systemd System and Service Manager
+CHANGES WITH 198:
+
+ * Configuration of unit files may now be extended via drop-in
+ files without having to edit/override the unit files
+ themselves. More specifically, if the administrator wants to
+ change one value for a service file foobar.service he can
+ now do so by dropping in a configuration snippet into
+ /etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/*.conf. The unit logic
+ will load all these snippets and apply them on top of the
+ main unit configuration file, possibly extending or
+ overriding its settings. Using these drop-in snippets is
+ generally nicer than the two earlier options for changing
+ unit files locally: copying the files from
+ /usr/lib/systemd/system/ to /etc/systemd/system/ and editing
+ them there; or creating a new file in /etc/systemd/system/
+ that incorporates the original one via ".include". Drop-in
+ snippets into these .d/ directories can be placed in any
+ directory systemd looks for units in, and the usual
+ overriding semantics between /usr/lib, /etc and /run apply
+ for them too.
+
+ * Most unit file settings which take lists of items can now be
+ reset by assigning the empty string to them. For example,
+ normally, settings such as Environment=FOO=BAR append a new
+ environment variable assignment to the environment block,
+ each time they are used. By assigning Environment= the empty
+ string the environment block can be reset to empty. This is
+ particularly useful with the .d/*.conf drop-in snippets
+ mentioned above, since this adds the ability to reset list
+ settings from vendor unit files via these drop-ins.
+
+ * systemctl gained a new "list-dependencies" command for
+ listing the dependencies of a unit recursively.
+
+ * Inhibitors are now honored and listed by "systemctl
+ suspend", "systemctl poweroff" (and similar) too, not only
+ GNOME. These commands will also list active sessions by
+ other users.
+
+ * Resource limits (as exposed by the various control group
+ controllers) can now be controlled dynamically at runtime
+ for all units. More specifically, you can now use a command
+ like "systemctl set-cgroup-attr foobar.service cpu.shares
+ 2000" to alter the CPU shares a specific service gets. These
+ settings are stored persistently on disk, and thus allow the
+ administrator to easily adjust the resource usage of
+ services with a few simple commands. This dynamic resource
+ management logic is also available to other programs via the
+ bus. Almost any kernel cgroup attribute and controller is
+ supported.
+
+ * systemd-vconsole-setup will now copy all font settings to
+ all allocated VTs, where it previously applied them only to
+ the foreground VT.
+
+ * libsystemd-login gained the new sd_session_get_tty() API
+ call.
+
+ * This release drops support for a few legacy or
+ distribution-specific LSB facility names when parsing init
+ scripts: $x-display-manager, $mail-transfer-agent,
+ $mail-transport-agent, $mail-transfer-agent, $smtp,
+ $null. Also, the mail-transfer-agent.target unit backing
+ this has been removed. Distributions which want to retain
+ compatibility with this should carry the burden for
+ supporting this themselves and patch support for these back
+ in, if they really need to. Also, the facilities $syslog and
+ $local_fs are now ignored, since systemd does not support
+ early-boot LSB init scripts anymore, and these facilities
+ are implied anyway for normal services. syslog.target has
+ also been removed.
+
+ * There are new bus calls on PID1's Manager object for
+ cancelling jobs, and removing snapshot units. Previously,
+ both calls were only available on the Job and Snapshot
+ objects themselves.
+
+ * systemd-journal-gatewayd gained SSL support.
+
+ * The various "environment" files, such as /etc/locale.conf
+ now support continuation lines with a backslash ("\") as
+ last character in the line, similar in style (but different)
+ to how this is supported in shells.
+
+ * For normal user processes the _SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT= field is
+ now implicitly appended to every log entry logged. systemctl
+ has been updated to filter by this field when operating on a
+ user systemd instance.
+
+ * nspawn will now implicitly add the CAP_AUDIT_WRITE and
+ CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL capabilities to the capabilities set for
+ the container. This makes it easier to boot unmodified
+ Fedora systems in a container, which however still requires
+ audit=0 to be passed on the kernel command line. Auditing in
+ kernel and userspace is unfortunately still too broken in
+ context of containers, hence we recommend compiling it out
+ of the kernel or using audit=0. Hopefully this will be fixed
+ one day for good in the kernel.
+
+ * nspawn gained the new --bind= and --bind-ro= parameters to
+ bind mount specific directories from the host into the
+ container.
+
+ * nspawn will now mount its own devpts file system instance
+ into the container, in order not to leak pty devices from
+ the host into the container.
+
+ * systemd will now read the firmware boot time performance
+ information from the EFI variables, if the used boot loader
+ supports this, and takes it into account for boot performance
+ analysis via "systemd-analyze". This is currently supported
+ only in conjunction with Gummiboot, but could be supported
+ by other boot loaders too. For details see:
+
+ http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/BootLoaderInterface
+
+ * A new generator has been added that automatically mounts the
+ EFI System Partition (ESP) to /boot, if that directory
+ exists, is empty, and no other file system has been
+ configured to be mounted there.
+
+ * logind will now send out PrepareForSleep(false) out
+ unconditionally, after coming back from suspend. This may be
+ used by applications as asynchronous notification for
+ system resume events.
+
+ * "systemctl unlock-sessions" has been added, that allows
+ unlocking the screens of all user sessions at once, similar
+ how "systemctl lock-sessions" already locked all users
+ sessions. This is backed by a new D-Bus call UnlockSessions().
+
+ * "loginctl seat-status" will now show the master device of a
+ seat. (i.e. the device of a seat that needs to be around for
+ the seat to be considered available, usually the graphics
+ card).
+
+ * tmpfiles gained a new "X" line type, that allows
+ configuration of files and directories (with wildcards) that
+ shall be excluded from automatic cleanup ("aging").
+
+ * udev default rules set the device node permissions now only
+ at "add" events, and do not change them any longer with a
+ later "change" event.
+
+ * The log messages for lid events and power/sleep keypresses
+ now carry a message ID.
+
+ * We now have a substantially larger unit test suite, but this
+ continues to be work in progress.
+
+ * udevadm hwdb gained a new --root= parameter to change the
+ root directory to operate relative to.
+
+ * logind will now issue a background sync() request to the kernel
+ early at shutdown, so that dirty buffers are flushed to disk early
+ instead of at the last moment, in order to optimize shutdown
+ times a little.
+
+ * A new bootctl tool has been added that is an interface for
+ certain boot loader operations. This is currently a preview
+ and is likely to be extended into a small mechanism daemon
+ like timedated, localed, hostnamed, and can be used by
+ graphical UIs to enumerate available boot options, and
+ request boot into firmware operations.
+
+ * systemd-bootchart has been relicensed to LGPLv2.1+ to match
+ the rest of the package. It also has been updated to work
+ correctly in initrds.
+
+ * Policykit previously has been runtime optional, and is now
+ also compile time optional via a configure switch.
+
+ * systemd-analyze has been reimplemented in C. Also "systemctl
+ dot" has moved into systemd-analyze.
+
+ * "systemctl status" with no further parameters will now print
+ the status of all active or failed units.
+
+ * Operations such as "systemctl start" can now be executed
+ with a new mode "--irreversible" which may be used to queue
+ operations that cannot accidentally be reversed by a later
+ job queuing. This is by default used to make shutdown
+ requests more robust.
+
+ * The Python API of systemd now gained a new module for
+ reading journal files.
+
+ * A new tool kernel-install has been added that can install
+ kernel images according to the Boot Loader Specification:
+
+ http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/BootLoaderSpec
+
+ * Boot time console output has been improved to provide
+ animated boot time output for hanging jobs.
+
+ * A new tool systemd-activate has been added which can be used
+ to test socket activation with, directly from the command
+ line. This should make it much easier to test and debug
+ socket activation in daemons.
+
+ * journalctl gained a new "--reverse" (or -r) option to show
+ journal output in reverse order (i.e. newest line first).
+
+ * journalctl gained a new "--pager-end" (or -e) option to jump
+ to immediately jump to the end of the journal in the
+ pager. This is only supported in conjunction with "less".
+
+ * journalctl gained a new "--user-unit=" option, that works
+ similar to "--unit=" but filters for user units rather than
+ system units.
+
+ * A number of unit files to ease adoption of systemd in
+ initrds has been added. This moves some minimal logic from
+ the various initrd implementations into systemd proper.
+
+ * The journal files are now owned by a new group
+ "systemd-journal", which exists specifically to allow access
+ to the journal, and nothing else. Previously, we used the
+ "adm" group for that, which however possibly covers more
+ than just journal/log file access. This new group is now
+ already used by systemd-journal-gatewayd to ensure this
+ daemon gets access to the journal files and as little else
+ as possible. Note that "make install" will also set FS ACLs
+ up for /var/log/journal to give "adm" and "wheel" read
+ access to it, in addition to "systemd-journal" which owns
+ the journal files. We recommend that packaging scripts also
+ add read access to "adm" + "wheel" to /var/log/journal, and
+ all existing/future journal files. To normal users and
+ administrators little changes, however packagers need to
+ ensure to create the "systemd-journal" system group at
+ package installation time.
+
+ * The systemd-journal-gatewayd now runs as unprivileged user
+ systemd-journal-gateway:systemd-journal-gateway. Packaging
+ scripts need to create these system user/group at
+ installation time.
+
+ * timedated now exposes a new boolean property CanNTP that
+ indicates whether a local NTP service is available or not.
+
+ * systemd-detect-virt will now also detect xen PVs
+
+ * The pstore file system is now mounted by default, if it is
+ available.
+
+ * In addition to the SELinux and IMA policies we will now also
+ load SMACK policies at early boot.
+
+ Contributions from: Adel Gadllah, Aleksander Morgado, Auke
+ Kok, Ayan George, Bastien Nocera, Colin Walters, Daniel Buch,
+ Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Strauss,
+ Eelco Dolstra, Enrico Scholz, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer,
+ Jan Janssen, Jonathan Callen, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
+ Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin
+ Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Max F. Albrecht, Michael Biebl, Michael
+ Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michal Vyskocil,
+ Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Mirco Tischler, Nathaniel Chen, Nestor
+ Ovroy, Oleksii Shevchuk, Paul W. Frields, Piotr Drąg, Rob
+ Clark, Ryan Lortie, Simon McVittie, Simon Peeters, Steven
+ Hiscocks, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom
+ Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, William Giokas, Zbigniew
+ Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak)
+
+CHANGES WITH 197:
+
+ * Timer units now support calendar time events in addition to
+ monotonic time events. That means you can now trigger a unit
+ based on a calendar time specification such as "Thu,Fri
+ 2013-*-1,5 11:12:13" which refers to 11:12:13 of the first
+ or fifth day of any month of the year 2013, given that it is
+ a thursday or friday. This brings timer event support
+ considerably closer to cron's capabilities. For details on
+ the supported calendar time specification language see
+ systemd.time(7).
+
+ * udev now supports a number of different naming policies for
+ network interfaces for predictable names, and a combination
+ of these policies is now the default. Please see this wiki
+ document for details:
+
+ http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames
+
+ * Auke Kok's bootchart implementation has been added to the
+ systemd tree. It's an optional component that can graph the
+ boot in quite some detail. It's one of the best bootchart
+ implementations around and minimal in its code and
+ dependencies.
+
+ * nss-myhostname has been integrated into the systemd source
+ tree. nss-myhostname guarantees that the local hostname
+ always stays resolvable via NSS. It has been a weak
+ requirement of systemd-hostnamed since a long time, and
+ since its code is actually trivial we decided to just
+ include it in systemd's source tree. It can be turned off
+ with a configure switch.
+
+ * The read-ahead logic is now capable of properly detecting
+ whether a btrfs file system is on SSD or rotating media, in
+ order to optimize the read-ahead scheme. Previously, it was
+ only capable of detecting this on traditional file systems
+ such as ext4.
+
+ * In udev, additional device properties are now read from the
+ IAB in addition to the OUI database. Also, Bluetooth company
+ identities are attached to the devices as well.
+
+ * In service files %U may be used as specifier that is
+ replaced by the configured user name of the service.
+
+ * nspawn may now be invoked without a controlling TTY. This
+ makes it suitable for invocation as its own service. This
+ may be used to set up a simple containerized server system
+ using only core OS tools.
+
+ * systemd and nspawn can now accept socket file descriptors
+ when they are started for socket activation. This enables
+ implementation of socket activated nspawn
+ containers. i.e. think about autospawning an entire OS image
+ when the first SSH or HTTP connection is received. We expect
+ that similar functionality will also be added to libvirt-lxc
+ eventually.
+
+ * journalctl will now suppress ANSI color codes when
+ presenting log data.
+
+ * systemctl will no longer show control group information for
+ a unit if a the control group is empty anyway.
+
+ * logind can now automatically suspend/hibernate/shutdown the
+ system on idle.
+
+ * /etc/machine-info and hostnamed now also expose the chassis
+ type of the system. This can be used to determine whether
+ the local system is a laptop, desktop, handset or
+ tablet. This information may either be configured by the
+ user/vendor or is automatically determined from ACPI and DMI
+ information if possible.
+
+ * A number of PolicyKit actions are now bound together with
+ "imply" rules. This should simplify creating UIs because
+ many actions will now authenticate similar ones as well.
+
+ * Unit files learnt a new condition ConditionACPower= which
+ may be used to conditionalize a unit depending on whether an
+ AC power source is connected or not, of whether the system
+ is running on battery power.
+
+ * systemctl gained a new "is-failed" verb that may be used in
+ shell scripts and suchlike to check whether a specific unit
+ is in the "failed" state.
+
+ * The EnvironmentFile= setting in unit files now supports file
+ globbing, and can hence be used to easily read a number of
+ environment files at once.
+
+ * systemd will no longer detect and recognize specific
+ distributions. All distribution-specific #ifdeffery has been
+ removed, systemd is now fully generic and
+ distribution-agnostic. Effectively, not too much is lost as
+ a lot of the code is still accessible via explicit configure
+ switches. However, support for some distribution specific
+ legacy configuration file formats has been dropped. We
+ recommend distributions to simply adopt the configuration
+ files everybody else uses now and convert the old
+ configuration from packaging scripts. Most distributions
+ already did that. If that's not possible or desirable,
+ distributions are welcome to forward port the specific
+ pieces of code locally from the git history.
+
+ * When logging a message about a unit systemd will now always
+ log the unit name in the message meta data.
+
+ * localectl will now also discover system locale data that is
+ not stored in locale archives, but directly unpacked.
+
+ * logind will no longer unconditionally use framebuffer
+ devices as seat masters, i.e. as devices that are required
+ to be existing before a seat is considered preset. Instead,
+ it will now look for all devices that are tagged as
+ "seat-master" in udev. By default framebuffer devices will
+ be marked as such, but depending on local systems other
+ devices might be marked as well. This may be used to
+ integrate graphics cards using closed source drivers (such
+ as NVidia ones) more nicely into logind. Note however, that
+ we recommend using the open source NVidia drivers instead,
+ and no udev rules for the closed-source drivers will be
+ shipped from us upstream.
+
+ Contributions from: Adam Williamson, Alessandro Crismani, Auke
+ Kok, Colin Walters, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David
+ Herrmann, David Strauss, Dimitrios Apostolou, Eelco Dolstra,
+ Eric Benoit, Giovanni Campagna, Hannes Reinecke, Henrik
+ Grindal Bakken, Hermann Gausterer, Kay Sievers, Lennart
+ Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann,
+ Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael Biebl, Michael Terry,
+ Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Oleg
+ Samarin, Pekka Lundstrom, Philip Nilsson, Ramkumar
+ Ramachandra, Richard Yao, Robert Millan, Sami Kerola, Shawn
+ Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Thomas Jarosch,
+ Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew
+ Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+CHANGES WITH 196:
+
+ * udev gained support for loading additional device properties
+ from an indexed database that is keyed by vendor/product IDs
+ and similar device identifiers. For the beginning this
+ "hwdb" is populated with data from the well-known PCI and
+ USB database, but also includes PNP, ACPI and OID data. In
+ the longer run this indexed database shall grow into
+ becoming the one central database for non-essential
+ userspace device metadata. Previously, data from the PCI/USB
+ database was only attached to select devices, since the
+ lookup was a relatively expensive operation due to O(n) time
+ complexity (with n being the number of entries in the
+ database). Since this is now O(1), we decided to add in this
+ data for all devices where this is available, by
+ default. Note that the indexed database needs to be rebuilt
+ when new data files are installed. To achieve this you need
+ to update your packaging scripts to invoke "udevadm hwdb
+ --update" after installation of hwdb data files. For
+ RPM-based distributions we introduced the new
+ %udev_hwdb_update macro for this purpose.
+
+ * The Journal gained support for the "Message Catalog", an
+ indexed database to link up additional information with
+ journal entries. For further details please check:
+
+ http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog
+
+ The indexed message catalog database also needs to be
+ rebuilt after installation of message catalog files. Use
+ "journalctl --update-catalog" for this. For RPM-based
+ distributions we introduced the %journal_catalog_update
+ macro for this purpose.
+
+ * The Python Journal bindings gained support for the standard
+ Python logging framework.
+
+ * The Journal API gained new functions for checking whether
+ the underlying file system of a journal file is capable of
+ properly reporting file change notifications, or whether
+ applications that want to reflect journal changes "live"
+ need to recheck journal files continously in appropriate
+ time intervals.
+
+ * It is now possible to set the "age" field for tmpfiles
+ entries to 0, indicating that files matching this entry
+ shall always be removed when the directories are cleaned up.
+
+ * coredumpctl gained a new "gdb" verb which invokes gdb
+ right-away on the selected coredump.
+
+ * There's now support for "hybrid sleep" on kernels that
+ support this, in addition to "suspend" and "hibernate". Use
+ "systemctl hybrid-sleep" to make use of this.
+
+ * logind's HandleSuspendKey= setting (and related settings)
+ now gained support for a new "lock" setting to simply
+ request the screen lock on all local sessions, instead of
+ actually executing a suspend or hibernation.
+
+ * systemd will now mount the EFI variables file system by
+ default.
+
+ * Socket units now gained support for configuration of the
+ SMACK security label.
+
+ * timedatectl will now output the time of the last and next
+ daylight saving change.
+
+ * We dropped support for various legacy and distro-specific
+ concepts, such as insserv, early-boot SysV services
+ (i.e. those for non-standard runlevels such as 'b' or 'S')
+ or ArchLinux /etc/rc.conf support. We recommend the
+ distributions who still need support this to either continue
+ to maintain the necessary patches downstream, or find a
+ different solution. (Talk to us if you have questions!)
+
+ * Various systemd components will now bypass PolicyKit checks
+ for root and otherwise handle properly if PolicyKit is not
+ found to be around. This should fix most issues for
+ PolicyKit-less systems. Quite frankly this should have been
+ this way since day one. It is absolutely our intention to
+ make systemd work fine on PolicyKit-less systems, and we
+ consider it a bug if something doesn't work as it should if
+ PolicyKit is not around.
+
+ * For embedded systems it is now possible to build udev and
+ systemd without blkid and/or kmod support.
+
+ * "systemctl switch-root" is now capable of switching root
+ more than once. I.e. in addition to transitions from the
+ initrd to the host OS it is now possible to transition to
+ further OS images from the host. This is useful to implement
+ offline updating tools.
+
+ * Various other additions have been made to the RPM macros
+ shipped with systemd. Use %udev_rules_update() after
+ installing new udev rules files. %_udevhwdbdir,
+ %_udevrulesdir, %_journalcatalogdir, %_tmpfilesdir,
+ %_sysctldir are now available which resolve to the right
+ directories for packages to place various data files in.
+
+ * journalctl gained the new --full switch (in addition to
+ --all, to disable ellipsation for long messages.
+
+ Contributions from: Anders Olofsson, Auke Kok, Ben Boeckel,
+ Colin Walters, Cosimo Cecchi, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner,
+ Eelco Dolstra, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers,
+ Chun-Yi Lee, Lekensteyn, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas,
+ Marti Raudsepp, Martin Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Michael Biebl,
+ Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nis Martensen,
+ Oleksii Shevchuk, Olivier Brunel, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Thomas
+ Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tony
+ Camuso, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
CHANGES WITH 195:
- * journalctl gained the new --since= and --until= switches to
+ * journalctl gained new --since= and --until= switches to
filter by time. It also now supports nice filtering for
units via --unit=/-u.
- * Type=oneshot services not may use ExecReload= and do the
+ * Type=oneshot services may use ExecReload= and do the
right thing.
* The journal daemon now supports time-based rotation and
* gatewayd/journalctl now supports HTML5/JSON
Server-Sent-Events as output.
- * The SysV init script compatibility logic will no
+ * The SysV init script compatibility logic will now
heuristically determine whether a script supports the
"reload" verb, and only then make this available as
"systemctl reload".
- * "systemctl status --follow" has been removed, use "journal
+ * "systemctl status --follow" has been removed, use "journalctl
-u" instead.
* journald.conf's RuntimeMinSize=, PersistentMinSize= settings
Contributions from: Andrew Eikum, Christian Hesse, Colin
Guthrie, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Ferenc
- Wágner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn,
- Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Mikkelsen, Martin Pitt, Michael
- Olbrich, Michael Stapelberg, Sebastian Ott, Thomas Bächler,
- Umut Tezduyar, Wulf C. Krueger, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek,
- Сковорода Никита Андреевич
+ Wágner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas
+ Mikulėnas, Martin Mikkelsen, Martin Pitt, Michael Olbrich,
+ Michael Stapelberg, Michal Schmidt, Sebastian Ott, Thomas
+ Bächler, Umut Tezduyar, Will Woods, Wulf C. Krueger, Zbigniew
+ Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Сковорода Никита Андреевич
CHANGES WITH 194:
~ianmdlvl / elogind.git / blobdiff