systemd System and Service Manager
+CHANGES WITH 218:
+
+ * If compiled with --enable-xkbcommon, systemd-localed will
+ verify x11 keymap settings by compiling the given keymap. It
+ will spew out warnings if the compilation fails. This
+ requires libxkbcommon to be installed.
+
+ * All systemd programs that read standalone configuration files
+ in /etc now also support a corresponding series of
+ .conf.d configuration directories in /etc/, /run/,
+ /usr/local/lib/, /usr/lib/, and (if configured with
+ --enable-split-usr) /lib/. In particular, the following
+ configuration files now have corresponding configuration
+ directories: system.conf user.conf, logind.conf,
+ journald.conf, sleep.conf, bootchart.conf, coredump.conf,
+ resolved.conf, timesyncd.conf, journal-remote.conf, and
+ journal-upload.conf. Note that distributions should use the
+ configuration directories in /usr/lib/; the directories in
+ /etc/ are reserved for the system administrator.
+
+CHANGES WITH 217:
+
+ * journalctl gained the new options -t/--identifier= to match
+ on the syslog identifier (aka "tag"), as well as --utc to
+ show log timestamps in the UTC timezone. journalctl now also
+ accepts -n/--lines=all to disable line capping in a pager.
+
+ * journalctl gained a new switch, --flush, that synchronously
+ flushes logs from /run/log/journal to /var/log/journal if
+ persistent storage is enabled. systemd-journal-flush.service
+ now waits until the operation is complete.
+
+ * Services can notify the manager before they start a reload
+ (by sending RELOADING=1) or shutdown (by sending
+ STOPPING=1). This allows the manager to track and show the
+ internal state of daemons and closes a race condition when
+ the process is still running but has closed its D-Bus
+ connection.
+
+ * Services with Type=oneshot do not have to have any ExecStart
+ commands anymore.
+
+ * User units are now loaded also from
+ $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user/. This is similar to the
+ /run/systemd/user directory that was already previously
+ supported, but is under the control of the user.
+
+ * Job timeouts (i.e. time-outs on the time a job that is
+ queued stays in the run queue) can now optionally result in
+ immediate reboot or power-off actions (JobTimeoutAction= and
+ JobTimeoutRebootArgument=). This is useful on ".target"
+ units, to limit the maximum time a target remains
+ undispatched in the run queue, and to trigger an emergency
+ operation in such a case. This is now used by default to
+ turn off the system if boot-up (as defined by everything in
+ basic.target) hangs and does not complete for at least
+ 15min. Also, if power-off or reboot hang for at least 30min
+ an immediate power-off/reboot operation is triggered. This
+ functionality is particularly useful to increase reliability
+ on embedded devices, but also on laptops which might
+ accidentally get powered on when carried in a backpack and
+ whose boot stays stuck in a hard disk encryption passphrase
+ question.
+
+ * systemd-logind can be configured to also handle lid switch
+ events even when the machine is docked or multiple displays
+ are attached (HandleLidSwitchDocked= option).
+
+ * A helper binary and a service have been added which can be
+ used to resume from hibernation in the initramfs. A
+ generator will parse the resume= option on the kernel
+ command line to trigger resume.
+
+ * A user console daemon systemd-consoled has been
+ added. Currently, it is a preview, and will so far open a
+ single terminal on each session of the user marked as
+ Desktop=systemd-console.
+
+ * Route metrics can be specified for DHCP routes added by
+ systemd-networkd.
+
+ * The SELinux context of socket-activated services can be set
+ from the information provided by the networking stack
+ (SELinuxContextFromNet= option).
+
+ * Userspace firmware loading support has been removed and
+ the minimum supported kernel version is thus bumped to 3.7.
+
+ * Timeout for udev workers has been increased from 1 to 3
+ minutes, but a warning will be printed after 1 minute to
+ help diagnose kernel modules that take a long time to load.
+
+ * Udev rules can now remove tags on devices with TAG-="foobar".
+
+ * systemd's readahead implementation has been removed. In many
+ circumstances it didn't give expected benefits even for
+ rotational disk drives and was becoming less relevant in the
+ age of SSDs. As none of the developers has been using
+ rotating media anymore, and nobody stepped up to actively
+ maintain this component of systemd it has now been removed.
+
+ * Swap units can use Options= to specify discard options.
+ Discard options specified for swaps in /etc/fstab are now
+ respected.
+
+ * Docker containers are now detected as a separate type of
+ virtualization.
+
+ * The Password Agent protocol gained support for queries where
+ the user input is shown, useful e.g. for user names.
+ systemd-ask-password gained a new --echo option to turn that
+ on.
+
+ * The default sysctl.d/ snippets will now set:
+
+ net.core.default_qdisc = fq_codel
+
+ This selects Fair Queuing Controlled Delay as the default
+ queuing discipline for network interfaces. fq_codel helps
+ fight the network bufferbloat problem. It is believed to be
+ a good default with no tuning required for most workloads.
+ Downstream distributions may override this choice. On 10Gbit
+ servers that do not do forwarding, "fq" may perform better.
+ Systems without a good clocksource should use "pfifo_fast".
+
+ * If kdbus is enabled during build a new option BusPolicy= is
+ available for service units, that allows locking all service
+ processes into a stricter bus policy, in order to limit
+ access to various bus services, or even hide most of them
+ from the service's view entirely.
+
+ * networkctl will now show the .network and .link file
+ networkd has applied to a specific interface.
+
+ * sd-login gained a new API call sd_session_get_desktop() to
+ query which desktop environment has been selected for a
+ session.
+
+ * UNIX utmp support is now compile-time optional to support
+ legacy-free systems.
+
+ * systemctl gained two new commands "add-wants" and
+ "add-requires" for pulling in units from specific targets
+ easily.
+
+ * If the word "rescue" is specified on the kernel command line
+ the system will now boot into rescue mode (aka
+ rescue.target), which was previously available only by
+ specifying "1" or "systemd.unit=rescue.target" on the kernel
+ command line. This new kernel command line option nicely
+ mirrors the already existing "emergency" kernel command line
+ option.
+
+ * New kernel command line options mount.usr=, mount.usrflags=,
+ mount.usrfstype= have been added that match root=, rootflags=,
+ rootfstype= but allow mounting a specific file system to
+ /usr.
+
+ * The $NOTIFY_SOCKET is now also passed to control processes of
+ services, not only the main process.
+
+ * This version reenables support for fsck's -l switch. This
+ means at least version v2.25 of util-linux is required for
+ operation, otherwise dead-locks on device nodes may
+ occur. Again: you need to update util-linux to at least
+ v2.25 when updating systemd to v217.
+
+ * The "multi-seat-x" tool has been removed from systemd, as
+ its functionality has been integrated into X servers 1.16,
+ and the tool is hence redundant. It is recommended to update
+ display managers invoking this tool to simply invoke X
+ directly from now on, again.
+
+ * Support for the new ALLOW_INTERACTIVE_AUTHORIZATION D-Bus
+ message flag has been added for all of systemd's PolicyKit
+ authenticated method calls has been added. In particular
+ this now allows optional interactive authorization via
+ PolicyKit for many of PID1's privileged operations such as
+ unit file enabling and disabling.
+
+ * "udevadm hwdb --update" learnt a new switch "--usr" for
+ placing the rebuilt hardware database in /usr instead of
+ /etc. When used only hardware database entries stored in
+ /usr will be used, and any user database entries in /etc are
+ ignored. This functionality is useful for vendors to ship a
+ pre-built database on systems where local configuration is
+ unnecessary or unlikely.
+
+ * Calendar time specifications in .timer units now also
+ understand the strings "semi-annually", "quarterly" and
+ "minutely" as shortcuts (in addition to the preexisting
+ "anually", "hourly", ...).
+
+ * systemd-tmpfiles will now correctly create files in /dev
+ at boot which are marked for creation only at boot. It is
+ recommended to always create static device nodes with 'c!'
+ and 'b!', so that they are created only at boot and not
+ overwritten at runtime.
+
+ * When the watchdog logic is used for a service (WatchdogSec=)
+ and the watchdog timeout is hit the service will now be
+ terminated with SIGABRT (instead of just SIGTERM), in order
+ to make sure a proper coredump and backtrace is
+ generated. This ensures that hanging services will result in
+ similar coredump/backtrace behaviour as services that hit a
+ segmentation fault.
+
+ Contributions from: Andreas Henriksson, Andrei Borzenkov,
+ Angus Gibson, Ansgar Burchardt, Ben Wolsieffer, Brandon L.
+ Black, Christian Hesse, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch,
+ Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dan Williams, Dave Reisner, David
+ Herrmann, David Sommerseth, David Strauss, Emil Renner
+ Berthing, Eric Cook, Evangelos Foutras, Filipe Brandenburger,
+ Gustavo Sverzut Barbieri, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Hristo
+ Venev, Hugo Grostabussiat, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan Janssen, Jan
+ Synacek, Jonathan Liu, Juho Son, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Klaus
+ Purer, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz
+ Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann,
+ Marius Tessmann, Marko Myllynen, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl,
+ Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michael Scherer, Michal
+ Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miroslav Lichvar, Patrik Flykt,
+ Philippe De Swert, Piotr Drąg, Rahul Sundaram, Richard
+ Weinberger, Robert Milasan, Ronny Chevalier, Ruben Kerkhof,
+ Santiago Vila, Sergey Ptashnick, Simon McVittie, Sjoerd
+ Simons, Stefan Brüns, Steven Allen, Steven Noonan, Susant
+ Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen,
+ Timofey Titovets, Tobias Hunger, Tom Gundersen, Torstein
+ Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew
+ Jędrzejewski-Szmek.
+
+ -- Berlin, 2014-10-28
+
CHANGES WITH 216:
- * timedated does no longer read NTP unit names from
+
+ * timedated no longer reads NTP implementation unit names from
/usr/lib/systemd/ntp-units.d/*.list. Alternative NTP
- implementations should add a:
+ implementations should add a
+
Conflicts=systemd-timesyncd.service
- to take over and replace systemd's NTP functionality.
+
+ to their unit files to take over and replace systemd's NTP
+ default functionality.
+
+ * systemd-sysusers gained a new line type "r" for configuring
+ which UID/GID ranges to allocate system users/groups
+ from. Lines of type "u" may now add an additional column
+ that specifies the home directory for the system user to be
+ created. Also, systemd-sysusers may now optionally read user
+ information from STDIN instead of a file. This is useful for
+ invoking it from RPM preinst scriptlets that need to create
+ users before the first RPM file is installed since these
+ files might need to be owned by them. A new
+ %sysusers_create_inline RPM macro has been introduced to do
+ just that. systemd-sysusers now updates the shadow files as
+ well as the user/group databases, which should enhance
+ compatibility with certain tools like grpck.
+
+ * A number of bus APIs of PID 1 now optionally consult
+ PolicyKit to permit access for otherwise unprivileged
+ clients under certain conditions. Note that this currently
+ doesn't support interactive authentication yet, but this is
+ expected to be added eventually, too.
+
+ * /etc/machine-info now has new fields for configuring the
+ deployment environment of the machine, as well as the
+ location of the machine. hostnamectl has been updated with
+ new command to update these fields.
+
+ * systemd-timesyncd has been updated to automatically acquire
+ NTP server information from systemd-networkd, which might
+ have been discovered via DHCP.
+
+ * systemd-resolved now includes a caching DNS stub resolver
+ and a complete LLMNR name resolution implementation. A new
+ NSS module "nss-resolve" has been added which can be used
+ instead of glibc's own "nss-dns" to resolve hostnames via
+ systemd-resolved. Hostnames, addresses and arbitrary RRs may
+ be resolved via systemd-resolved D-Bus APIs. In contrast to
+ the glibc internal resolver systemd-resolved is aware of
+ multi-homed system, and keeps DNS server and caches separate
+ and per-interface. Queries are sent simultaneously on all
+ interfaces that have DNS servers configured, in order to
+ properly handle VPNs and local LANs which might resolve
+ separate sets of domain names. systemd-resolved may acquire
+ DNS server information from systemd-networkd automatically,
+ which in turn might have discovered them via DHCP. A tool
+ "systemd-resolve-host" has been added that may be used to
+ query the DNS logic in resolved. systemd-resolved implements
+ IDNA and automatically uses IDNA or UTF-8 encoding depending
+ on whether classic DNS or LLMNR is used as transport. In the
+ next releases we intend to add a DNSSEC and mDNS/DNS-SD
+ implementation to systemd-resolved.
+
+ * A new NSS module nss-mymachines has been added, that
+ automatically resolves the names of all local registered
+ containers to their respective IP addresses.
+
+ * A new client tool "networkctl" for systemd-networkd has been
+ added. It currently is entirely passive and will query
+ networking configuration from udev, rtnetlink and networkd,
+ and present it to the user in a very friendly
+ way. Eventually, we hope to extend it to become a full
+ control utility for networkd.
+
+ * .socket units gained a new DeferAcceptSec= setting that
+ controls the kernels' TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT sockopt for
+ TCP. Similar, support for controlling TCP keep-alive
+ settings has been added (KeepAliveTimeSec=,
+ KeepAliveIntervalSec=, KeepAliveProbes=). Also, support for
+ turning off Nagle's algorithm on TCP has been added
+ (NoDelay=).
+
+ * logind learned a new session type "web", for use in projects
+ like Cockpit which register web clients as PAM sessions.
+
+ * timer units with at least one OnCalendar= setting will now
+ be started only after timer-sync.target has been
+ reached. This way they will not elapse before the system
+ clock has been corrected by a local NTP client or
+ similar. This is particular useful on RTC-less embedded
+ machines, that come up with an invalid system clock.
+
+ * systemd-nspawn's --network-veth= switch should now result in
+ stable MAC addresses for both the outer and the inner side
+ of the link.
+
+ * systemd-nspawn gained a new --volatile= switch for running
+ container instances with /etc or /var unpopulated.
+
+ * The kdbus client code has been updated to use the new Linux
+ 3.17 memfd subsystem instead of the old kdbus-specific one.
+
+ * systemd-networkd's DHCP client and server now support
+ FORCERENEW. There are also new configuration options to
+ configure the vendor client identifier and broadcast mode
+ for DHCP.
+
+ * systemd will no longer inform the kernel about the current
+ timezone, as this is necessarily incorrect and racy as the
+ kernel has no understanding of DST and similar
+ concepts. This hence means FAT timestamps will be always
+ considered UTC, similar to what Android is already
+ doing. Also, when the RTC is configured to the local time
+ (rather than UTC) systemd will never synchronize back to it,
+ as this might confuse Windows at a later boot.
+
+ * systemd-analyze gained a new command "verify" for offline
+ validation of unit files.
+
+ * systemd-networkd gained support for a couple of additional
+ settings for bonding networking setups. Also, the metric for
+ statically configured routes may now be configured. For
+ network interfaces where this is appropriate the peer IP
+ address may now be configured.
+
+ * systemd-networkd's DHCP client will no longer request
+ broadcasting by default, as this tripped up some networks.
+ For hardware where broadcast is required the feature should
+ be switched back on using RequestBroadcast=yes.
+
+ * systemd-networkd will now set up IPv4LL addresses (when
+ enabled) even if DHCP is configured successfully.
+
+ * udev will now default to respect network device names given
+ by the kernel when the kernel indicates that these are
+ predictable. This behavior can be tweaked by changing
+ NamePolicy= in the relevant .link file.
+
+ * A new library systemd-terminal has been added that
+ implements full TTY stream parsing and rendering. This
+ library is supposed to be used later on for implementing a
+ full userspace VT subsystem, replacing the current kernel
+ implementation.
+
+ * A new tool systemd-journal-upload has been added to push
+ journal data to a remote system running
+ systemd-journal-remote.
+
+ * journald will no longer forward all local data to another
+ running syslog daemon. This change has been made because
+ rsyslog (which appears to be the most commonly used syslog
+ implementation these days) no longer makes use of this, and
+ instead pulls the data out of the journal on its own. Since
+ forwarding the messages to a non-existent syslog server is
+ more expensive than we assumed we have now turned this
+ off. If you run a syslog server that is not a recent rsyslog
+ version, you have to turn this option on again
+ (ForwardToSyslog= in journald.conf).
+
+ * journald now optionally supports the LZ4 compressor for
+ larger journal fields. This compressor should perform much
+ better than XZ which was the previous default.
+
+ * machinectl now shows the IP addresses of local containers,
+ if it knows them, plus the interface name of the container.
+
+ * A new tool "systemd-escape" has been added that makes it
+ easy to escape strings to build unit names and similar.
+
+ * sd_notify() messages may now include a new ERRNO= field
+ which is parsed and collected by systemd and shown among the
+ "systemctl status" output for a service.
+
+ * A new component "systemd-firstboot" has been added that
+ queries the most basic systemd information (timezone,
+ hostname, root password) interactively on first
+ boot. Alternatively it may also be used to provision these
+ things offline on OS images installed into directories.
+
+ * The default sysctl.d/ snippets will now set
+
+ net.ipv4.conf.default.promote_secondaries=1
+
+ This has the benefit of no flushing secondary IP addresses
+ when primary addresses are removed.
+
+ Contributions from: Ansgar Burchardt, Bastien Nocera, Colin
+ Walters, Dan Dedrick, Daniel Buch, Daniel Korostil, Daniel
+ Mack, Dan Williams, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Denis
+ Kenzior, Eelco Dolstra, Eric Cook, Hannes Reinecke, Harald
+ Hoyer, Hong Shick Pak, Hui Wang, Jean-André Santoni, Jóhann
+ B. Guðmundsson, Jon Severinsson, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Kevin
+ Wells, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas,
+ Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael
+ Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar,
+ Miguel Angel Ajo, Mike Gilbert, Olivier Brunel, Robert
+ Schiele, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie, Sjoerd Simons, Stef
+ Walter, Steven Noonan, Susant Sahani, Tanu Kaskinen, Thomas
+ Blume, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Timofey Titovets,
+ Tobias Geerinckx-Rice, Tomasz Torcz, Tom Gundersen, Umut
+ Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
+
+ -- Berlin, 2014-08-19
CHANGES WITH 215:
moved to /run/systemd/resolve/. If you have a symlink from
/etc/resolv.conf, it might be necessary to correct it.
- * Two new service settings, ProtectedHome= and ProtectedSystem=,
+ * Two new service settings, ProtectHome= and ProtectSystem=,
have been added. When enabled, they will make the user data
(such as /home) inaccessible or read-only and the system
(such as /usr) read-only, for specific services. This allows
* Access modes specified in tmpfiles snippets may now be
prefixed with "~", which indicates that they shall be masked
- by whether the existing file or directly is currently
+ by whether the existing file or directory is currently
writable, readable or executable at all. Also, if specified,
the sgid/suid/sticky bits will be masked for all
non-directories.
one of the next releases, at the same time that we will
declare the APIs stable.
- * When the kernel command-line argument "kdbus" is specified,
+ * When the kernel command line argument "kdbus" is specified,
systemd will automatically load the kdbus.ko kernel module. At
this stage of development, it is only useful for testing kdbus
and should not be used in production. Note: if "--enable-kdbus"
kernel, and on seats that are not seat0.
* A new kernel command line option luks.options= is understood
- now which allows specifiying LUKS options for usage for LUKS
+ now which allows specifying LUKS options for usage for LUKS
encrypted partitions specified with luks.uuid=.
* tmpfiles.d(5) snippets may now use specifier expansion in
certain paths from operation.
* journald will now automatically flush all messages to disk
- as soon as a message of the log priorities CRIT, ALERT or
- EMERG is received.
+ as soon as a message at the log level CRIT, ALERT or EMERG
+ is received.
Contributions from: Andrew Cook, Brandon Philips, Christian
Hesse, Christoph Junghans, Colin Walters, Daniel Schaal,
~ianmdlvl / elogind.git / blobdiff