shown. If a range is specified all
+ are shown. If a range is specified, all
messages within the range are shown,
including both the start and the end
value of the range. This will add
<term><option>--directory=<replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a directory path
- as argument. If specified journalctl
+ as argument. If specified, journalctl
will operate on the specified journal
directory
<replaceable>DIR</replaceable> instead
<term><option>--file=<replaceable>GLOB</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a file glob as
- argument. If specified journalctl will
+ argument. If specified, journalctl will
operate on the specified journal files
matching <replaceable>GLOB</replaceable>
instead of the default runtime and
<term><option>--root=<replaceable>ROOT</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a directory path
- as argument. If specified journalctl
+ as argument. If specified, journalctl
will operate on catalog file hierarchy
underneath the specified directory
instead of the root directory
<term><option>--new-id128</option></term>
<listitem><para>Instead of showing
- journal contents generate a new 128
+ journal contents, generate a new 128
bit ID suitable for identifying
messages. This is intended for usage
by developers who need a new
identifier for a new message they
introduce and want to make
- recognizable. Will print the new ID in
+ recognizable. This will print the new ID in
three different formats which can be
copied into source code or
similar.</para></listitem>
<term><option>--header</option></term>
<listitem><para>Instead of showing
- journal contents show internal header
+ journal contents, show internal header
information of the journal fields
accessed.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<term><option>--setup-keys</option></term>
<listitem><para>Instead of showing
- journal contents generate a new key
+ journal contents, generate a new key
pair for Forward Secure Sealing
(FSS). This will generate a sealing
key and a verification key. The
<term><option>--interval=</option></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies the change
- interval for the sealing key, when
+ interval for the sealing key when
generating an FSS key pair with
<option>--setup-keys</option>. Shorter
intervals increase CPU consumption but
<listitem><para>Check the journal file
for internal consistency. If the
file has been generated with FSS
- enabled, and the FSS verification key
+ enabled and the FSS verification key
has been specified with
- <option>--verify-key=</option>
+ <option>--verify-key=</option>,
authenticity of the journal file is
verified.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<refsect1>
<title>Exit status</title>
- <para>On success 0 is returned, a non-zero failure
+ <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure
code otherwise.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Examples</title>
- <para>Without arguments all collected logs are shown
+ <para>Without arguments, all collected logs are shown
unfiltered:</para>
<programlisting>journalctl</programlisting>
- <para>With one match specified all entries with a field matching the expression are shown:</para>
+ <para>With one match specified, all entries with a field matching the expression are shown:</para>
<programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service</programlisting>
- <para>If two different fields are matched only entries matching both expressions at the same time are shown:</para>
+ <para>If two different fields are matched, only entries matching both expressions at the same time are shown:</para>
<programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097</programlisting>
- <para>If two matches refer to the same field all entries matching either expression are shown:</para>
+ <para>If two matches refer to the same field, all entries matching either expression are shown:</para>
<programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</programlisting>
- <para>If the separator <literal>+</literal> is used
+ <para>If the separator <literal>+</literal> is used,
two expressions may be combined in a logical OR. The
following will show all messages from the Avahi
service process with the PID 28097 plus all messages
~ianmdlvl / elogind.git / blobdiff