+ using the POSIX version!
+
+- Use the bool type for booleans, not integers. One exception: in public
+ headers (i.e those in src/systemd/sd-*.h) use integers after all, as "bool"
+ is C99 and in our public APIs we try to stick to C89 (with a few extension).
+
+- When you invoke certain calls like unlink(), or mkdir_p() and you
+ know it is safe to ignore the error it might return (because a later
+ call would detect the failure anyway, or because the error is in an
+ error path and you thus couldn't do anything about it anyway), then
+ make this clear by casting the invocation explicitly to (void). Code
+ checks like Coverity understand that, and will not complain about
+ ignored error codes. Hence, please use this:
+
+ (void) unlink("/foo/bar/baz");
+
+ instead of just this:
+
+ unlink("/foo/bar/baz");
+
+ Don't cast function calls to (void) that return no error
+ conditions. Specifically, the various xyz_unref() calls that return a NULL
+ object shouldn't be cast to (void), since not using the return value does not
+ hide any errors.
+
+- Don't invoke exit(), ever. It is not replacement for proper error
+ handling. Please escalate errors up your call chain, and use normal
+ "return" to exit from the main function of a process. If you
+ fork()ed off a child process, please use _exit() instead of exit(),
+ so that the exit handlers are not run.
+
+- Please never use dup(). Use fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 3)
+ instead. For two reason: first, you want O_CLOEXEC set on the new fd
+ (see above). Second, dup() will happily duplicate your fd as 0, 1,
+ 2, i.e. stdin, stdout, stderr, should those fds be closed. Given the
+ special semantics of those fds, it's probably a good idea to avoid
+ them. F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC with "3" as parameter avoids them.
+
+- When you define a destructor or unref() call for an object, please
+ accept a NULL object and simply treat this as NOP. This is similar
+ to how libc free() works, which accepts NULL pointers and becomes a
+ NOP for them. By following this scheme a lot of if checks can be
+ removed before invoking your destructor, which makes the code
+ substantially more readable and robust.
+
+- Related to this: when you define a destructor or unref() call for an
+ object, please make it return the same type it takes and always
+ return NULL from it. This allows writing code like this:
+
+ p = foobar_unref(p);
+
+ which will always work regardless if p is initialized or not, and
+ guarantees that p is NULL afterwards, all in just one line.
+
+- Use alloca(), but never forget that it is not OK to invoke alloca()
+ within a loop or within function call parameters. alloca() memory is
+ released at the end of a function, and not at the end of a {}
+ block. Thus, if you invoke it in a loop, you keep increasing the
+ stack pointer without ever releasing memory again. (VLAs have better
+ behaviour in this case, so consider using them as an alternative.)
+ Regarding not using alloca() within function parameters, see the
+ BUGS section of the alloca(3) man page.
+
+- Use memzero() or even better zero() instead of memset(..., 0, ...)
+
+- Instead of using memzero()/memset() to initialize structs allocated
+ on the stack, please try to use c99 structure initializers. It's
+ short, prettier and actually even faster at execution. Hence:
+
+ struct foobar t = {
+ .foo = 7,
+ .bar = "bazz",
+ };
+
+ instead of:
+
+ struct foobar t;
+ zero(t);
+ t.foo = 7;
+ t.bar = "bazz";
+
+- When returning a return code from main(), please preferably use
+ EXIT_FAILURE and EXIT_SUCCESS as defined by libc.
+
+- The order in which header files are included doesn't matter too
+ much. systemd-internal headers must not rely on an include order, so
+ it is safe to include them in any order possible.
+ However, to not clutter global includes, and to make sure internal
+ definitions will not affect global headers, please always include the
+ headers of external components first (these are all headers enclosed
+ in <>), followed by our own exported headers (usually everything
+ that's prefixed by "sd-"), and then followed by internal headers.
+ Furthermore, in all three groups, order all includes alphabetically
+ so duplicate includes can easily be detected.
+
+- To implement an endless loop, use "for (;;)" rather than "while
+ (1)". The latter is a bit ugly anyway, since you probably really
+ meant "while (true)"... To avoid the discussion what the right
+ always-true expression for an infinite while() loop is our
+ recommendation is to simply write it without any such expression by
+ using "for (;;)".
+
+- Never use the "off_t" type, and particularly avoid it in public
+ APIs. It's really weirdly defined, as it usually is 64bit and we
+ don't support it any other way, but it could in theory also be
+ 32bit. Which one it is depends on a compiler switch chosen by the
+ compiled program, which hence corrupts APIs using it unless they can
+ also follow the program's choice. Moreover, in systemd we should
+ parse values the same way on all architectures and cannot expose
+ off_t values over D-Bus. To avoid any confusion regarding conversion
+ and ABIs, always use simply uint64_t directly.
+
+- Commit message subject lines should be prefixed with an appropriate
+ component name of some kind. For example "journal: ", "nspawn: " and
+ so on.
+
+- Do not use "Signed-Off-By:" in your commit messages. That's a kernel
+ thing we don't do in the systemd project.
+
+- Avoid leaving long-running child processes around, i.e. fork()s that
+ are not followed quickly by an execv() in the child. Resource
+ management is unclear in this case, and memory CoW will result in
+ unexpected penalties in the parent much much later on.
+
+- Don't block execution for arbitrary amounts of time using usleep()
+ or a similar call, unless you really know what you do. Just "giving
+ something some time", or so is a lazy excuse. Always wait for the
+ proper event, instead of doing time-based poll loops.
+
+- To determine the length of a constant string "foo", don't bother
+ with sizeof("foo")-1, please use strlen("foo") directly. gcc knows
+ strlen() anyway and turns it into a constant expression if possible.
+
+- If you want to concatenate two or more strings, consider using
+ strjoin() rather than asprintf(), as the latter is a lot
+ slower. This matters particularly in inner loops.
+
+- Please avoid using global variables as much as you can. And if you
+ do use them make sure they are static at least, instead of
+ exported. Especially in library-like code it is important to avoid
+ global variables. Why are global variables bad? They usually hinder
+ generic reusability of code (since they break in threaded programs,
+ and usually would require locking there), and as the code using them
+ has side-effects make programs intransparent. That said, there are
+ many cases where they explicitly make a lot of sense, and are OK to
+ use. For example, the log level and target in log.c is stored in a
+ global variable, and that's OK and probably expected by most. Also
+ in many cases we cache data in global variables. If you add more
+ caches like this, please be careful however, and think about
+ threading. Only use static variables if you are sure that
+ thread-safety doesn't matter in your case. Alternatively consider
+ using TLS, which is pretty easy to use with gcc's "thread_local"
+ concept. It's also OK to store data that is inherently global in
+ global variables, for example data parsed from command lines, see
+ below.
+
+- If you parse a command line, and want to store the parsed parameters
+ in global variables, please consider prefixing their names with
+ "arg_". We have been following this naming rule in most of our
+ tools, and we should continue to do so, as it makes it easy to
+ identify command line parameter variables, and makes it clear why it
+ is OK that they are global variables.
+
+- When exposing public C APIs, be careful what function parameters you make
+ "const". For example, a parameter taking a context object should probably not
+ be "const", even if you are writing an other-wise read-only accessor function
+ for it. The reason is that making it "const" fixates the contract that your
+ call won't alter the object ever, as part of the API. However, that's often
+ quite a promise, given that this even prohibits object-internal caching or
+ lazy initialization of object variables. Moreover it's usually not too useful
+ for client applications. Hence: please be careful and avoid "const" on object
+ parameters, unless you are very sure "const" is appropriate.
+
+- Make sure to enforce limits on every user controllable resource. If the user
+ can allocate resources in your code, your code must enforce some form of
+ limits after which it will refuse operation. It's fine if it is hardcoded (at
+ least initially), but it needs to be there. This is particularly important
+ for objects that unprivileged users may allocate, but also matters for
+ everything else any user may allocated.
+
+- htonl()/ntohl() and htons()/ntohs() are weird. Please use htobe32() and
+ htobe16() instead, it's much more descriptive, and actually says what really
+ is happening, after all htonl() and htons() don't operation on longs and
+ shorts as their name would suggest, but on uint32_t and uint16_t. Also,
+ "network byte order" is just a weird name for "big endian", hence we might
+ want to call it "big endian" right-away.
+
+- You might wonder what kind of common code belongs in src/shared/ and what
+ belongs in src/basic/. The split is like this: anything that uses public APIs
+ we expose (i.e. any of the sd-bus, sd-login, sd-id128, ... APIs) must be
+ located in src/shared/. All stuff that only uses external libraries from
+ other projects (such as glibc's APIs), or APIs from src/basic/ itself should
+ be placed in src/basic/. Conversely, src/libsystemd/ may only use symbols
+ from src/basic, but not from src/shared/. To summarize:
+
+ src/basic/ → may be used by all code in the tree
+ → may not use any code outside of src/basic/
+
+ src/libsystemd/ → may be used by all code in the tree, except for code in src/basic/
+ → may not use any code outside of src/basic/, src/libsystemd/
+
+ src/shared/ → may be used by all code in the tree, except for code in src/basic/, src/libsystemd/
+ → may not use any code outside of src/basic/, src/libsystemd/, src/shared/
+
+- Our focus is on the GNU libc (glibc), not any other libcs. If other libcs are
+ incompatible with glibc it's on them. However, if there are equivalent POSIX
+ and Linux/GNU-specific APIs, we generally prefer the POSIX APIs. If there
+ aren't, we are happy to use GNU or Linux APIs, and expect non-GNU
+ implementations of libc to catch up with glibc.
+
+- Whenever installing a signal handler, make sure to set SA_RESTART for it, so
+ that interrupted system calls are automatically restarted, and we minimize
+ hassles with handling EINTR (in particular as EINTR handling is pretty broken
+ on Linux).
~ianmdlvl / elogind.git / blobdiff