man/systemd.special.xml.in

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   2 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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   6   This file is part of systemd.
   7
   8   Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
   9
  10   systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  11   under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  12   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
  13   (at your option) any later version.
  14
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  18   General Public License for more details.
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  21   along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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  23
  24 <refentry id="systemd.special">
  25
  26         <refentryinfo>
  27                 <title>systemd.special</title>
  28                 <productname>systemd</productname>
  29
  30                 <authorgroup>
  31                         <author>
  32                                 <contrib>Developer</contrib>
  33                                 <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
  34                                 <surname>Poettering</surname>
  35                                 <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
  36                         </author>
  37                 </authorgroup>
  38         </refentryinfo>
  39
  40         <refmeta>
  41                 <refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle>
  42                 <manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
  43         </refmeta>
  44
  45         <refnamediv>
  46                 <refname>systemd.special</refname>
  47                 <refpurpose>special systemd units</refpurpose>
  48         </refnamediv>
  49
  50         <refsynopsisdiv>
  51                 <para><filename>basic.target</filename>,
  52                 <filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename>,
  53                 <filename>dbus.service</filename>,
  54                 <filename>dbus.target</filename>,
  55                 <filename>default.target</filename>,
  56                 <filename>display-manager.service</filename>,
  57                 <filename>emergency.service</filename>,
  58                 <filename>exit.service</filename>,
  59                 <filename>graphical.target</filename>,
  60                 <filename>halt.target</filename>,
  61                 <filename>kbrequest.target</filename>,
  62                 <filename>local-fs.target</filename>,
  63                 <filename>mail-transfer-agent.target</filename>,
  64                 <filename>multi-user.target</filename>,
  65                 <filename>network.target</filename>,
  66                 <filename>nss-lookup.target</filename>,
  67                 <filename>poweroff.target</filename>,
  68                 <filename>reboot.target</filename>,
  69                 <filename>remote-fs.target</filename>,
  70                 <filename>rescue.target</filename>,
  71                 <filename>rpcbind.target</filename>,
  72                 <filename>rtc-set.target</filename>,
  73                 <filename>runlevel2.target</filename>,
  74                 <filename>runlevel3.target</filename>,
  75                 <filename>runlevel4.target</filename>,
  76                 <filename>runlevel5.target</filename>,
  77                 <filename>shutdown.target</filename>,
  78                 <filename>sigpwr.target</filename>,
  79                 <filename>sockets.target</filename>,
  80                 <filename>swap.target</filename>,
  81                 <filename>sysinit.target</filename>,
  82                 <filename>@SPECIAL_SYSLOG_SERVICE@</filename>,
  83                 <filename>syslog.target</filename>,
  84                 <filename>systemd-initctl.service</filename>,
  85                 <filename>systemd-initctl.socket</filename>,
  86                 <filename>systemd-logger.service</filename>,
  87                 <filename>systemd-logger.socket</filename></para>
  88         </refsynopsisdiv>
  89
  90         <refsect1>
  91                 <title>Description</title>
  92
  93                 <para>A few units are treated specially by
  94                 systemd. They have special internal semantics and
  95                 cannot be renamed.</para>
  96         </refsect1>
  97
  98         <refsect1>
  99                 <title>Special System Units</title>
 100
 101                 <variablelist>
 102                         <varlistentry>
 103                                 <term><filename>basic.target</filename></term>
 104                                 <listitem>
 105                                         <para>A special target unit
 106                                         covering early boot-up.</para>
 107                                         <para>systemd automatically
 108                                         adds dependencies of the types
 109                                         Requires and After for this
 110                                         target unit to all SysV
 111                                         service units configured for
 112                                         runlevel 1 to 5.</para>
 113                                         <para>Usually this should pull-in
 114                                         all sockets, mount points,
 115                                         swap devices and other basic
 116                                         initialization necessary for
 117                                         the general purpose
 118                                         daemons. Most normal daemons
 119                                         should have dependencies of
 120                                         type After and Requires on
 121                                         this unit.</para>
 122                                 </listitem>
 123                         </varlistentry>
 124                         <varlistentry>
 125                                 <term><filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename></term>
 126                                 <listitem>
 127                                         <para>systemd starts this
 128                                         target whenever
 129                                         Control+Alt+Del is pressed on
 130                                         the console. Usually this
 131                                         should be aliased (symlinked)
 132                                         to
 133                                         <filename>reboot.target</filename>.</para>
 134                                 </listitem>
 135                         </varlistentry>
 136                         <varlistentry>
 137                                 <term><filename>dbus.service</filename></term>
 138                                 <listitem>
 139                                         <para>A special unit for the
 140                                         D-Bus system bus. As soon as
 141                                         this service is fully started
 142                                         up systemd will connect to it
 143                                         and register its
 144                                         service.</para>
 145
 146                                         <para>Units should generally
 147                                         avoid depending on this unit
 148                                         directly and instead refer to
 149                                         the
 150                                         <filename>dbus.target</filename>
 151                                         unit instead, which pulls this
 152                                         one in directly or indirectly
 153                                         via socket-based activation.</para>
 154                                 </listitem>
 155                         </varlistentry>
 156                         <varlistentry>
 157                                 <term><filename>dbus.target</filename></term>
 158                                 <listitem>
 159                                         <para>Administrators should
 160                                         ensure that this target pulls
 161                                         in a service unit with the
 162                                         name or alias of
 163                                         <filename>dbus.service</filename>
 164                                         (or a socket unit that
 165                                         activates this
 166                                         service).</para>
 167                                 </listitem>
 168                         </varlistentry>
 169                         <varlistentry>
 170                                 <term><filename>default.target</filename></term>
 171                                 <listitem>
 172                                         <para>The default unit systemd
 173                                         starts at bootup. Usually this
 174                                         should be aliased (symlinked)
 175                                         to
 176                                         <filename>multi-user.target</filename>
 177                                         or
 178                                         <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para>
 179                                         <para>The default unit systemd
 180                                         starts at bootup can be
 181                                         overriden with the
 182                                         <varname>systemd.default=</varname>
 183                                         kernel command line option.</para>
 184                                 </listitem>
 185                         </varlistentry>
 186                         <varlistentry>
 187                                 <term><filename>display-manager.service</filename></term>
 188                                 <listitem>
 189                                         <para>The display manager
 190                                         service. Usually this should
 191                                         be aliased (symlinked) to
 192                                         <filename>xdm.service</filename>
 193                                         or a similar display manager
 194                                         service.</para>
 195                                         <para>systemd automatically
 196                                         adds dependencies of type
 197                                         After for this target unit to
 198                                         all SysV init script service
 199                                         units with a LSB header
 200                                         referring to the
 201                                         <literal>$x-display-manager</literal>
 202                                         facility, for compatibility
 203                                         with Debian.</para>
 204                                 </listitem>
 205                         </varlistentry>
 206                         <varlistentry>
 207                                 <term><filename>emergency.service</filename></term>
 208                                 <listitem>
 209                                         <para>A special service unit
 210                                         that starts an emergency
 211                                         shell on the main
 212                                         console. This unit is supposed
 213                                         to be used with the kernel
 214                                         command line option
 215                                         <varname>systemd.default=</varname>
 216                                         and has otherwise little use.
 217                                         </para>
 218                                 </listitem>
 219                         </varlistentry>
 220                         <varlistentry>
 221                                 <term><filename>graphical.target</filename></term>
 222                                 <listitem>
 223                                         <para>A special target unit
 224                                         for setting up a graphical
 225                                         login screen. This pulls in
 226                                         <filename>multi-user.target</filename>.</para>
 227
 228                                         <para>Units that are needed
 229                                         for graphical login shall add
 230                                         Wants dependencies for their
 231                                         unit to this unit (or
 232                                         <filename>multi-user.target</filename>)
 233                                         during installation.</para>
 234                                 </listitem>
 235                         </varlistentry>
 236                         <varlistentry>
 237                                 <term><filename>halt.target</filename></term>
 238                                 <listitem>
 239                                         <para>A special target unit
 240                                         for shutting down and halting the system.</para>
 241
 242                                         <para>Applications wanting to
 243                                         halt the system should start
 244                                         this unit.</para>
 245                                 </listitem>
 246                         </varlistentry>
 247                         <varlistentry>
 248                                 <term><filename>kbrequest.target</filename></term>
 249                                 <listitem>
 250                                         <para>systemd starts this
 251                                         target whenever Alt+ArrowUp is
 252                                         pressed on the console. This
 253                                         is a good candidate to be
 254                                         aliased (symlinked) to
 255                                         <filename>rescue.target</filename>.</para>
 256                                 </listitem>
 257                         </varlistentry>
 258                         <varlistentry>
 259                                 <term><filename>local-fs.target</filename></term>
 260                                 <listitem>
 261                                         <para>systemd automatically
 262                                         adds dependencies of type
 263                                         After to all mount units that
 264                                         refer to local mount points
 265                                         for this target unit. In
 266                                         addition, systemd adds
 267                                         dependencies of type Wants to
 268                                         this target unit for those
 269                                         mounts listed in
 270                                         <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
 271                                         that have the
 272                                         <option>auto</option> and
 273                                         <option>comment=systemd.mount</option>
 274                                         mount options set.</para>
 275
 276                                         <para>systemd automatically
 277                                         adds dependencies of type
 278                                         After for this target unit to
 279                                         all SysV init script service
 280                                         units with an LSB header
 281                                         referring to the
 282                                         <literal>$local_fs</literal>
 283                                         facility.</para>
 284                                 </listitem>
 285                         </varlistentry>
 286                         <varlistentry>
 287                                 <term><filename>mail-transfer-agent.target</filename></term>
 288                                 <listitem>
 289                                         <para>The mail transfer agent
 290                                         (MTA) service. Usually this
 291                                         should pull-in all units
 292                                         necessary for
 293                                         sending/receiving mails on the
 294                                         local host.</para>
 295
 296                                         <para>systemd automatically
 297                                         adds dependencies of type
 298                                         After for this target unit to
 299                                         all SysV init script service
 300                                         units with an LSB header
 301                                         referring to the
 302                                         <literal>$mail-transfer-argent</literal>
 303                                         or
 304                                         <literal>$mail-transport-agent</literal>
 305                                         facilities, for compatibility
 306                                         with Debian.</para>
 307                                 </listitem>
 308                         </varlistentry>
 309                         <varlistentry>
 310                                 <term><filename>multi-user.target</filename></term>
 311                                 <listitem>
 312                                         <para>A special target unit
 313                                         for setting up a multi-user
 314                                         system (non-graphical). This
 315                                         is pulled in by
 316                                         <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para>
 317
 318                                         <para>Units that are needed
 319                                         for a multi-user system shall
 320                                         add Wants dependencies to
 321                                         this unit for their unit during
 322                                         installation.</para>
 323                                 </listitem>
 324                         </varlistentry>
 325                         <varlistentry>
 326                                 <term><filename>network.target</filename></term>
 327                                 <listitem>
 328                                         <para>systemd automatically
 329                                         adds dependencies of type
 330                                         After for this target unit to
 331                                         all SysV init script service
 332                                         units with an LSB header
 333                                         referring to the
 334                                         <literal>$network</literal>
 335                                         facility.</para>
 336                                 </listitem>
 337                         </varlistentry>
 338                         <varlistentry>
 339                                 <term><filename>nss-lookup.target</filename></term>
 340                                 <listitem>
 341                                         <para>systemd automatically
 342                                         adds dependencies of type
 343                                         After for this target unit to
 344                                         all SysV init script service
 345                                         units with an LSB header
 346                                         referring to the
 347                                         <literal>$named</literal>
 348                                         facility.</para>
 349                                 </listitem>
 350                         </varlistentry>
 351                         <varlistentry>
 352                                 <term><filename>poweroff.target</filename></term>
 353                                 <listitem>
 354                                         <para>A special target unit
 355                                         for shutting down and powering off the system.</para>
 356
 357                                         <para>Applications wanting to
 358                                         power off the system should start
 359                                         this unit.</para>
 360
 361                                         <para><filename>runlevel0.target</filename>
 362                                         is an alias for this target
 363                                         unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para>
 364                                 </listitem>
 365                         </varlistentry>
 366                         <varlistentry>
 367                                 <term><filename>reboot.target</filename></term>
 368                                 <listitem>
 369                                         <para>A special target unit
 370                                         for shutting down and rebooting the system.</para>
 371
 372                                         <para>Applications wanting to
 373                                         reboot the system should start
 374                                         this unit.</para>
 375
 376                                         <para><filename>runlevel6.target</filename>
 377                                         is an alias for this target
 378                                         unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para>
 379                                 </listitem>
 380                         </varlistentry>
 381                         <varlistentry>
 382                                 <term><filename>remote-fs.target</filename></term>
 383                                 <listitem>
 384                                         <para>Similar to
 385                                         <filename>local-fs.target</filename>,
 386                                         but for remote mount
 387                                         points.</para>
 388
 389                                         <para>systemd automatically
 390                                         adds dependencies of type
 391                                         After for this target unit to
 392                                         all SysV init script service
 393                                         units with an LSB header
 394                                         referring to the
 395                                         <literal>$remote_fs</literal>
 396                                         facility.</para>
 397                                 </listitem>
 398                         </varlistentry>
 399                         <varlistentry>
 400                                 <term><filename>rescue.target</filename></term>
 401                                 <listitem>
 402                                         <para>A special target unit
 403                                         for setting up the base system
 404                                         and a rescue shell.</para>
 405
 406                                         <para><filename>runlevel1.target</filename>
 407                                         is an alias for this target
 408                                         unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para>
 409                                 </listitem>
 410                         </varlistentry>
 411                         <varlistentry>
 412                                 <term><filename>rpcbind.target</filename></term>
 413                                 <listitem>
 414                                         <para>systemd automatically
 415                                         adds dependencies of type
 416                                         After for this target unit to
 417                                         all SysV init script service
 418                                         units with an LSB header
 419                                         referring to the
 420                                         <literal>$rpcbind</literal>
 421                                         facility.</para>
 422                                 </listitem>
 423                         </varlistentry>
 424                         <varlistentry>
 425                                 <term><filename>rtc-set.target</filename></term>
 426                                 <listitem>
 427                                         <para>systemd automatically
 428                                         adds dependencies of type
 429                                         After for this target unit to
 430                                         all SysV init script service
 431                                         units with an LSB header
 432                                         referring to the
 433                                         <literal>$time</literal>
 434                                         facility.</para>
 435                                 </listitem>
 436                         </varlistentry>
 437                         <varlistentry>
 438                                 <term><filename>runlevel2.target</filename></term>
 439                                 <listitem>
 440                                         <para>This is a target that is
 441                                         called whever the SysV
 442                                         compatibility code asks for
 443                                         runlevel 2. It is a good idea
 444                                         to make this an alias for
 445                                         (i.e. symlink to)
 446                                         <filename>multi-user.target</filename>.</para>
 447                                 </listitem>
 448                         </varlistentry>
 449                         <varlistentry>
 450                                 <term><filename>runlevel3.target</filename></term>
 451                                 <listitem>
 452                                         <para>This is a target that is
 453                                         called whever the SysV
 454                                         compatibility code asks for
 455                                         runlevel 3. It is a good idea
 456                                         to make this an alias for
 457                                         (i.e. symlink to)
 458                                         <filename>multi-user.target</filename>
 459                                         or
 460                                         <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para>
 461                                 </listitem>
 462                         </varlistentry>
 463                         <varlistentry>
 464                                 <term><filename>runlevel4.target</filename></term>
 465                                 <listitem>
 466                                         <para>This is a target that is
 467                                         called whever the SysV
 468                                         compatibility code asks for
 469                                         runlevel 4. It is a good idea
 470                                         to make this an alias for
 471                                         (i.e. symlink to)
 472                                         <filename>multi-user.target</filename>
 473                                         or
 474                                         <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para>
 475                                 </listitem>
 476                         </varlistentry>
 477                         <varlistentry>
 478                                 <term><filename>runlevel5.target</filename></term>
 479                                 <listitem>
 480                                         <para>This is a target that is
 481                                         called whever the SysV
 482                                         compatibility code asks for
 483                                         runlevel 5. It is a good idea
 484                                         to make this an alias for
 485                                         (i.e. symlink to)
 486                                         <filename>multi-user.target</filename>
 487                                         or
 488                                         <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para>
 489                                 </listitem>
 490                         </varlistentry>
 491                         <varlistentry>
 492                                 <term><filename>shutdown.target</filename></term>
 493                                 <listitem>
 494                                         <para>A special target unit
 495                                         that terminates the services
 496                                         on system shutdown.</para>
 497
 498                                         <para>Services that shall be
 499                                         terminated on system shutdown
 500                                         shall add Conflicts
 501                                         dependencies to this unit for
 502                                         their service unit during
 503                                         installation.</para>
 504
 505                                         <para>systemd automatically
 506                                         adds dependencies of type
 507                                         Conflicts to this target unit
 508                                         for all SysV init script
 509                                         service units that shall be
 510                                         terminated in SysV runlevels 0
 511                                         or 6.</para>
 512                                 </listitem>
 513                         </varlistentry>
 514                         <varlistentry>
 515                                 <term><filename>sigpwr.target</filename></term>
 516                                 <listitem>
 517                                         <para>A special target that is
 518                                         started when systemd receives
 519                                         the SIGPWR process signal,
 520                                         which is normally sent by the
 521                                         kernel or UPS daemons when
 522                                         power fails.</para>
 523                                 </listitem>
 524                         </varlistentry>
 525                         <varlistentry>
 526                                 <term><filename>sockets.target</filename></term>
 527                                 <listitem>
 528                                         <para>A special target unit
 529                                         that sets up all service
 530                                         sockets.</para>
 531
 532                                         <para>Services that can be
 533                                         socket-activated shall add
 534                                         Wants dependencies to this
 535                                         unit for their socket unit
 536                                         during installation.</para>
 537                                 </listitem>
 538                         </varlistentry>
 539                         <varlistentry>
 540                                 <term><filename>swap.target</filename></term>
 541                                 <listitem>
 542                                         <para>Similar to
 543                                         <filename>local-fs.target</filename>, but for swap
 544                                         partitions and swap
 545                                         files.</para>
 546                                 </listitem>
 547                         </varlistentry>
 548                         <varlistentry>
 549                                 <term><filename>sysinit.target</filename></term>
 550                                 <listitem>
 551                                         <para>A special target unit
 552                                         covering early boot-up scripts.</para>
 553                                         <para>systemd automatically
 554                                         adds dependencies of the types
 555                                         Wants and After for all
 556                                         SysV service units configured
 557                                         for runlevels that are not 0
 558                                         to 6 to this target unit.
 559                                         This covers the special
 560                                         boot-up runlevels some
 561                                         distributions have, such as S
 562                                         or b.</para>
 563                                 </listitem>
 564                         </varlistentry>
 565                         <varlistentry>
 566                                 <term><filename>@SPECIAL_SYSLOG_SERVICE@</filename></term>
 567                                 <listitem>
 568                                         <para>A special unit for the
 569                                         syslog daemon. As soon as
 570                                         this service is fully started
 571                                         up systemd will connect to it
 572                                         and use it for logging if it
 573                                         has been configured for
 574                                         that.</para>
 575
 576                                         <para>Units should generally
 577                                         avoid depending on this unit
 578                                         directly and instead refer to
 579                                         the
 580                                         <filename>syslog.target</filename>
 581                                         unit instead, which pulls this
 582                                         one in directly or indirectly
 583                                         via socket-based activation.</para>
 584                                 </listitem>
 585                         </varlistentry>
 586                         <varlistentry>
 587                                 <term><filename>syslog.target</filename></term>
 588                                 <listitem>
 589                                         <para>systemd automatically
 590                                         adds dependencies of type
 591                                         After for this target unit to
 592                                         all SysV init script service
 593                                         units with an LSB header
 594                                         referring to the
 595                                         <literal>$syslog</literal>
 596                                         facility.</para>
 597
 598                                         <para>Administrators should
 599                                         ensure that this target pulls
 600                                         in a service unit with the
 601                                         name or alias of
 602                                         <filename>@SPECIAL_SYSLOG_SERVICE@</filename>
 603                                         (or a socket unit that
 604                                         activates this
 605                                         service).</para>
 606                                 </listitem>
 607                         </varlistentry>
 608                         <varlistentry>
 609                                 <term><filename>systemd-initctl.service</filename></term>
 610                                 <listitem>
 611                                         <para>This provides
 612                                         compatibility with the SysV
 613                                         /dev/initctl file system FIFO
 614                                         for communication with the
 615                                         init system.</para>
 616                                         <para>This is a
 617                                         socket-activated service, see
 618                                         <filename>system-initctl.socket</filename>.</para>
 619                                 </listitem>
 620                         </varlistentry>
 621                         <varlistentry>
 622                                 <term><filename>systemd-initctl.socket</filename></term>
 623                                 <listitem>
 624                                         <para>Socket activation unit
 625                                         for
 626                                         <filename>system-initctl.service</filename>.</para>
 627                                 </listitem>
 628                         </varlistentry>
 629                         <varlistentry>
 630                                 <term><filename>systemd-logger.service</filename></term>
 631                                 <listitem>
 632                                         <para>This is internally used
 633                                         by systemd to provide syslog
 634                                         logging to the processes it
 635                                         maintains.</para>
 636                                         <para>This is a
 637                                         socket-activated service, see
 638                                         <filename>system-logger.socket</filename>.</para>
 639                                 </listitem>
 640                         </varlistentry>
 641                         <varlistentry>
 642                                 <term><filename>systemd-logger.socket</filename></term>
 643                                 <listitem>
 644                                         <para>Socket activation unit
 645                                         for
 646                                         <filename>system-logger.service</filename>. systemd
 647                                         will automatically add
 648                                         dependencies of types Requires
 649                                         and After to all units that
 650                                         have been configured for
 651                                         stdout or stderr to be
 652                                         connected to syslog or the
 653                                         kernel log buffer.</para>
 654                                 </listitem>
 655                         </varlistentry>
 656                 </variablelist>
 657         </refsect1>
 658
 659         <refsect1>
 660                 <title>Special Session Units</title>
 661
 662                 <para>When systemd runs as a service instance, the
 663                 following special units are available, which have
 664                 similar definitions as their system counterparts:
 665                 <filename>default.target</filename>,
 666                 <filename>local-fs.target</filename>,
 667                 <filename>remote-fs.target</filename>,
 668                 <filename>shutdown.target</filename>,
 669                 <filename>sockets.target</filename>,
 670                 <filename>swap.target</filename>.</para>
 671
 672                 <para>In addition the following special unit is
 673                 understood only when systemd runs as service instance:</para>
 674
 675                 <variablelist>
 676                         <varlistentry>
 677                                 <term><filename>exit.service</filename></term>
 678                                 <listitem>
 679                                         <para>A special service unit
 680                                         for shutting down the
 681                                         session.</para>
 682
 683                                         <para>Applications wanting to
 684                                         terminate the session should
 685                                         start this unit. If systemd
 686                                         receives SIGTERM or SIGINT
 687                                         when running as session daemon
 688                                         it will start this
 689                                         unit.</para>
 690
 691                                         <para>Normally, this pulls in
 692                                         <filename>shutdown.target</filename>
 693                                         which in turn should be
 694                                         conflicted by all units that
 695                                         want to be shut down on
 696                                         session exit.</para>
 697                                 </listitem>
 698                         </varlistentry>
 699                 </variablelist>
 700         </refsect1>
 701
 702         <refsect1>
 703                   <title>See Also</title>
 704                   <para>
 705                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 706                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 707                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 708                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 709                   </para>
 710         </refsect1>
 711
 712 </refentry>