man/systemd.exec.xml

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   7   This file is part of systemd.
   8
   9   Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
  10
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  24
  25 <refentry id="systemd.exec">
  26         <refentryinfo>
  27                 <title>systemd.exec</title>
  28                 <productname>systemd</productname>
  29
  30                 <authorgroup>
  31                         <author>
  32                                 <contrib>Developer</contrib>
  33                                 <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
  34                                 <surname>Poettering</surname>
  35                                 <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
  36                         </author>
  37                 </authorgroup>
  38         </refentryinfo>
  39
  40         <refmeta>
  41                 <refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle>
  42                 <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
  43         </refmeta>
  44
  45         <refnamediv>
  46                 <refname>systemd.exec</refname>
  47                 <refpurpose>systemd execution environment configuration</refpurpose>
  48         </refnamediv>
  49
  50         <refsynopsisdiv>
  51                 <para><filename>systemd.service</filename>,
  52                 <filename>systemd.socket</filename>,
  53                 <filename>systemd.mount</filename></para>
  54         </refsynopsisdiv>
  55
  56         <refsect1>
  57                 <title>Description</title>
  58
  59                 <para>Unit configuration files for services, sockets
  60                 and mount points share a subset of configuration
  61                 options which define the execution environment of
  62                 spawned processes.</para>
  63
  64                 <para>This man page lists the configuration options
  65                 shared by these three unit types. See
  66                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  67                 for the common options of all unit configuration
  68                 files, and
  69                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  70                 and
  71                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
  72                 for more information on the specific unit
  73                 configuration files. The execution specific
  74                 configuration options are configured in the [Service],
  75                 [Socket] resp. [Mount] section, depending on the unit
  76                 type.</para>
  77         </refsect1>
  78
  79         <refsect1>
  80                 <title>Options</title>
  81
  82                 <variablelist>
  83
  84                         <varlistentry>
  85                                 <term><varname>WorkingDirectory=</varname></term>
  86
  87                                 <listitem><para>Takes an absolute
  88                                 directory path. Sets the working
  89                                 directory for executed
  90                                 processes.</para></listitem>
  91                         </varlistentry>
  92
  93                         <varlistentry>
  94                                 <term><varname>RootDirectory=</varname></term>
  95
  96                                 <listitem><para>Takes an absolute
  97                                 directory path. Sets the root
  98                                 directory for executed processes, with
  99                                 the
 100                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 101                                 system call. If this is used it must
 102                                 be ensured that the process and all
 103                                 its auxiliary files are available in
 104                                 the <function>chroot()</function>
 105                                 jail.</para></listitem>
 106                         </varlistentry>
 107
 108                         <varlistentry>
 109                                 <term><varname>User=</varname></term>
 110                                 <term><varname>Group=</varname></term>
 111
 112                                 <listitem><para>Sets the Unix user
 113                                 resp. group the processes are executed
 114                                 as. Takes a single user resp. group
 115                                 name or ID as argument. If no group is
 116                                 set the default group of the user is
 117                                 chosen.</para></listitem>
 118                         </varlistentry>
 119
 120                         <varlistentry>
 121                                 <term><varname>SupplementaryGroups=</varname></term>
 122
 123                                 <listitem><para>Sets the supplementary
 124                                 Unix groups the processes are executed
 125                                 as. This takes a space separated list
 126                                 of group names or IDs. This option may
 127                                 be specified more than once in which
 128                                 case all listed groups are set as
 129                                 supplementary groups. This option does
 130                                 not override but extends the list of
 131                                 supplementary groups configured in the
 132                                 system group database for the
 133                                 user.</para></listitem>
 134                         </varlistentry>
 135
 136                         <varlistentry>
 137                                 <term><varname>Nice=</varname></term>
 138
 139                                 <listitem><para>Sets the default nice
 140                                 level (scheduling priority) for
 141                                 executed processes. Takes an integer
 142                                 between -20 (highest priority) and 19
 143                                 (lowest priority). See
 144                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 145                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 146                         </varlistentry>
 147
 148                         <varlistentry>
 149                                 <term><varname>OOMScoreAdjust=</varname></term>
 150
 151                                 <listitem><para>Sets the adjustment
 152                                 level for the Out-Of-Memory killer for
 153                                 executed processes. Takes an integer
 154                                 between -1000 (to disable OOM killing
 155                                 for this process) and 1000 (to make
 156                                 killing of this process under memory
 157                                 pressure very likely). See <ulink
 158                                 url="http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt">proc.txt</ulink>
 159                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 160                         </varlistentry>
 161
 162                         <varlistentry>
 163                                 <term><varname>IOSchedulingClass=</varname></term>
 164
 165                                 <listitem><para>Sets the IO scheduling
 166                                 class for executed processes. Takes an
 167                                 integer between 0 and 3 or one of the
 168                                 strings <option>none</option>,
 169                                 <option>realtime</option>,
 170                                 <option>best-effort</option> or
 171                                 <option>idle</option>. See
 172                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 173                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 174                         </varlistentry>
 175
 176                         <varlistentry>
 177                                 <term><varname>IOSchedulingPriority=</varname></term>
 178
 179                                 <listitem><para>Sets the IO scheduling
 180                                 priority for executed processes. Takes
 181                                 an integer between 0 (highest
 182                                 priority) and 7 (lowest priority). The
 183                                 available priorities depend on the
 184                                 selected IO scheduling class (see
 185                                 above). See
 186                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ioprio_set</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 187                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 188                         </varlistentry>
 189
 190                         <varlistentry>
 191                                 <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPolicy=</varname></term>
 192
 193                                 <listitem><para>Sets the CPU
 194                                 scheduling policy for executed
 195                                 processes. Takes one of
 196                                 <option>other</option>,
 197                                 <option>batch</option>,
 198                                 <option>idle</option>,
 199                                 <option>fifo</option> or
 200                                 <option>rr</option>. See
 201                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 202                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 203                         </varlistentry>
 204
 205                         <varlistentry>
 206                                 <term><varname>CPUSchedulingPriority=</varname></term>
 207
 208                                 <listitem><para>Sets the CPU
 209                                 scheduling priority for executed
 210                                 processes. Takes an integer between 1
 211                                 (lowest priority) and 99 (highest
 212                                 priority). The available priority
 213                                 range depends on the selected CPU
 214                                 scheduling policy (see above). See
 215                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 216                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 217                         </varlistentry>
 218
 219                         <varlistentry>
 220                                 <term><varname>CPUSchedulingResetOnFork=</varname></term>
 221
 222                                 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
 223                                 argument. If true elevated CPU
 224                                 scheduling priorities and policies
 225                                 will be reset when the executed
 226                                 processes fork, and can hence not leak
 227                                 into child processes. See
 228                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 229                                 for details. Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
 230                         </varlistentry>
 231
 232                         <varlistentry>
 233                                 <term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term>
 234
 235                                 <listitem><para>Controls the CPU
 236                                 affinity of the executed
 237                                 processes. Takes a space-separated
 238                                 list of CPU indexes. See
 239                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sched_setaffinity</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 240                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 241                         </varlistentry>
 242
 243                         <varlistentry>
 244                                 <term><varname>UMask=</varname></term>
 245
 246                                 <listitem><para>Controls the file mode
 247                                 creation mask. Takes an access mode in
 248                                 octal notation. See
 249                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 250                                 for details. Defaults to
 251                                 0002.</para></listitem>
 252                         </varlistentry>
 253
 254                         <varlistentry>
 255                                 <term><varname>Environment=</varname></term>
 256
 257                                 <listitem><para>Sets environment
 258                                 variables for executed
 259                                 processes. Takes a space-separated
 260                                 list of variable assignments. This
 261                                 option may be specified more than once
 262                                 in which case all listed variables
 263                                 will be set. If the same variable is
 264                                 set twice the later setting will
 265                                 override the earlier setting. See
 266                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 267                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 268                         </varlistentry>
 269                         <varlistentry>
 270                                 <term><varname>EnvironmentFile=</varname></term>
 271                                 <listitem><para>Similar to
 272                                 <varname>Environment=</varname> but
 273                                 reads the environment variables from a
 274                                 text file. The text file should
 275                                 contain new-line separated variable
 276                                 assignments. Empty lines and lines
 277                                 starting with ; or # will be ignored,
 278                                 which may be used for
 279                                 commenting.</para></listitem>
 280                         </varlistentry>
 281
 282                         <varlistentry>
 283                                 <term><varname>StandardInput=</varname></term>
 284                                 <listitem><para>Controls where file
 285                                 descriptor 0 (STDIN) of the executed
 286                                 processes is connected to. Takes one
 287                                 of <option>null</option>,
 288                                 <option>tty</option>,
 289                                 <option>tty-force</option>,
 290                                 <option>tty-fail</option> or
 291                                 <option>socket</option>. If
 292                                 <option>null</option> is selected
 293                                 standard input will be connected to
 294                                 <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
 295                                 i.e. all read attempts by the process
 296                                 will result in immediate EOF. If
 297                                 <option>tty</option> is selected
 298                                 standard input is connected to a TTY
 299                                 (as configured by
 300                                 <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see
 301                                 below) and the executed process
 302                                 becomes the controlling process of the
 303                                 terminal. If the terminal is already
 304                                 being controlled by another process the
 305                                 executed process waits until the current
 306                                 controlling process releases the
 307                                 terminal.
 308                                 <option>tty-force</option>
 309                                 is similar to <option>tty</option>,
 310                                 but the executed process is forcefully
 311                                 and immediately made the controlling
 312                                 process of the terminal, potentially
 313                                 removing previous controlling
 314                                 processes from the
 315                                 terminal. <option>tty-fail</option> is
 316                                 similar to <option>tty</option> but if
 317                                 the terminal already has a controlling
 318                                 process start-up of the executed
 319                                 process fails.  The
 320                                 <option>socket</option> option is only
 321                                 valid in socket-activated services,
 322                                 and only when the socket configuration
 323                                 file (see
 324                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 325                                 for details) specifies a single socket
 326                                 only. If this option is set standard
 327                                 input will be connected to the socket
 328                                 the service was activated from, which
 329                                 is primarily useful for compatibility
 330                                 with daemons designed for use with the
 331                                 traditional
 332                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 333                                 daemon. This setting defaults to
 334                                 <option>null</option>.</para></listitem>
 335                         </varlistentry>
 336                         <varlistentry>
 337                                 <term><varname>StandardOutput=</varname></term>
 338                                 <listitem><para>Controls where file
 339                                 descriptor 1 (STDOUT) of the executed
 340                                 processes is connected to. Takes one
 341                                 of <option>inherit</option>,
 342                                 <option>null</option>,
 343                                 <option>tty</option>,
 344                                 <option>syslog</option>,
 345                                 <option>kmsg</option> or
 346                                 <option>socket</option>. If set to
 347                                 <option>inherit</option> the file
 348                                 descriptor of standard input is
 349                                 duplicated for standard output. If set
 350                                 to <option>null</option> standard
 351                                 output will be connected to
 352                                 <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
 353                                 i.e. everything written to it will be
 354                                 lost. If set to <option>tty</option>
 355                                 standard output will be connected to a
 356                                 tty (as configured via
 357                                 <varname>TTYPath=</varname>, see
 358                                 below). If the TTY is used for output
 359                                 only the executed process will not
 360                                 become the controlling process of the
 361                                 terminal, and will not fail or wait
 362                                 for other processes to release the
 363                                 terminal. <option>syslog</option>
 364                                 connects standard output to the
 365                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 366                                 system logger. <option>kmsg</option>
 367                                 connects it with the kernel log buffer
 368                                 which is accessible via
 369                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dmesg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. <option>socket</option>
 370                                 connects standard output to a socket
 371                                 from socket activation, semantics are
 372                                 similar to the respective option of
 373                                 <varname>StandardInput=</varname>.
 374                                 This setting defaults to
 375                                 <option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem>
 376                         </varlistentry>
 377                         <varlistentry>
 378                                 <term><varname>StandardError=</varname></term>
 379                                 <listitem><para>Controls where file
 380                                 descriptor 2 (STDERR) of the executed
 381                                 processes is connected to. The
 382                                 available options are identical to
 383                                 those of
 384                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname>,
 385                                 whith one exception: if set to
 386                                 <option>inherit</option> the file
 387                                 descriptor used for standard output is
 388                                 duplicated for standard error. This
 389                                 setting defaults to
 390                                 <option>inherit</option>.</para></listitem>
 391                         </varlistentry>
 392                         <varlistentry>
 393                                 <term><varname>TTYPath=</varname></term>
 394                                 <listitem><para>Sets the terminal
 395                                 device node to use if standard input,
 396                                 output or stderr are connected to a
 397                                 TTY (see above). Defaults to
 398                                 <filename>/dev/console</filename>.</para></listitem>
 399                         </varlistentry>
 400                         <varlistentry>
 401                                 <term><varname>SyslogIdentifer=</varname></term>
 402                                 <listitem><para>Sets the process name
 403                                 to prefix log lines sent to syslog or
 404                                 the kernel log buffer with. If not set
 405                                 defaults to the process name of the
 406                                 executed process. This option is only
 407                                 useful when
 408                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 409                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 410                                 set to <option>syslog</option> or
 411                                 <option>kmsg</option>.</para></listitem>
 412                         </varlistentry>
 413                         <varlistentry>
 414                                 <term><varname>SyslogFacility=</varname></term>
 415                                 <listitem><para>Sets the syslog
 416                                 facility to use when logging to
 417                                 syslog. One of <option>kern</option>,
 418                                 <option>user</option>,
 419                                 <option>mail</option>,
 420                                 <option>daemon</option>,
 421                                 <option>auth</option>,
 422                                 <option>syslog</option>,
 423                                 <option>lpr</option>,
 424                                 <option>news</option>,
 425                                 <option>uucp</option>,
 426                                 <option>cron</option>,
 427                                 <option>authpriv</option>,
 428                                 <option>ftp</option>,
 429                                 <option>local0</option>,
 430                                 <option>local1</option>,
 431                                 <option>local2</option>,
 432                                 <option>local3</option>,
 433                                 <option>local4</option>,
 434                                 <option>local5</option>,
 435                                 <option>local6</option> or
 436                                 <option>local7</option>. See
 437                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 438                                 for details. This option is only
 439                                 useful when
 440                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 441                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 442                                 set to <option>syslog</option>.
 443                                 Defaults to
 444                                 <option>daemon</option>.</para></listitem>
 445                         </varlistentry>
 446                         <varlistentry>
 447                                 <term><varname>SyslogLevel=</varname></term>
 448                                 <listitem><para>Default syslog level
 449                                 to use when logging to syslog or the
 450                                 kernel log buffer. One of
 451                                 <option>emerg</option>,
 452                                 <option>alert</option>,
 453                                 <option>crit</option>,
 454                                 <option>err</option>,
 455                                 <option>warning</option>,
 456                                 <option>notice</option>,
 457                                 <option>info</option>,
 458                                 <option>debug</option>. See
 459                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 460                                 for details. This option is only
 461                                 useful when
 462                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 463                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 464                                 set to <option>syslog</option> or
 465                                 <option>kmsg</option>. Note that
 466                                 individual lines output by the daemon
 467                                 might be prefixed with a different log
 468                                 level which can be used to override
 469                                 the default log level specified
 470                                 here. The interpretation of these
 471                                 prefixes may be disabled with
 472                                 <varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname>,
 473                                 see below. For details see
 474                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 475
 476                                 Defaults to
 477                                 <option>info</option>.</para></listitem>
 478                         </varlistentry>
 479
 480                         <varlistentry>
 481                                 <term><varname>SyslogLevelPrefix=</varname></term>
 482                                 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
 483                                 argument. If true and
 484                                 <varname>StandardOutput=</varname> or
 485                                 <varname>StandardError=</varname> are
 486                                 set to <option>syslog</option> or
 487                                 <option>kmsg</option> log lines
 488                                 written by the executed process that
 489                                 are prefixed with a log level will be
 490                                 passed on to syslog with this log
 491                                 level set but the prefix removed. If
 492                                 set to false, the interpretation of
 493                                 these prefixes is disabled and the
 494                                 logged lines are passed on as-is. For
 495                                 details about this prefixing see
 496                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 497                                 Defaults to true.</para></listitem>
 498                         </varlistentry>
 499
 500                         <varlistentry>
 501                                 <term><varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname></term>
 502                                 <listitem><para>Sets the timer slack
 503                                 in nanoseconds for the executed
 504                                 processes. The timer slack controls the
 505                                 accuracy of wake-ups triggered by
 506                                 timers. See
 507                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>prctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 508                                 for more information. Note that in
 509                                 contrast to most other time span
 510                                 definitions this parameter takes an
 511                                 integer value in nano-seconds and does
 512                                 not understand any other
 513                                 units.</para></listitem>
 514                         </varlistentry>
 515
 516                         <varlistentry>
 517                                 <term><varname>LimitCPU=</varname></term>
 518                                 <term><varname>LimitFSIZE=</varname></term>
 519                                 <term><varname>LimitDATA=</varname></term>
 520                                 <term><varname>LimitSTACK=</varname></term>
 521                                 <term><varname>LimitCORE=</varname></term>
 522                                 <term><varname>LimitRSS=</varname></term>
 523                                 <term><varname>LimitNOFILE=</varname></term>
 524                                 <term><varname>LimitAS=</varname></term>
 525                                 <term><varname>LimitNPROC=</varname></term>
 526                                 <term><varname>LimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term>
 527                                 <term><varname>LimitLOCKS=</varname></term>
 528                                 <term><varname>LimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term>
 529                                 <term><varname>LimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term>
 530                                 <term><varname>LimitNICE=</varname></term>
 531                                 <term><varname>LimitRTPRIO=</varname></term>
 532                                 <term><varname>LimitRTTIME=</varname></term>
 533                                 <listitem><para>These settings control
 534                                 various resource limits for executed
 535                                 processes. See
 536                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 537                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 538                         </varlistentry>
 539
 540                         <varlistentry>
 541                                 <term><varname>PAMName=</varname></term>
 542                                 <listitem><para>Sets the PAM service
 543                                 name to set up a session as. If set
 544                                 the executed process will be
 545                                 registered as a PAM session under the
 546                                 specified service name. This is only
 547                                 useful in conjunction with the
 548                                 <varname>User=</varname> setting. If
 549                                 not set no PAM session will be opened
 550                                 for the executed processes. See
 551                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 552                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 553                         </varlistentry>
 554
 555                         <varlistentry>
 556                                 <term><varname>TCPWrapName=</varname></term>
 557                                 <listitem><para>If this is a
 558                                 socket-activated service this sets the
 559                                 tcpwrap service name to check the
 560                                 permission for the current connection
 561                                 with. This is only useful in
 562                                 conjunction with socket-activated
 563                                 services, and stream sockets (TCP) in
 564                                 particular. It has no effect on other
 565                                 socket types (e.g. datagram/UDP) and on processes
 566                                 unrelated to socket-based
 567                                 activation. If the tcpwrap
 568                                 verification fails daemon start-up
 569                                 will fail and the connection is
 570                                 terminated. See
 571                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 572                                 for details.</para></listitem>
 573                         </varlistentry>
 574
 575                         <varlistentry>
 576                                 <term><varname>Capabilities=</varname></term>
 577                                 <listitem><para>Controls the
 578                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 579                                 set for the executed process. Take a
 580                                 capability string as described in
 581                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cap_from_text</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 582                                 Note that this capability set is
 583                                 usually influenced by the capabilities
 584                                 attached to the executed
 585                                 file.</para></listitem>
 586                         </varlistentry>
 587
 588                         <varlistentry>
 589                                 <term><varname>SecureBits=</varname></term>
 590                                 <listitem><para>Controls the secure
 591                                 bits set for the executed process. See
 592                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 593                                 for details. Takes a list of strings:
 594                                 <option>keep-caps</option>,
 595                                 <option>keep-caps-locked</option>,
 596                                 <option>no-setuid-fixup</option>,
 597                                 <option>no-setuid-fixup-locked</option>,
 598                                 <option>no-setuid-noroot</option> and/or
 599                                 <option>no-setuid-noroot-locked</option>.
 600                                 </para></listitem>
 601                         </varlistentry>
 602
 603                         <varlistentry>
 604                                 <term><varname>CapabilityBoundingSetDrop=</varname></term>
 605
 606                                 <listitem><para>Controls the
 607                                 capability bounding set drop set for
 608                                 the executed process. See
 609                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 610                                 for details. Takes a list of
 611                                 capability names as read by
 612                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
 613                                 </para></listitem>
 614                         </varlistentry>
 615
 616                         <varlistentry>
 617                                 <term><varname>ControlGroup=</varname></term>
 618
 619                                 <listitem><para>Controls the control
 620                                 groups the executed processes shall be
 621                                 made members of. Takes a
 622                                 space-separated list of cgroup
 623                                 identifiers. A cgroup identifier has a
 624                                 format like
 625                                 <filename>cpu:/foo/bar</filename>,
 626                                 where "cpu" identifies the kernel
 627                                 control group controller used, and
 628                                 <filename>/foo/bar</filename> is the
 629                                 control group path. The controller name
 630                                 and ":" may be omitted in which case
 631                                 the named systemd control group
 632                                 hierarchy is implied. Alternatively,
 633                                 the path and ":" may be omitted, in
 634                                 which case the default control group
 635                                 path for this unit is implied. This
 636                                 option may be used to place executed
 637                                 processes in arbitrary groups in
 638                                 arbitrary hierachies -- which can be
 639                                 configured externally with additional execution limits. By default
 640                                 systemd will place all executed
 641                                 processes in separate per-unit control
 642                                 groups (named after the unit) in the
 643                                 systemd named hierarchy. Since every
 644                                 process can be in one group per
 645                                 hierarchy only overriding the control group
 646                                 path in the named systemd hierarchy
 647                                 will disable automatic placement in
 648                                 the default group. For details about control
 649                                 groups see <ulink
 650                                 url="http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>.</para></listitem>
 651                         </varlistentry>
 652
 653                         <varlistentry>
 654                                 <term><varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname></term>
 655                                 <term><varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname></term>
 656                                 <term><varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname></term>
 657
 658                                 <listitem><para>Sets up a new
 659                                 file-system name space for executed
 660                                 processes. These options may be used
 661                                 to limit access a process might have
 662                                 to the main file-system
 663                                 hierarchy. Each setting takes a
 664                                 space-separated list of absolute
 665                                 directory paths. Directories listed in
 666                                 <varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname>
 667                                 are accessible from within the
 668                                 namespace with the same access rights
 669                                 as from outside. Directories listed in
 670                                 <varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname>
 671                                 are accessible for reading only,
 672                                 writing will be refused even if the
 673                                 usual file access controls would
 674                                 permit this. Directories listed in
 675                                 <varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname>
 676                                 will be made inaccesible for processes
 677                                 inside the namespace. Note that
 678                                 restricting access with these options
 679                                 does not extend to submounts of a
 680                                 directory. You must list submounts
 681                                 separately in these setttings to
 682                                 ensure the same limited access. These
 683                                 options may be specified more than
 684                                 once in which case all directories
 685                                 listed will have limited access from
 686                                 within the
 687                                 namespace.</para></listitem>
 688                         </varlistentry>
 689
 690                         <varlistentry>
 691                                 <term><varname>PrivateTmp=</varname></term>
 692
 693                                 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
 694                                 argument. If true sets up a new
 695                                 namespace for the executed processes
 696                                 and mounts a private
 697                                 <filename>/tmp</filename> directory
 698                                 inside it, that is not shared by
 699                                 processes outside of the
 700                                 namespace. This is useful to secure
 701                                 access to temporary files of the
 702                                 process, but makes sharing between
 703                                 processes via
 704                                 <filename>/tmp</filename>
 705                                 impossible. Defaults to false.</para></listitem>
 706                         </varlistentry>
 707
 708                         <varlistentry>
 709                                 <term><varname>MountFlags=</varname></term>
 710
 711                                 <listitem><para>Takes a mount
 712                                 propagation flag:
 713                                 <option>shared</option>,
 714                                 <option>slave</option> or
 715                                 <option>private</option>, which
 716                                 control whether namespaces set up with
 717                                 <varname>ReadWriteDirectories=</varname>,
 718                                 <varname>ReadOnlyDirectories=</varname>
 719                                 and
 720                                 <varname>InaccessibleDirectories=</varname>
 721                                 receive or propagate new mounts
 722                                 from/to the main namespace. See
 723                                 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 724                                 for details. Defaults to
 725                                 <option>shared</option>, i.e. the new
 726                                 namespace will both receive new mount
 727                                 points from the main namespace as well
 728                                 as propagate new mounts to
 729                                 it.</para></listitem>
 730                         </varlistentry>
 731
 732                         <varlistentry>
 733                                 <term><varname>UtmpIdentifier=</varname></term>
 734
 735                                 <listitem><para>Takes a a four
 736                                 character identifier string for an
 737                                 utmp/wtmp entry for this service. This
 738                                 should only be set for services such
 739                                 as <command>getty</command>
 740                                 implementations where utmp/wtmp
 741                                 entries must be created and cleared
 742                                 before and after execution. If the
 743                                 configured string is longer than four
 744                                 characters it is truncated and the
 745                                 terminal four characters are
 746                                 used. This setting interprets %I style
 747                                 string replacements. This setting is
 748                                 unset by default, i.e. no utmp/wtmp
 749                                 entries are created or cleaned up for
 750                                 this service.</para></listitem>
 751                         </varlistentry>
 752
 753                 </variablelist>
 754         </refsect1>
 755
 756         <refsect1>
 757                   <title>See Also</title>
 758                   <para>
 759                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 760                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 761                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 762                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 763                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
 764                           <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
 765                   </para>
 766         </refsect1>
 767
 768 </refentry>