man/systemd.exec.xml

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   7   This file is part of systemd.
   8
   9   Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
  10
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  12   under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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  24
  25 <refentry id="systemd.exec">
  26         <refentryinfo>
  27                 <title>systemd.exec</title>
  28                 <productname>systemd</productname>
  29
  30                 <authorgroup>
  31                         <author>
  32                                 <contrib>Developer</contrib>
  33                                 <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
  34                                 <surname>Poettering</surname>
  35                                 <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
  36                         </author>
  37                 </authorgroup>
  38         </refentryinfo>
  39
  40         <refmeta>
  41                 <refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle>
  42                 <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
  43         </refmeta>
  44
  45         <refnamediv>
  46                 <refname>systemd.exec</refname>
  47                 <refpurpose>systemd execution environment configuration</refpurpose>
  48         </refnamediv>
  49
  50         <refsynopsisdiv>
  51                 <para><filename>systemd.service</filename>,
  52                 <filename>systemd.socket</filename>,
  53                 <filename>systemd.mount</filename>,
  54                 <filename>systemd.swap</filename></para>
  55         </refsynopsisdiv>
  56
  57         <refsect1>
  58                 <title>Description</title>
  59
  60                 <para>Unit configuration files for services, sockets
  61                 mount points and swap devices share a subset of
  62                 configuration options which define the execution
  63                 environment of spawned processes.</para>
  64
  65                 <para>This man page lists the configuration options
  66                 shared by these three unit types. See
  67                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  68                 for the common options of all unit configuration
  69                 files, and
  70                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
  71                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
  72                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  73                 and
  74                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  75                 for more information on the specific unit
  76                 configuration files. The execution specific
  77                 configuration options are configured in the [Service],
  78                 [Socket], [Mount] resp. [Swap] section, depending on the unit
  79                 type.</para>
  80         </refsect1>
  81
  82         <refsect1>
  83                 <title>Options</title>
  84
  85                 <variablelist>
  86
  87                         <varlistentry>
  88                                 <term><varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname></term>
  89
  90                                 <listitem><para>Takes an absolute
  91                                 directory path. Sets the working
  92                                 directory for executed
  93                                 processes.</para></listitem>
  94                         </varlistentry>
  95
  96                         <varlistentry>
  97                                 <term><varname>RootDirectory=</varname></term>
  98
  99                                 <listitem><para>Takes an absolute
 100                                 directory path. Sets the root
 101                                 directory for executed processes, with
 102                                 the
 103                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 104                                 system call. If this is used it must
 105                                 be ensured that the process and all
 106                                 its auxiliary files are available in
 107                                 the <function>chroot()</function>
 108                                 jail.</para></listitem>
 109                         </varlistentry>
 110
 111                         <varlistentry>
 112                                 <term><varname>User=</varname></term>
 113                                 <term><varname>Group=</varname></term>
 114
 115                                 <listitem><para>Sets the Unix user
 116                                 resp. group the processes are executed
 117                                 as. Takes a single user resp. group
 118                                 name or ID as argument. If no group is
 119                                 set the default group of the user is
 120                                 chosen.</para></listitem>
 121                         </varlistentry>
 122
 123                         <varlistentry>
 124                                 <term><varname>SupplementaryGroups=</varname></term>
 125
 126                                 <listitem><para>Sets the supplementary
 127                                 Unix groups the processes are executed
 128                                 as. This takes a space separated list
 129                                 of group names or IDs. This option may
 130                                 be specified more than once in which
 131                                 case all listed groups are set as
 132                                 supplementary groups. This option does
 133                                 not override but extends the list of
 134                                 supplementary groups configured in the
 135                                 system group database for the
 136                                 user.</para></listitem>
 137                         </varlistentry>
 138
 139                         <varlistentry>
 140                                 <term><varname>Nice=</varname></term>
 141
 142                                 <listitem><para>Sets the default nice
 143                                 level (scheduling priority) for
 144                                 executed processes. Takes an integer
 145                                 between -20 (highest priority) and 19
 146                                 (lowest priority). See
 147                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 148                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 149                         </varlistentry>
 150
 151                         <varlistentry>
 152                                 <term><varname>OOMScoreAdjust=</varname></term>
 153
 154                                 <listitem><para>Sets the adjustment
 155                                 level for the Out-Of-Memory killer for
 156                                 executed processes. Takes an integer
 157                                 between -1000 (to disable OOM killing
 158                                 for this process) and 1000 (to make
 159                                 killing of this process under memory
 160                                 pressure very likely). See <ulink
 161                                 url="http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt">proc.txt</ulink>
 162                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 163                         </varlistentry>
 164
 165                         <varlistentry>
 166                                 <term><varname>IOSchedulingClass=</varname></term>
 167
 168                                 <listitem><para>Sets the IO scheduling
 169                                 class for executed processes. Takes an
 170                                 integer between 0 and 3 or one of the
 171                                 strings <option>none</option>,
 172                                 <option>realtime</option>,
 173                                 <option>best-effort</option> or
 174                                 <option>idle</option>. See
 175                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 176                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 177                         </varlistentry>
 178
 179                         <varlistentry>
 180                                 <term><varname>IOSchedulingPriority=</varname></term>
 181
 182                                 <listitem><para>Sets the IO scheduling
 183                                 priority for executed processes. Takes
 184                                 an integer between 0 (highest
 185                                 priority) and 7 (lowest priority). The
 186                                 available priorities depend on the
 187                                 selected IO scheduling class (see
 188                                 above). See
 189                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 190                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 191                         </varlistentry>
 192
 193                         <varlistentry>
 194                                 <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPolicy=</varname></term>
 195
 196                                 <listitem><para>Sets the CPU
 197                                 scheduling policy for executed
 198                                 processes. Takes one of
 199                                 <option>other</option>,
 200                                 <option>batch</option>,
 201                                 <option>idle</option>,
 202                                 <option>fifo</option> or
 203                                 <option>rr</option>. See
 204                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 205                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 206                         </varlistentry>
 207
 208                         <varlistentry>
 209                                 <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPriority=</varname></term>
 210
 211                                 <listitem><para>Sets the CPU
 212                                 scheduling priority for executed
 213                                 processes. Takes an integer between 1
 214                                 (lowest priority) and 99 (highest
 215                                 priority). The available priority
 216                                 range depends on the selected CPU
 217                                 scheduling policy (see above). See
 218                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 219                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 220                         </varlistentry>
 221
 222                         <varlistentry>
 223                                 <term><varname>CPUSchedulingResetOnFork=</varname></term>
 224
 225                                 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
 226                                 argument. If true elevated CPU
 227                                 scheduling priorities and policies
 228                                 will be reset when the executed
 229                                 processes fork, and can hence not leak
 230                                 into child processes. See
 231                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 232                                 for details. Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
 233                         </varlistentry>
 234
 235                         <varlistentry>
 236                                 <term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term>
 237
 238                                 <listitem><para>Controls the CPU
 239                                 affinity of the executed
 240                                 processes. Takes a space-separated
 241                                 list of CPU indexes. See
 242                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setaffinity</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 243                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 244                         </varlistentry>
 245
 246                         <varlistentry>
 247                                 <term><varname>UMask=</varname></term>
 248
 249                                 <listitem><para>Controls the file mode
 250                                 creation mask. Takes an access mode in
 251                                 octal notation. See
 252                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 253                                 for details. Defaults to
 254                                 0002.</para></listitem>
 255                         </varlistentry>
 256
 257                         <varlistentry>
 258                                 <term><varname>Environment=</varname></term>
 259
 260                                 <listitem><para>Sets environment
 261                                 variables for executed
 262                                 processes. Takes a space-separated
 263                                 list of variable assignments. This
 264                                 option may be specified more than once
 265                                 in which case all listed variables
 266                                 will be set. If the same variable is
 267                                 set twice the later setting will
 268                                 override the earlier setting. See
 269                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 270                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 271                         </varlistentry>
 272                         <varlistentry>
 273                                 <term><varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname></term>
 274                                 <listitem><para>Similar to
 275                                 <varname>Environment=</varname> but
 276                                 reads the environment variables from a
 277                                 text file. The text file should
 278                                 contain new-line separated variable
 279                                 assignments. Empty lines and lines
 280                                 starting with ; or # will be ignored,
 281                                 which may be used for commenting. The
 282                                 argument passed should be an absolute
 283                                 file name, optionally prefixed with
 284                                 "-", which indicates that if the file
 285                                 does not exist it won't be read and no
 286                                 error or warning message is
 287                                 logged. The files listed with this
 288                                 directive will be read shortly before
 289                                 the process is executed. Settings from
 290                                 these files override settings made
 291                                 with
 292                                 <varname>Environment=</varname>. If
 293                                 the same variable is set twice from
 294                                 these files the files will be read in
 295                                 the order they are specified and the
 296                                 later setting will override the
 297                                 earlier setting. </para></listitem>
 298                         </varlistentry>
 299
 300                         <varlistentry>
 301                                 <term><varname>StandardInput=</varname></term>
 302                                 <listitem><para>Controls where file
 303                                 descriptor 0 (STDIN) of the executed
 304                                 processes is connected to. Takes one
 305                                 of <option>null</option>,
 306                                 <option>tty</option>,
 307                                 <option>tty-force</option>,
 308                                 <option>tty-fail</option> or
 309                                 <option>socket</option>. If
 310                                 <option>null</option> is selected
 311                                 standard input will be connected to
 312                                 <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
 313                                 i.e. all read attempts by the process
 314                                 will result in immediate EOF. If
 315                                 <option>tty</option> is selected
 316                                 standard input is connected to a TTY
 317                                 (as configured by
 318                                 <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see
 319                                 below) and the executed process
 320                                 becomes the controlling process of the
 321                                 terminal. If the terminal is already
 322                                 being controlled by another process the
 323                                 executed process waits until the current
 324                                 controlling process releases the
 325                                 terminal.
 326                                 <option>tty-force</option>
 327                                 is similar to <option>tty</option>,
 328                                 but the executed process is forcefully
 329                                 and immediately made the controlling
 330                                 process of the terminal, potentially
 331                                 removing previous controlling
 332                                 processes from the
 333                                 terminal. <option>tty-fail</option> is
 334                                 similar to <option>tty</option> but if
 335                                 the terminal already has a controlling
 336                                 process start-up of the executed
 337                                 process fails.  The
 338                                 <option>socket</option> option is only
 339                                 valid in socket-activated services,
 340                                 and only when the socket configuration
 341                                 file (see
 342                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 343                                 for details) specifies a single socket
 344                                 only. If this option is set standard
 345                                 input will be connected to the socket
 346                                 the service was activated from, which
 347                                 is primarily useful for compatibility
 348                                 with daemons designed for use with the
 349                                 traditional
 350                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 351                                 daemon. This setting defaults to
 352                                 <option>null</option>.</para></listitem>
 353                         </varlistentry>
 354                         <varlistentry>
 355                                 <term><varname>StandardOutput=</varname></term>
 356                                 <listitem><para>Controls where file
 357                                 descriptor 1 (STDOUT) of the executed
 358                                 processes is connected to. Takes one
 359                                 of <option>inherit</option>,
 360                                 <option>null</option>,
 361                                 <option>tty</option>,
 362                                 <option>syslog</option>,
 363                                 <option>kmsg</option>,
 364                                 <option>kmsg+console</option>,
 365                                 <option>syslog+console</option> or
 366                                 <option>socket</option>. If set to
 367                                 <option>inherit</option> the file
 368                                 descriptor of standard input is
 369                                 duplicated for standard output. If set
 370                                 to <option>null</option> standard
 371                                 output will be connected to
 372                                 <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
 373                                 i.e. everything written to it will be
 374                                 lost. If set to <option>tty</option>
 375                                 standard output will be connected to a
 376                                 tty (as configured via
 377                                 <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see
 378                                 below). If the TTY is used for output
 379                                 only the executed process will not
 380                                 become the controlling process of the
 381                                 terminal, and will not fail or wait
 382                                 for other processes to release the
 383                                 terminal. <option>syslog</option>
 384                                 connects standard output to the
 385                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 386                                 system logger. <option>kmsg</option>
 387                                 connects it with the kernel log buffer
 388                                 which is accessible via
 389                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. <option>syslog+console</option>
 390                                 and <option>kmsg+console</option> work
 391                                 similarly but copy the output to the
 392                                 system console as
 393                                 well. <option>socket</option> connects
 394                                 standard output to a socket from
 395                                 socket activation, semantics are
 396                                 similar to the respective option of
 397                                 <varname>StandardInput=</varname>.
 398                                 This setting defaults to
 399                                 <option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem>
 400                         </varlistentry>
 401                         <varlistentry>
 402                                 <term><varname>StandardError=</varname></term>
 403                                 <listitem><para>Controls where file
 404                                 descriptor 2 (STDERR) of the executed
 405                                 processes is connected to. The
 406                                 available options are identical to
 407                                 those of
 408                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname>,
 409                                 with one exception: if set to
 410                                 <option>inherit</option> the file
 411                                 descriptor used for standard output is
 412                                 duplicated for standard error. This
 413                                 setting defaults to
 414                                 <option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem>
 415                         </varlistentry>
 416                         <varlistentry>
 417                                 <term><varname>TTYPath=</varname></term>
 418                                 <listitem><para>Sets the terminal
 419                                 device node to use if standard input,
 420                                 output or stderr are connected to a
 421                                 TTY (see above). Defaults to
 422                                 <filename>/dev/console</filename>.</para></listitem>
 423                         </varlistentry>
 424                         <varlistentry>
 425                                 <term><varname>SyslogIdentifier=</varname></term>
 426                                 <listitem><para>Sets the process name
 427                                 to prefix log lines sent to syslog or
 428                                 the kernel log buffer with. If not set
 429                                 defaults to the process name of the
 430                                 executed process. This option is only
 431                                 useful when
 432                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 433                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 434                                 set to <option>syslog</option> or
 435                                 <option>kmsg</option>.</para></listitem>
 436                         </varlistentry>
 437                         <varlistentry>
 438                                 <term><varname>SyslogFacility=</varname></term>
 439                                 <listitem><para>Sets the syslog
 440                                 facility to use when logging to
 441                                 syslog. One of <option>kern</option>,
 442                                 <option>user</option>,
 443                                 <option>mail</option>,
 444                                 <option>daemon</option>,
 445                                 <option>auth</option>,
 446                                 <option>syslog</option>,
 447                                 <option>lpr</option>,
 448                                 <option>news</option>,
 449                                 <option>uucp</option>,
 450                                 <option>cron</option>,
 451                                 <option>authpriv</option>,
 452                                 <option>ftp</option>,
 453                                 <option>local0</option>,
 454                                 <option>local1</option>,
 455                                 <option>local2</option>,
 456                                 <option>local3</option>,
 457                                 <option>local4</option>,
 458                                 <option>local5</option>,
 459                                 <option>local6</option> or
 460                                 <option>local7</option>. See
 461                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 462                                 for details. This option is only
 463                                 useful when
 464                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 465                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 466                                 set to <option>syslog</option>.
 467                                 Defaults to
 468                                 <option>daemon</option>.</para></listitem>
 469                         </varlistentry>
 470                         <varlistentry>
 471                                 <term><varname>SyslogLevel=</varname></term>
 472                                 <listitem><para>Default syslog level
 473                                 to use when logging to syslog or the
 474                                 kernel log buffer. One of
 475                                 <option>emerg</option>,
 476                                 <option>alert</option>,
 477                                 <option>crit</option>,
 478                                 <option>err</option>,
 479                                 <option>warning</option>,
 480                                 <option>notice</option>,
 481                                 <option>info</option>,
 482                                 <option>debug</option>. See
 483                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 484                                 for details. This option is only
 485                                 useful when
 486                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 487                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 488                                 set to <option>syslog</option> or
 489                                 <option>kmsg</option>. Note that
 490                                 individual lines output by the daemon
 491                                 might be prefixed with a different log
 492                                 level which can be used to override
 493                                 the default log level specified
 494                                 here. The interpretation of these
 495                                 prefixes may be disabled with
 496                                 <varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname>,
 497                                 see below. For details see
 498                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 499
 500                                 Defaults to
 501                                 <option>info</option>.</para></listitem>
 502                         </varlistentry>
 503
 504                         <varlistentry>
 505                                 <term><varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname></term>
 506                                 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
 507                                 argument. If true and
 508                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 509                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 510                                 set to <option>syslog</option> or
 511                                 <option>kmsg</option> log lines
 512                                 written by the executed process that
 513                                 are prefixed with a log level will be
 514                                 passed on to syslog with this log
 515                                 level set but the prefix removed. If
 516                                 set to false, the interpretation of
 517                                 these prefixes is disabled and the
 518                                 logged lines are passed on as-is. For
 519                                 details about this prefixing see
 520                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 521                                 Defaults to true.</para></listitem>
 522                         </varlistentry>
 523
 524                         <varlistentry>
 525                                 <term><varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname></term>
 526                                 <listitem><para>Sets the timer slack
 527                                 in nanoseconds for the executed
 528                                 processes. The timer slack controls the
 529                                 accuracy of wake-ups triggered by
 530                                 timers. See
 531                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>prctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 532                                 for more information. Note that in
 533                                 contrast to most other time span
 534                                 definitions this parameter takes an
 535                                 integer value in nano-seconds and does
 536                                 not understand any other
 537                                 units.</para></listitem>
 538                         </varlistentry>
 539
 540                         <varlistentry>
 541                                 <term><varname>LimitCPU=</varname></term>
 542                                 <term><varname>LimitFSIZE=</varname></term>
 543                                 <term><varname>LimitDATA=</varname></term>
 544                                 <term><varname>LimitSTACK=</varname></term>
 545                                 <term><varname>LimitCORE=</varname></term>
 546                                 <term><varname>LimitRSS=</varname></term>
 547                                 <term><varname>LimitNOFILE=</varname></term>
 548                                 <term><varname>LimitAS=</varname></term>
 549                                 <term><varname>LimitNPROC=</varname></term>
 550                                 <term><varname>LimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term>
 551                                 <term><varname>LimitLOCKS=</varname></term>
 552                                 <term><varname>LimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term>
 553                                 <term><varname>LimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term>
 554                                 <term><varname>LimitNICE=</varname></term>
 555                                 <term><varname>LimitRTPRIO=</varname></term>
 556                                 <term><varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname></term>
 557                                 <listitem><para>These settings control
 558                                 various resource limits for executed
 559                                 processes. See
 560                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 561                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 562                         </varlistentry>
 563
 564                         <varlistentry>
 565                                 <term><varname>PAMName=</varname></term>
 566                                 <listitem><para>Sets the PAM service
 567                                 name to set up a session as. If set
 568                                 the executed process will be
 569                                 registered as a PAM session under the
 570                                 specified service name. This is only
 571                                 useful in conjunction with the
 572                                 <varname>User=</varname> setting. If
 573                                 not set no PAM session will be opened
 574                                 for the executed processes. See
 575                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 576                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 577                         </varlistentry>
 578
 579                         <varlistentry>
 580                                 <term><varname>TCPWrapName=</varname></term>
 581                                 <listitem><para>If this is a
 582                                 socket-activated service this sets the
 583                                 tcpwrap service name to check the
 584                                 permission for the current connection
 585                                 with. This is only useful in
 586                                 conjunction with socket-activated
 587                                 services, and stream sockets (TCP) in
 588                                 particular. It has no effect on other
 589                                 socket types (e.g. datagram/UDP) and on processes
 590                                 unrelated to socket-based
 591                                 activation. If the tcpwrap
 592                                 verification fails daemon start-up
 593                                 will fail and the connection is
 594                                 terminated. See
 595                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 596                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 597                         </varlistentry>
 598
 599                         <varlistentry>
 600                                 <term><varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname></term>
 601
 602                                 <listitem><para>Controls which
 603                                 capabilities to include in the
 604                                 capability bounding set for the
 605                                 executed process. See
 606                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 607                                 for details. Takes a whitespace
 608                                 seperated list of capability names as
 609                                 read by
 610                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 611                                 Capabilities listed will be included
 612                                 in the bounding set, all others are
 613                                 removed. If the list of capabilities
 614                                 is prefixed with ~ all but the listed
 615                                 capabilities will be included, the
 616                                 effect of this assignment
 617                                 inverted. Note that this option does
 618                                 not actually set or unset any
 619                                 capabilities in the effective,
 620                                 permitted or inherited capability
 621                                 sets. That's what
 622                                 <varname>Capabilities=</varname> is
 623                                 for. If this option is not used the
 624                                 capability bounding set is not
 625                                 modified on process execution, hence
 626                                 no limits on the capabilities of the
 627                                 process are enforced.</para></listitem>
 628                         </varlistentry>
 629
 630                         <varlistentry>
 631                                 <term><varname>SecureBits=</varname></term>
 632                                 <listitem><para>Controls the secure
 633                                 bits set for the executed process. See
 634                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 635                                 for details. Takes a list of strings:
 636                                 <option>keep-caps</option>,
 637                                 <option>keep-caps-locked</option>,
 638                                 <option>no-setuid-fixup</option>,
 639                                 <option>no-setuid-fixup-locked</option>,
 640                                 <option>no-setuid-noroot</option> and/or
 641                                 <option>no-setuid-noroot-locked</option>.
 642                                 </para></listitem>
 643                         </varlistentry>
 644
 645                         <varlistentry>
 646                                 <term><varname>Capabilities=</varname></term>
 647                                 <listitem><para>Controls the
 648                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 649                                 set for the executed process. Take a
 650                                 capability string describing the
 651                                 effective, permitted and inherited
 652                                 capability sets as documented in
 653                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cap_from_text</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 654                                 Note that these capability sets are
 655                                 usually influenced by the capabilities
 656                                 attached to the executed file. Due to
 657                                 that
 658                                 <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname>
 659                                 is probably the much more useful
 660                                 setting.</para></listitem>
 661                         </varlistentry>
 662
 663                         <varlistentry>
 664                                 <term><varname>ControlGroup=</varname></term>
 665
 666                                 <listitem><para>Controls the control
 667                                 groups the executed processes shall be
 668                                 made members of. Takes a
 669                                 space-separated list of cgroup
 670                                 identifiers. A cgroup identifier has a
 671                                 format like
 672                                 <filename>cpu:/foo/bar</filename>,
 673                                 where "cpu" identifies the kernel
 674                                 control group controller used, and
 675                                 <filename>/foo/bar</filename> is the
 676                                 control group path. The controller name
 677                                 and ":" may be omitted in which case
 678                                 the named systemd control group
 679                                 hierarchy is implied. Alternatively,
 680                                 the path and ":" may be omitted, in
 681                                 which case the default control group
 682                                 path for this unit is implied. This
 683                                 option may be used to place executed
 684                                 processes in arbitrary groups in
 685                                 arbitrary hierachies -- which can be
 686                                 configured externally with additional execution limits. By default
 687                                 systemd will place all executed
 688                                 processes in separate per-unit control
 689                                 groups (named after the unit) in the
 690                                 systemd named hierarchy. Since every
 691                                 process can be in one group per
 692                                 hierarchy only overriding the control group
 693                                 path in the named systemd hierarchy
 694                                 will disable automatic placement in
 695                                 the default group. For details about control
 696                                 groups see <ulink
 697                                 url="http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>.</para></listitem>
 698                         </varlistentry>
 699
 700                         <varlistentry>
 701                                 <term><varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname></term>
 702                                 <term><varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname></term>
 703                                 <term><varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname></term>
 704
 705                                 <listitem><para>Sets up a new
 706                                 file-system name space for executed
 707                                 processes. These options may be used
 708                                 to limit access a process might have
 709                                 to the main file-system
 710                                 hierarchy. Each setting takes a
 711                                 space-separated list of absolute
 712                                 directory paths. Directories listed in
 713                                 <varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname>
 714                                 are accessible from within the
 715                                 namespace with the same access rights
 716                                 as from outside. Directories listed in
 717                                 <varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname>
 718                                 are accessible for reading only,
 719                                 writing will be refused even if the
 720                                 usual file access controls would
 721                                 permit this. Directories listed in
 722                                 <varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname>
 723                                 will be made inaccesible for processes
 724                                 inside the namespace. Note that
 725                                 restricting access with these options
 726                                 does not extend to submounts of a
 727                                 directory. You must list submounts
 728                                 separately in these settings to
 729                                 ensure the same limited access. These
 730                                 options may be specified more than
 731                                 once in which case all directories
 732                                 listed will have limited access from
 733                                 within the
 734                                 namespace.</para></listitem>
 735                         </varlistentry>
 736
 737                         <varlistentry>
 738                                 <term><varname>PrivateTmp=</varname></term>
 739
 740                                 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
 741                                 argument. If true sets up a new
 742                                 namespace for the executed processes
 743                                 and mounts a private
 744                                 <filename>/tmp</filename> directory
 745                                 inside it, that is not shared by
 746                                 processes outside of the
 747                                 namespace. This is useful to secure
 748                                 access to temporary files of the
 749                                 process, but makes sharing between
 750                                 processes via
 751                                 <filename>/tmp</filename>
 752                                 impossible. Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
 753                         </varlistentry>
 754
 755                         <varlistentry>
 756                                 <term><varname>MountFlags=</varname></term>
 757
 758                                 <listitem><para>Takes a mount
 759                                 propagation flag:
 760                                 <option>shared</option>,
 761                                 <option>slave</option> or
 762                                 <option>private</option>, which
 763                                 control whether namespaces set up with
 764                                 <varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname>,
 765                                 <varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname>
 766                                 and
 767                                 <varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname>
 768                                 receive or propagate new mounts
 769                                 from/to the main namespace. See
 770                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 771                                 for details. Defaults to
 772                                 <option>shared</option>, i.e. the new
 773                                 namespace will both receive new mount
 774                                 points from the main namespace as well
 775                                 as propagate new mounts to
 776                                 it.</para></listitem>
 777                         </varlistentry>
 778
 779                         <varlistentry>
 780                                 <term><varname>UtmpIdentifier=</varname></term>
 781
 782                                 <listitem><para>Takes a a four
 783                                 character identifier string for an
 784                                 utmp/wtmp entry for this service. This
 785                                 should only be set for services such
 786                                 as <command>getty</command>
 787                                 implementations where utmp/wtmp
 788                                 entries must be created and cleared
 789                                 before and after execution. If the
 790                                 configured string is longer than four
 791                                 characters it is truncated and the
 792                                 terminal four characters are
 793                                 used. This setting interprets %I style
 794                                 string replacements. This setting is
 795                                 unset by default, i.e. no utmp/wtmp
 796                                 entries are created or cleaned up for
 797                                 this service.</para></listitem>
 798                         </varlistentry>
 799
 800                 </variablelist>
 801         </refsect1>
 802
 803         <refsect1>
 804                   <title>See Also</title>
 805                   <para>
 806                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 807                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 808                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 809                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 810                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 811                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 812                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 813                   </para>
 814         </refsect1>
 815
 816 </refentry>