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- <!entity cvs-rev "$Revision: 1.98 $">
+ <!entity cvs-rev "$Revision: 1.121 $">
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<copyright>
<copyrightsummary>
-copyright ©1998–2002 Adam Di Carlo</copyrightsummary>
+copyright ©1998—2002 Adam Di Carlo</copyrightsummary>
<copyrightsummary>
copyright ©1997, 1998 Christian Schwarz</copyrightsummary>
<p>
<p>
A copy of the GNU General Public License is available as &file-GPL; in
the &debian-formal; distribution or on the World Wide Web at <url
-id="&url-gpl;" name="the GNU website">. You can also obtain it by
+id="&url-gpl;" name="the GNU web site">. You can also obtain it by
writing to the &fsf-addr;.
- <toc detail="sect2">
+ <toc detail="sect1">
<chapt id="scope">Scope of This Document
<p>
to &email-debian-devel-req;. In case of problems, contact the list
administrator at &email-listmaster;. More information on available
mailing lists can be found in <ref id="mailing-lists">.
+&email-debian-devel-announce; is another list which is mandatory
+for anyone who wishes to follow Debian's development.
<p>
You should subscribe and lurk (that is, read without posting) for a
bit before doing any coding, and you should post about your intentions
on similar tasks. That way, you can learn from experienced developers.
For example, if you are interested in packaging existing software for
Debian you should try to get a sponsor. A sponsor will work together
-with you on your package and upload it to the Debian archive once he
-is happy with the packaging work you have done. You can find a sponsor
+with you on your package and upload it to the Debian archive once they
+are happy with the packaging work you have done. You can find a sponsor
by mailing the &email-debian-mentors; mailing list, describing your
package and yourself and asking for a sponsor (see <ref id="sponsoring">
for more information on sponsoring). On the other hand, if you are
Debian uses the <prgn>GNU Privacy Guard</prgn> (package
<package>gnupg</package> version 1 or better) as its baseline standard.
You can use some other implementation of OpenPGP as well. Note that
-OpenPGP is a open standard based on <url id="&url-rfc2440;" name="RFC
+OpenPGP is an open standard based on <url id="&url-rfc2440;" name="RFC
2440">.
<p>
The recommended public key algorithm for use in Debian development
-work is the DSA (sometimes call ``DSS'' or ``DH/ElGamal''). Other key
+work is DSA (sometimes call ``DSS'' or ``DH/ElGamal''). Other key
types may be used however. Your key length must be at least 1024
bits; there is no reason to use a smaller key, and doing so would be
much less secure. Your key must be signed with at least your own user
Some countries restrict the use of cryptographic software by their
citizens. This need not impede one's activities as a Debian package
maintainer however, as it may be perfectly legal to use cryptographic
-products for authentication, rather than encryption purposes (as is
-the case in France). &debian-formal; does not require the use of
-cryptography <em>qua</em> cryptography in any manner. If you live in a
-country where use of cryptography even for authentication is forbidden
+products for authentication, rather than encryption purposes.
+&debian-formal; does not require the use of cryptography <em>qua</em>
+cryptography in any manner. If you live in a country where use of
+cryptography even for authentication is forbidden
then please contact us so we can make special arrangements.
<p>
To apply as a new maintainer, you need an existing Debian maintainer
Maintainer's Corner"> at the Debian web site. Make sure that you
are familiar with the necessary steps of the New Maintainer process
before actually applying. If you are well prepared, you can save
-a lot of timer later on.
+a lot of time later on.
<sect id="mentors">Debian mentors and sponsors
<sect id="user-maint">Maintaining your Debian information
<p>
-There's a LDAP database containing many informations concerning all
+There's a LDAP database containing information about all
developers, you can access it at <url id="&url-debian-db;">. You can
update your password (this password is propagated to most of the machines
that are accessible to you), your address, your country, the latitude and
<sect id="key-maint">Maintaining your public key
<p>
Be very careful with your private keys. Do not place them on any
-public servers or multiuser machines, such as
-<tt>master.debian.org</tt>. Back your keys up; keep a copy offline.
+public servers or multiuser machines, such as the Debian servers
+(see <ref id="server-machines">). Back your keys up; keep a copy offline.
Read the documentation that comes with your software; read the <url
id="&url-pgp-faq;" name="PGP FAQ">.
<p>
If you add signatures to your public key, or add user identities, you
-can update the debian key ring by sending your key to the key server at
+can update the Debian key ring by sending your key to the key server at
<tt>&keyserver-host;</tt>. If you need to add a completely new key,
or remove an old key, send mail to &email-debian-keyring;. The same
key extraction routines discussed in <ref id="registering"> apply.
<p>
You can find a more in-depth discussion of Debian key maintenance in
-the documentation
for the <package>debian-keyring</package> package.
+the documentation
of the <package>debian-keyring</package> package.
<sect id="voting">Voting
<p>
-&FIXME;<url id="url-vote">
+Even if Debian is not always a real democracy, Debian has democratic
+tools and uses a democratic process to elect its leader or
+to approve a general resolution. Those processes are described in
+the <url id="&url-constitution;" name="Debian Constitution">.
+ <p>
+Democratic processes work well only if everybody take part in the
+vote, that's why you have to vote. To be able to vote you have to
+subscribe to &email-debian-devel-announce; since call for votes are sent
+there. If you want to follow the debate preceding a vote, you
+may want to subscribe to &email-debian-vote;.
+ <p>
+The list of all the proposals (past and current) is available on the
+<url id="&url-vote;" name="Debian Voting Information"> page. You will find
+there additional information about how to make a vote proposal.
<sect id="inform-vacation">Going on vacation gracefully
<item>
Notify the Debian key ring maintainers that you are leaving by
emailing to &email-debian-keyring;.
- </enumlist>
+</enumlist>
<chapt id="resources">Resources for Debian Developers
<p>
In this chapter you will find a very brief road map of the Debian
-mailing lists, the main Debian servers, and other Debian machines
-which may be available to you as a developer.
+mailing lists, the Debian machines
+which may be available to you as a developer, and all the other
+resources that are available to help you in your maintainer work.
<sect id="mailing-lists">Mailing lists
<p>
-The mailing list server is at <tt>&lists-host;</tt>. Mail
+The mailing list server is at <tt>&lists-host;</tt>.
+ <p>
+Online archives of mailing lists are available at <url
+id="&url-lists-archives;">.
+
+ <sect1 id="core-devel-mailing-lists">Core development mailing lists
+ <p>
+The core Debian mailing lists that developers should use are:
+<list>
+ <item>&email-debian-devel-announce;, used to announce important things to
+ developers.
+ All developers are expected to be subscribed to this list.
+ </item>
+ <item>&email-debian-devel;, used to discuss various development related
+ technical issues.
+ </item>
+ <item>&email-debian-policy;, where the Debian Policy is discussed and
+ voted on.
+ </item>
+ <item>&email-debian-project;, used to discuss various non-technical
+ issues related to the project.
+ </item>
+</list>
+ <p>
+There are
+other mailing lists available for a variety of special topics; see
+<url id="&url-debian-lists-subscribe;"> for a list.
+
+ <sect1 id="mailing-lists-subunsub">Subscribing and unsubscribing
+ <p>
+To subscribe to or unsubscribe from any of the Debian mailing lists, email
<tt>debian-<var>foo</var>-REQUEST@&lists-host;</tt>, where
<tt>debian-<var>foo</var></tt> is the name of the list, with the word
<tt>subscribe</tt> in the <em>Subject</em> to subscribe to the list or
-<tt>unsubscribe</tt> to unsubscribe. More detailed instructions on
-how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the mailing lists can be found at
-<url id="&url-debian-lists-subscribe;">, <url id="&url-debian-lists;">
-or locally in &file-mail-lists; if you have the
-<package>doc-debian</package> package installed.
+<tt>unsubscribe</tt> to unsubscribe.
+ <p>
+If you prefer to use a web page to subscribe to multiple mailing lists,
+there's one at <url id="&url-debian-lists-subscribe;">.
+ <p>
+You can download the current list of mailing lists and basic usage
+instructions from <url id="&url-debian-lists;">
+or install the <package>doc-debian</package> package and have it
+locally in &file-mail-lists;.
+
+ <sect1 id="mailing-lists-rules">Basic rules for use
<p>
When replying to messages on the mailing list, please do not send a
carbon copy (<tt>CC</tt>) to the original poster unless they explicitly
request to be copied. Anyone who posts to a mailing list should read
it to see the responses.
<p>
-The following are the core Debian mailing lists: &email-debian-devel;,
-&email-debian-policy;, &email-debian-user;, &email-debian-private;,
-&email-debian-announce;, and &email-debian-devel-announce;. All
-developers are expected to be subscribed to at least
-&email-debian-devel-announce;. There are
-other mailing lists available for a variety of special topics; see
-<url id="&url-debian-lists-subscribe;"> for a list. Cross-posting
-(sending the same message to multiple lists) is discouraged.
+Cross-posting (sending the same message to multiple lists) is discouraged.
+As ever on the net, please trim down the quoting of articles you're
+replying to. In general, please adhere to the usual conventions for
+posting messages. Please read the <url name="code of conduct"
+id="&url-debian-lists;"> for more information.
+
+ <sect1 id="mailing-lists-special">Special lists
<p>
&email-debian-private; is a special mailing list for private
discussions amongst Debian developers. It is meant to be used for
-posts which for whatever reason should not be published publically.
+posts which for whatever reason should not be published publicly.
As such, it is a low volume list, and users are urged not to use
&email-debian-private; unless it is really necessary. Moreover, do
<em>not</em> forward email from that list to anyone. Archives of this
list are not available on the web for obvious reasons, but you can see
-them using your shell account <tt>master.debian.org</tt> and looking
+them using your shell account on <tt>lists.debian.org</tt> and looking
in the <file>~debian/archive/debian-private</file> directory.
<p>
&email-debian-email; is a special mailing list used as a grab-bag
for Debian related correspondence such as contacting upstream authors
about licenses, bugs, etc. or discussing the project with others where it
might be useful to have the discussion archived somewhere.
- <p>
-As ever on the net, please trim down the quoting of articles you're
-replying to. In general, please adhere to the usual conventions for
-posting messages.
- <p>
-Online archives of mailing lists are available at <url
-id="&url-lists-archives;">.
+ <sect id="irc-channels">IRC channels
+ <p>
+Several IRC channels are dedicated to Debian's development. They are all
+hosted on the <url id="&url-openprojects;" name="OpenProjects"> network.
+The <tt>irc.debian.org</tt> DNS entry is just an alias to
+<tt>irc.openprojects.net</tt>.
+ <p>
+The main channel <em>#debian-devel</em> is very active since more
+than 150 persons are always logged in. It's a channel for people who work
+on Debian, it's not a support channel (there's <em>#debian</em> for that).
+It is however open to anyone who wants to lurk (and learn). Its topic is
+always full of interesting information. Since it's an open channel, you
+should not speak there of issues that are discussed in
+&email-debian-private;. There's a key protected channel
+<em>#debian-private</em> for that purpose. The key is available
+in the archives of debian-private in
+<file>master.debian.org:&file-debian-private-archive;</file>,
+just <prgn>zgrep</prgn> for <em>#debian-private</em> in
+all the files.
+ <p>
+There are other additional channels dedicated to specific subjects.
+<em>#debian-bugs</em> is used for coordinating bug squash parties.
+<em>#debian-boot</em> is used to coordinate the work on the boot
+floppies (i.e. the installer). <em>#debian-doc</em> is
+occasionally used to work on documentation like the one you are
+reading. Other channels are dedicated to an architecture or a set of
+packages: <em>#debian-bsd</em>, <em>#debian-kde</em>,
+<em>#debian-sf</em> (SourceForge package), <em>#debian-oo</em> (OpenOffice
+package) ...
+ <p>
+Some non-English channels exist, for example <em>#debian-devel-fr</em> for
+French speaking people interested in Debian's development.
<sect id="doc-rsrcs">Documentation
<p>
-&FIXME; <url id="&url-devel-docs;">
-
+This document contains a lot of information very useful to Debian developers,
+but it can not contain everything. Most of the other interesting documents
+are linked from <url id="&url-devel-docs;" name="The Developers' Corner">.
+Take the time to browse all the links, you will learn many more things.
- <sect id="server-machines">Debian servers
+ <sect id="server-machines">Debian machines
<p>
-Debian servers are well known servers which serve critical functions
-in the Debian project. Every developer should know what these servers
-are and what they do.
+Debian has several computers working as servers, most of which serve
+critical functions in the Debian project. Most of the machines are used
+for porting activities, and they all have a permanent connection to the
+Internet.
+ <p>
+Most of the machines are available for individual developers to use,
+as long as the developers follow the rules set forth in the
+<url name="Debian Machine Usage Policies" id="&url-dmup;">.
+ <p>
+Generally speaking, you can use these machines for Debian-related purposes
+as you see fit. Please be kind to system administrators, and do not use
+up tons and tons of disk space, network bandwidth, or CPU without first
+getting the approval of the admins. Usually these machines are run by
+volunteers.
+ <p>
+Please take care to protect your Debian passwords and SSH keys installed on
+Debian machines. Avoid login or upload methods which send passwords over
+the Internet in the clear, such as telnet, FTP, POP etc.
+ <p>
+Please do not put any material that doesn't relate to Debian on the Debian
+servers, unless you have prior permission.
+ <p>
+The current list of Debian machines is available at
+<url id="&url-devel-machines;">. That web page contains machine names,
+contact information, information about who can log in, SSH keys etc.
<p>
If you have a problem with the operation of a Debian server, and you
think that the system operators need to be notified of this problem,
-please find the contact address for the particular machine at <url
-id="&url-devel-machines;">. If you have a non-operating problems
-(such as packages to be remove, suggestions for the web site, etc.),
+the Debian system administrator team is reachable at
+<email>debian-admin@lists.debian.org</email>.
+ <p>
+If you have a problem with a certain service, not related to the system
+administration (such as packages to be removed from the archive,
+suggestions for the web site, etc.),
generally you'll report a bug against a ``pseudo-package''. See <ref
id="submit-bug"> for information on how to submit bugs.
- <sect1 id="servers-master">The master server
+ <sect1 id="servers-bugs">The bugs server
<p>
-<tt>master.debian.org</tt> is the canonical location for the Bug
-Tracking System (BTS). If you plan on doing some statistical analysis
-or processing of Debian bugs, this would be the place to do it.
-Please describe your plans on &email-debian-devel; before implementing
+<tt>bugs.debian.org</tt> is the canonical location for the Bug Tracking
+System (BTS). If you plan on doing some statistical analysis or
+processing of Debian bugs, this would be the place to do it. Please
+describe your plans on &email-debian-devel; before implementing
anything, however, to reduce unnecessary duplication of effort or
wasted processing time.
<p>
-All Debian developers have accounts on <tt>master.debian.org</tt>.
-Please take care to protect your password to this machine. Try to
-avoid login or upload methods which send passwords over the Internet
-in the clear.
- <p>
-If you find a problem with <tt>master.debian.org</tt> such as disk
-full, suspicious activity, or whatever, send an email to
-&email-debian-admin;.
+All Debian developers have accounts on <tt>bugs.debian.org</tt>.
<sect1 id="servers-ftp-master">The ftp-master server
<p>
-The ftp-master server, <tt>ftp-master.debian.org</tt> (or
-<tt>auric.debian.org</tt>), holds the canonical copy of the Debian
+The <tt>ftp-master.debian.org</tt> server holds the canonical copy of the Debian
archive (excluding the non-US packages). Generally, package uploads
go to this server; see <ref id="upload">.
<p>
an email to &email-ftpmaster;, but also see the procedures in
<ref id="archive-manip">.
- <sect1 id="servers-www">The WWW server
+ <sect1 id="servers-non-us">The non-US server
<p>
-The main web server, <tt>www.debian.org</tt>, is also known as
-<tt>klecker.debian.org</tt>. All developers are given accounts on this
-machine.
+The non-US server, <tt>non-us.debian.org</tt>,
+holds the canonical copy of the non-US part of the Debian archive.
+If you need to upload a package into one of the non-US sections, upload it
+to this server; see <ref id="upload-non-us">.
<p>
-If you have some Debian-specific information which you want to serve
-up on the web, you can do this by putting material in the
-<file>public_html</file> directory under your home directory. You should
-do this on <tt>klecker.debian.org</tt>. Any material you put in those areas
-are accessible via the URL
-<tt>http://people.debian.org/~<var>user-id</var>/</tt>.
-You should only use this particular location because it will be backed up,
-whereas on other hosts it won't. Please do not put any material on Debian
-servers not relating to Debian, unless you have prior permission.
-Send mail to &email-debian-devel; if you have any questions.
+Problems with the non-US package archive should generally be submitted as
+bugs against the <package>nonus.debian.org</package> pseudo-package (notice
+the lack of hyphen between "non" and "us" in the pseudo-package name
+— that's for backwards compatibility). Remember to check whether or
+not someone else has already reported the problem on the
+<url id="http://bugs.debian.org/nonus.debian.org" name="Bug Tracking System">.
+
+ <sect1 id="servers-www">The www-master server
+ <p>
+The main web server is <tt>www-master.debian.org</tt>.
+It holds the official web pages, the face
+of Debian for most newbies.
<p>
If you find a problem with the Debian web server, you should generally
submit a bug against the pseudo-package,
-<package>www.debian.org</package>. First check whether or not someone
+<package>www.debian.org</package>. Remember to check whether or not someone
else has already reported the problem on the
<url id="http://bugs.debian.org/www.debian.org" name="Bug Tracking System">.
+ <sect1 id="servers-people">The people web server
+ <p>
+<tt>people.debian.org</tt> is the server used
+for developers' own web pages about anything related to Debian.
+ <p>
+If you have some Debian-specific information which you want to serve
+on the web, you can do this by putting material in the
+<file>public_html</file> directory under your home directory on
+<tt>people.debian.org</tt>.
+This will be accessible at the URL
+<tt>http://people.debian.org/~<var>your-user-id</var>/</tt>.
+ <p>
+You should only use this particular location because it will be backed up,
+whereas on other hosts it won't.
+ <p>
+Usually the only reason to use a different host is when you need to publish
+materials subject to the U.S. export restrictions, in which case you can use
+one of the other servers located outside the United States, such as the
+aforementioned <tt>non-us.debian.org</tt>.
+ <p>
+Send mail to &email-debian-devel; if you have any questions.
<sect1 id="servers-cvs">The CVS server
<p>
-<tt>cvs.debian.org</tt> is also known as <tt>klecker.debian.org</tt>,
-discussed above. If you need to use a publically accessible CVS
+Our CVS server is located on <tt>cvs.debian.org</tt>.
+ <p>
+If you need to use a publicly accessible CVS
server, for instance, to help coordinate work on a package between
many different developers, you can request a CVS area on the server.
<p>
<p>
To request a CVS area, send a request via email to
&email-debian-admin;. Include the name of the requested CVS area,
-Debian account should own the CVS root area, and why you need it.
+the Debian account that should own the CVS root area, and why you need it.
- <sect1 id="devel-db">The Developers Database
+ <sect id="devel-db">The Developers Database
<p>
The Developers Database, at <url id="&url-debian-db;">, is an LDAP
directory for managing Debian developer attributes. You can use this
resource to search the list of Debian developers. For information on
keeping your entry the developer database up-to-date, see <ref
-id="user-maint">.
+id="user-maint">. Part of this information is also available through
+the finger service on Debian servers, try
+<prgn>finger yourlogin@debian.org</prgn> to see what it reports.
<sect id="servers-mirrors">Mirrors of Debian servers
have accounts on these machines.
- <sect id="other-machines">Other Debian developer machines
- <p>
-There are other Debian machines which may be made available to you.
-You can use these for Debian-related purposes as you see fit. Please
-be kind to system administrators, and do not use up tons and tons of
-disk space, network bandwidth, or CPU without first getting the
-approval of the local maintainers. Usually these machines are run by
-volunteers. Generally, these machines are for porting activities.
- <p>
-Aside from the servers mentioned in <ref id="server-machines">, there
-is a list of machines available to Debian developers at <url
-id="&url-devel-machines;">.
-
-
-
<sect id="archive">The Debian archive
<p>
The &debian-formal; distribution consists of a lot of packages
-(<tt>.deb</tt>'s, currently around &number-of-pkgs;) and a few
+(<file>.deb</file>'s, currently around &number-of-pkgs;) and a few
additional files (such documentation and installation disk images).
<p>
Here is an example directory tree of a complete Debian archive:
&sample-dist-dirtree;
<p>
As you can see, the top-level directory contains two directories,
-<tt>dists/</tt> and <tt>pool/</tt>. The latter is a “pool” in which the
+<file>dists/</file> and <file>pool/</file>. The latter is a “pool” in which the
packages actually are, and which is handled by the archive maintenance
database and the accompanying programs. The former contains the
distributions, <em>stable</em>, <em>testing</em> and <em>unstable</em>.
-Each of those distribution directories is divided in equivalent
-subdirectories purpose of which is equal, so we will only explain how it
-looks in stable. The <tt>Packages</tt> and <tt>Sources</tt> files in the
-distribution subdirectories can reference files in the <tt>pool/</tt>
-directory.
+The <file>Packages</file> and <file>Sources</file> files in the
+distribution subdirectories can reference files in the <file>pool/</file>
+directory. The directory tree below each of the distributions is arranged
+in an identical manner. What we describe below for <em>stable</em> is
+equally applicable to the <em>unstable</em> and <em>testing</em>
+distributions.
<p>
-<tt>dists/stable</tt> contains three directories, namely <em>main</em>,
-<em>contrib</em>, and <em>non-free</em>.
+<file>dists/stable</file> contains three directories, namely <file>main</file>,
+<file>contrib</file>, and <file>non-free</file>.
<p>
-In each of the areas, there is a directory with the source packages
-(<tt>source</tt>), a directory for each supported architecture
-(<tt>binary-i386</tt>, <tt>binary-m68k</tt>, etc.), and a directory
-for architecture independent packages (<tt>binary-all</tt>).
+In each of the areas, there is a directory for the source packages
+(<file>source</file>) and a directory for each supported architecture
+(<file>binary-i386</file>, <file>binary-m68k</file>, etc.).
<p>
-The <em>main</em> area contains additional directories which holds
+The <file>main</file> area contains additional directories which holds
the disk images and some essential pieces of documentation required
for installing the Debian distribution on a specific architecture
-(<tt>disks-i386</tt>, <tt>disks-m68k</tt>, etc.).
- <p>
-The <em>binary-*</em> and <em>source</em> directories are divided
-further into <em>subsections</em>.
+(<file>disks-i386</file>, <file>disks-m68k</file>, etc.).
<sect1>Sections
but may fail other requirements. For instance, they may depend on
non-free packages.
<p>
-Packages which do not apply to the DFSG are placed in the
+Packages which do not conform to the DFSG are placed in the
<em>non-free</em> section. These packages are not considered as part
of the Debian distribution, though we support their use, and we
provide infrastructure (such as our bug-tracking system and mailing
also have ports underway to non-Linux kernel. Aside from
<em>i386</em> (our name for Intel x86), there is <em>m68k</em>,
<em>alpha</em>, <em>powerpc</em>, <em>sparc</em>, <em>hurd-i386</em>,
-and <em>arm</em>, as of this writing.
+<em>arm</em>, <em>ia64</em>, <em>hppa</em>, <em>s390</em>, <em>mips</em>,
+<em>mipsel</em> and <em>sh</em> as of this writing.
<p>
&debian-formal; 1.3 is only available as <em>i386</em>. Debian 2.0
shipped for <em>i386</em> and <em>m68k</em> architectures. Debian 2.1
ships for the <em>i386</em>, <em>m68k</em>, <em>alpha</em>, and
-<em>sparc</em> architectures. Debian 2.2 adds support for the
-<em>powerpc</em> and <em>arm</em> architectures.
+<em>sparc</em> architectures. Debian 2.2 added support for the
+<em>powerpc</em> and <em>arm</em> architectures. Debian 3.0 adds
+support of five new architectures: <em>ia64</em>, <em>hppa</em>,
+<em>s390</em>, <em>mips</em> and <em>mipsel</em>.
<p>
Information for developers or uses about the specific ports are
available at the <url id="&url-debian-ports;" name="Debian Ports web
pages">.
- <sect1>Subsections
+<!-- <sect1>Subsections
<p>
The sections <em>main</em>, <em>contrib</em>, and <em>non-free</em>
are split into <em>subsections</em> to simplify the installation
-process and the maintenance of the archive. Subsections are not
-formally defined, except perhaps the `base' subsection.
-Subsections simply exist to simplify the organization and browsing of
-available packages. Please check the current Debian distribution to
-see which sections are available.
+process and the maintenance of the archive. Subsections simply exist to
+simplify the organization and browsing of available packages. The
+<url id="&url-debian-policy;" name="Debian Policy Manual"> gives
+the authoritative list of subsections.
+
<p>
Note however that with the introduction of package pools (see the top-level
<em>pool/</em> directory), the subsections in the form of subdirectories
will eventually cease to exist. They will be kept in the packages' `Section'
-header fields, though.
+header fields, though. -->
<sect1>Packages
<p>
There are two types of Debian packages, namely <em>source</em> and
<em>binary</em> packages.
<p>
-Source packages consist of either two or three files: a <tt>.dsc</tt>
-file, and either a <tt>.tar.gz</tt> file or both an
-<tt>.orig.tar.gz</tt> and a <tt>.diff.gz</tt> file.
+Source packages consist of either two or three files: a <file>.dsc</file>
+file, and either a <file>.tar.gz</file> file or both an
+<file>.orig.tar.gz</file> and a <file>.diff.gz</file> file.
<p>
If a package is developed specially for Debian and is not distributed
-outside of Debian, there is just one <tt>.tar.gz</tt> file which
+outside of Debian, there is just one <file>.tar.gz</file> file which
contains the sources of the program. If a package is distributed
-elsewhere too, the <tt>.orig.tar.gz</tt> file stores the so-called
+elsewhere too, the <file>.orig.tar.gz</file> file stores the so-called
<em>upstream source code</em>, that is the source code that's
distributed from the <em>upstream maintainer</em> (often the author of
-the software). In this case, the <tt>.diff.gz</tt> contains the
+the software). In this case, the <file>.diff.gz</file> contains the
changes made by the Debian maintainer.
<p>
-The <tt>.dsc</tt> lists all the files in the source package together
+The <file>.dsc</file> file lists all the files in the source package together
with checksums (<prgn>md5sums</prgn>) and some additional info about
the package (maintainer, version, etc.).
<p>
The directory system described in the previous chapter is itself
contained within <em>distribution directories</em>. Each
-distribution is actually contained in the <tt>pool</tt> directory in the
+distribution is actually contained in the <file>pool</file> directory in the
top-level of the Debian archive itself.
<p>
To summarize, the Debian archive has a root directory within an FTP
server. For instance, at the mirror site,
<ftpsite>ftp.us.debian.org</ftpsite>, the Debian archive itself is
contained in <ftppath>/debian</ftppath>, which is a common location
-(another is <tt>/pub/debian</tt>).
+(another is <file>/pub/debian</file>).
<p>
A distribution is comprised of Debian source and binary packages, and the
-respective <tt>Sources</tt> and <tt>Packages</tt> index files, containing
+respective <file>Sources</file> and <file>Packages</file> index files, containing
the header information from all those packages. The former are kept in the
-<tt>pool/</tt> directory, while the latter are kept in the <tt>dists/</tt>
-directory of the archive (because of backwards compatibility).
+<file>pool/</file> directory, while the latter are kept in the <file>dists/</file>
+directory of the archive (for backwards compatibility).
<sect2 id="sec-dists">Stable, testing, and unstable
<p>
There are always distributions called <em>stable</em> (residing in
-<tt>dists/stable</tt>), one called <em>testing</em> (residing in
-<tt>dists/testing</tt>), and one called <em>unstable</em> (residing in
-<tt>dists/unstable</tt>). This reflects the development process of the
+<file>dists/stable</file>), one called <em>testing</em> (residing in
+<file>dists/testing</file>), and one called <em>unstable</em> (residing in
+<file>dists/unstable</file>). This reflects the development process of the
Debian project.
<p>
Active development is done in the <em>unstable</em> distribution
(that's why this distribution is sometimes called the <em>development
distribution</em>). Every Debian developer can update his or her
packages in this distribution at any time. Thus, the contents of this
-distribution change from day-to-day. Since no special effort is done
+distribution changes from day-to-day. Since no special effort is done
to make sure everything in this distribution is working properly, it is
sometimes literally unstable.
<p>
-Packages get copied from <em>unstable</em> to <em>testing</em> if they
-satisfy certain criteria. To get into <em>testing</em> distribution, a
-package needs to be in the archive for two weeks and not have any
-release critical bugs. After that period, it will propagate into
-<em>testing</em> as soon as anything it depends on is also added. This
-process is automatic. You can see some notes on this system as well
-as <tt>update_excuses</tt> (describing which packages are valid
-candidates, which are not, and why not) at <url
-id="&url-testing-maint;">.
+The testing distribution is generated automatically by taking
+packages from unstable if they satisfy certain criteria. Those
+criteria should ensure a good quality for packages within testing.
+<ref id="testing-scripts"> are launched each day after the
+new packages have been installed.
<p>
After a period of development, once the release manager deems fit, the
<em>testing</em> distribution is frozen, meaning that the policies
This development cycle is based on the assumption that the
<em>unstable</em> distribution becomes <em>stable</em> after passing a
period of being in <em>testing</em>. Even once a distribution is
-considered stable, a few bugs inevitably remain &mdash that's why the
+considered stable, a few bugs inevitably remain — that's why the
stable distribution is updated every now and then. However, these
updates are tested very carefully and have to be introduced into the
archive individually to reduce the risk of introducing new bugs. You
can find proposed additions to <em>stable</em> in the
-<tt>proposed-updates</tt> directory. Those packages in
-<tt>proposed-updates</tt> that pass muster are periodically moved as a
+<file>proposed-updates</file> directory. Those packages in
+<file>proposed-updates</file> that pass muster are periodically moved as a
batch into the stable distribution and the revision level of the
-stable distribution is incremented (e.g., ‘3.0’ becomes ‘3.0r1’,
-‘2.2r4’ becomes ‘2.0r5’, and so forth).
+stable distribution is incremented (e.g., ‘3.0’ becomes
+‘3.0r1’, ‘2.2r4’ becomes ‘2.2r5’, and
+so forth).
<p>
Note that development under <em>unstable</em> continues during the
freeze period, since the <em>unstable</em> distribution remains in
<sect2>Experimental
<p>
-The <em>experimental</em> distribution is a specialty distribution.
+The <em>experimental</em> distribution is a special distribution.
It is not a full distribution in the same sense as `stable' and
`unstable' are. Instead, it is meant to be a temporary staging area
for highly experimental software where there's a good chance that the
Some experimental software can still go into <em>unstable</em>, with a few
warnings in the description, but that isn't recommended because packages
from <em>unstable</em> are expected to propagate to <em>testing</em> and
-thus to <em>stable</em>.
+thus to <em>stable</em>. You should not be afraid to use
+<em>experimental</em> since it does not cause any pain to the ftpmasters,
+the experimental packages are automatically removed once you upload
+the package in <em>unstable</em> with a higher version number.
<p>
New software which isn't likely to damage your system can go directly into
<em>unstable</em>.
<p>
An alternative to <em>experimental</em> is to use your personal web space
-on <tt>people.debian.org</tt> (<tt>klecker.debian.org</tt>).
+on <tt>people.debian.org</tt>.
<sect1 id="codenames">Release code names
symbolic links for <em>stable</em>, <em>testing</em>, and
<em>unstable</em> point to the appropriate release directories.
+ <sect id="incoming-system">
+ <heading>The Incoming system
+ <p>
+The Incoming system is responsible of collecting updated packages and
+installing them in the Debian archive. It consists of a set of
+directories and scripts that are installed both on <tt>&ftp-master-host;</tt>
+and <tt>&non-us-host;</tt>.
+ <p>
+Packages are uploaded by all the maintainers into a directory called
+<file>unchecked</file>. This directory is scanned every 15 minutes by the katie script
+that verifies the integrity of the uploaded packages and the cryptographic
+signatures. If the package is considered ready to be installed, it
+is moved into the <file>accepted</file> directory. If this is the first upload of
+the package, it is moved in the <file>new</file> directory, where it waits
+for an approval of the ftpmasters. If the package contains files to be installed
+"by-hand" is is moved in the <file>byhand</file> directory, where it waits
+for a manual installation by the ftpmasters. Otherwise, if any error has been detected,
+the package is refused and is moved in the <file>reject</file> directory.
+ <p>
+Once the package is accepted the system sends a confirmation
+mail to the maintainer, closes all the bugs marked as fixed by the upload
+and the auto-builders may start recompiling it. The package is now publicly
+accessible at <url id="&url-incoming;"> (there is no
+such URL for packages in the non-US archive) until it is really installed
+in the Debian archive. This happens only once a day, the package
+is then removed from incoming and installed in the pool along with all
+the other packages. Once all the other updates (generating new
+<file>Packages</file> and <file>Sources</file> index files for example) have been
+made, a special script is called to ask all the primary mirrors to update
+themselves.
+ <p>
+All debian developers have write access to the <file>unchecked</file>
+directory in order to upload their packages, they also have that access
+to the <file>reject</file> directory in order to remove their bad uploads
+or to move some files back in the <file>unchecked</file> directory. But
+all the other directories are only writable by the ftpmasters, that is
+why you can not remove an upload once it has been accepted.
+
+ <sect1 id="delayed-incoming">Delayed incoming
+ <p>
+The <file>unchecked</file> directory has a special <file>DELAYED</file>
+subdirectory. It is itself subdivided in nine directories
+called <file>1-day</file> to <file>9-day</file>. Packages which are uploaded in
+one of those directories will be moved in the real unchecked
+directory after the corresponding number of days.
+This is done by a script that is run each day and which moves the
+packages between the directories. Those which are in "1-day" are
+installed in <file>unchecked</file> while the others are moved in the
+adjacent directory (for example, a package in <file>5-day</file> will
+be moved in <file>4-day</file>). This feature is particularly useful
+for people who are doing non-maintainer uploads. Instead of
+waiting before uploading a NMU, it is uploaded as soon as it is
+ready but in one of those <file>DELAYED/<var>x</var>-day</file> directories.
+That leaves the corresponding number of days for the maintainer
+to react and upload another fix themselves if they are not
+completely satisfied with the NMU. Alternatively they can remove
+the NMU.
+ <p>
+The use of that delayed feature can be simplified with a bit
+of integration with your upload tool. For instance, if you use
+<prgn>dupload</prgn> (see <ref id="dupload">), you can add this
+snippet to your configuration file:
+<example>
+$delay = ($ENV{DELAY} || 7);
+$cfg{'delayed'} = {
+ fqdn => "&ftp-master-host;",
+ login => "yourdebianlogin",
+ incoming => "/org/ftp.debian.org/incoming/DELAYED/$delay-day/",
+ dinstall_runs => 1,
+ method => "scpb"
+};
+</example>
+Once you've made that change, <prgn>dupload</prgn> can be used to
+easily upload a package in one of the delayed directories:
+<example>DELAY=5 dupload --to delayed <changes-file></example>
+
+ <sect id="testing-scripts">
+ <heading>The testing scripts</heading>
+ <p>
+The testing scripts are run each day after the installation of the
+updated packages. They generate the <file>Packages</file> files for
+the <em>testing</em> distribution, but they do so in an intelligent manner
+trying to avoid any inconsistency and trying to use only
+non-buggy packages.
+ <p>The inclusion of a package from <em>unstable</em> is conditional on the following:
+<list>
+ <item>
+The package must have been available in <em>unstable</em> for several days;
+the precise number depends on the upload's urgency field. It
+is 10 days for low urgency, 5 days for medium urgency and 2 days for high
+urgency. Those delays may be doubled during a freeze;
+ <item>
+It must have less release-critical bugs than the version available
+in <em>testing</em>;
+ <item>
+It must be available on all architectures on which it has been
+previously built. <ref id="madison"> may be of interest to
+check that information;
+ <item>
+It must not break any dependency of a package that is already available
+in <em>testing</em>;
+ <item>
+The packages on which it depends must either be available in <em>testing</em>
+or they must be accepted into <em>testing</em> at the same time (and they will
+if they respect themselves all the criteria);
+</list>
+ <p>
+The scripts are generating some output files to explain why some packages
+are kept out of testing. They are available at <url
+id="&url-testing-maint;">. Alternatively, it is possible to use
+the <prgn>grep-excuses</prgn> program part of the
+<package>devscripts</package> package. It can be easily put in a crontab
+to keep someone informed of the progression of his packages in testing.
+ <p>
+The <file>update_excuses</file> file does not always give the precise reason
+why the package is refused, one may have to find it on their own by looking
+what would break with the inclusion of the package. The <url
+id="&url-testing-faq;" name="testing FAQ"> gives some more information
+about the usual problems which may be causing such troubles.
+ <p>
+Sometimes, some packages never enter testing because the set of
+inter-relationship is too complicated and can not be sorted out
+by the scripts. In that case, the release manager must be
+contacted, and he will force the inclusion of the packages.
+
+ <sect id="pkg-info">Package's information
+ <p>
+
+ <sect1 id="pkg-info-web">On the web
+ <p>
+Each package has several dedicated web pages that contain a lot of
+information. <tt>http://&packages-host;/<var>package-name</var></tt>
+will display each version of the package
+available in the various distributions. The per-version detailed
+information includes the package description,
+the dependencies and links to download the package.
+ <p>
+The bug tracking system sorts the bugs by package, you can
+watch the bugs of each package at
+<tt>http://&bugs-host;/<var>package-name</var></tt>.
+
+ <sect1 id="madison">The <prgn>madison</prgn> utility
+ <p>
+<prgn>madison</prgn> is a command-line utility that is available
+on both <tt>&ftp-master-host;</tt> and <tt>&non-us-host;</tt>. It
+uses a single argument corresponding to a package name. In result
+it displays which version of the package is available for each
+architecture and distribution combination. An example will explain
+it better.
+ <p>
+<example>
+$ madison libdbd-mysql-perl
+libdbd-mysql-perl | 1.2202-4 | stable | source, alpha, arm, i386, m68k, powerpc, sparc
+libdbd-mysql-perl | 1.2216-2 | testing | source, arm, hppa, i386, ia64, m68k, mips, mipsel, powerpc, s390, sparc
+libdbd-mysql-perl | 1.2216-2.0.1 | testing | alpha
+libdbd-mysql-perl | 1.2219-1 | unstable | source, alpha, arm, hppa, i386, ia64, m68k, mips, mipsel, powerpc, s390, sparc
+</example>
+ <p>
+In this example, you can see that the version in unstable differs from
+the version in testing and that there has been a binary-only NMU of the
+package for the alpha architecture. Each time the package has been
+recompiled on most of the architectures.
+
+ <sect id="pkg-tracking-system">The Package Tracking System
+ <p>
+The Package Tracking System (PTS) is basically a tool to track by mail
+the activity of a source package. You just have to subscribe
+to a source package to start getting the mails related to it.
+You get the same mails than the maintainer. Each mail
+sent through the PTS is classified and associated to one of
+the keyword listed below. This will let you select the mails that
+you want to receive.
+ <p>
+By default you will get:
+<taglist>
+ <tag><tt>bts</tt>
+ <item>
+All the bug reports and following discussions.
+
+ <tag><tt>bts-control</tt>
+ <item>
+The control mails notifying a status change in one of the bugs.
+
+ <tag><tt>upload-source</tt>
+ <item>
+The confirmation mail from <prgn>katie</prgn> when an uploaded source
+package is accepted.
+
+ <tag><tt>katie-other</tt>
+ <item>
+Other warning and error mails from <prgn>katie</prgn> (like the
+override disparity for the section or priority field).
+
+ <tag><tt>default</tt>
+ <item>
+Any non-automatic mail sent to the PTS by people who wanted to
+contact the subscribers of the package.
+
+ <tag><tt>summary</tt>
+ <item>
+In the future, you may receive regular summary mails to keep you
+informed of the package's status (bug statistics, porting overview,
+progression in testing, ...).
+</taglist>
+ <p>
+You can also decide to receive some more information:
+<taglist>
+ <tag><tt>upload-binary</tt>
+ <item>
+The confirmation mail from <prgn>katie</prgn> when an uploaded binary
+package is accepted (to check that your package is recompiled for all
+architectures).
+
+ <tag><tt>cvs</tt>
+ <item>
+CVS commits if the maintainer has setup a system to forward commit
+notification to the PTS.
+</taglist>
+
+ <sect1 id="pts-commands">The PTS email interface
+ <p>
+You can control your subscription(s) to the PTS by sending
+various commands to <email>pts@qa.debian.org</email>.
+
+<taglist>
+
+<tag><tt>subscribe <srcpackage> [<email>]</tt>
+<item>
+ Subscribes <var>email</var> to communications related to the source package
+ <var>srcpackage</var>. Sender address is used if the second argument is
+ not present. If <var>srcpackage</var> is not a valid source package,
+ you'll get a warning. However if it's a valid binary package, the PTS
+ will subscribe you to the corresponding source package.
+
+<tag><tt>unsubscribe <srcpackage> [<email>]</tt>
+<item>
+ Removes a previous subscription to the source package <var>srcpackage</var>
+ using the specified email address or the sender address if the second
+ argument is left out.
+
+<tag><tt>which [<email>]</tt>
+<item>
+ Lists all subscriptions for the sender or the email address optionally
+ specified.
+
+<tag><tt>keyword [<email>]</tt>
+<item>
+ Tells you the keywords that you are accepting. Each mail sent through
+ the Package Tracking System is associated to a keyword and you receive
+ only the mails associated to keywords that you are accepting. Here is
+ the list of available keywords:
+ <list>
+ <item><tt>bts</tt>: mails coming from the Debian Bug Tracking System
+ <item><tt>bts-control</tt>: reply to mails sent to
+ <email>control@bugs.debian.org</email>
+ <item><tt>summary</tt>: automatic summary mails about the state of a package
+ <item><tt>cvs</tt>: notification of CVS commits
+ <item><tt>upload-source</tt>: announce of a new source upload that
+ has been accepted
+ <item><tt>upload-binary</tt>: announce of a new binary-only upload (porting)
+ <item><tt>katie-other</tt>: other mails from ftpmasters
+ (override disparity, etc.)
+ <item><tt>default</tt>: all the other mails (those which aren't "automatic")
+ </list>
+
+<tag><tt>keyword <srcpackage> [<email>]</tt>
+<item>
+ Same as previous item but for the given source package since
+ you may select a different set of keywords for each source package.
+
+<tag><tt>keyword [<email>] {+|-|=} <list of keywords></tt>
+<item>
+ Accept (+) or refuse (-) mails associated to the given keyword(s).
+ Define the list (=) of accepted keywords.
+
+<tag><tt>keyword <srcpackage> [<email>] {+|-|=} <list of keywords></tt>
+<item>
+ Same as previous item but overrides the keywords list for the
+ indicated source package.
+
+<tag><tt>quit | thanks | --</tt>
+<item>
+ Stops processing commands. All following lines are ignored by
+ the bot.
+</taglist>
+
+ <sect1 id="pts-mail-filtering">Filtering PTS mails
+ <p>
+Once you are subscribed to a package, you will get the mails sent to
+<tt><var>srcpackage</var>@packages.qa.debian.org</tt>. Those mails
+have special headers appended to let you filter them in a special
+mailbox with <prgn>procmail</prgn>. The added headers are
+<tt>X-Loop</tt>, <tt>X-PTS-Package</tt>, <tt>X-PTS-Keyword</tt> and
+<tt>X-Unsubscribe</tt>.
+ <p>
+Here is an example of added headers for a source upload notification
+on the <package>dpkg</package> package:
+<example>
+X-Loop: dpkg@&pts-host;
+X-PTS-Package: dpkg
+X-PTS-Keyword: upload-source
+X-Unsubscribe: echo 'unsubscribe dpkg' | mail pts@qa.debian.org
+</example>
+
+ <sect1 id="pts-cvs-commit">Forwarding CVS commits in the PTS
+ <p>
+If you use a publicly accessible CVS repository for maintaining
+your Debian package you may want to forward the commit notification
+to the PTS so that the subscribers (possible co-maintainers) can
+closely follow the package's evolution.
+ <p>
+It's very easy to setup. Once your CVS repository generates commit
+notifications, you just have to make sure it sends a copy of those mails
+to <tt><var>srcpackage</var>_cvs@&pts-host;</tt>. Only people who
+accepts the <em>cvs</em> keyword will receive the notifications.
+
<chapt id="pkgs">Managing Packages
<p>
<p>
Assuming no one else is already working on your prospective package,
you must then submit a bug report (<ref id="submit-bug">) against the
-pseudo package <tt>wnpp</tt>
+pseudo-package <package>wnpp</package>
describing your plan to create a new package, including, but not
limiting yourself to, a description of the package, the license of the
prospective package and the current URL where it can be downloaded
<file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/changelog.gz</file> for native
packages.
<p>
-The <file>debian/changelog</file> file conform to a certain structure,
+The <file>debian/changelog</file> file conforms to a certain structure,
with a number of different fields. One field of note, the
<em>distribution</em>, is described in <ref id="upload-dist">. More
information about the structure of this file can be found in
For more information on <prgn>lintian</prgn>, see <ref id="lintian">.
<item>
Downgrade the package to the previous version (if one exists) — this
-tests the <tt>postrm</tt> and <tt>prerm</tt> scripts.
+tests the <file>postrm</file> and <file>prerm</file> scripts.
<item>
Remove the package, then reinstall it.
</list>
<sect1>Generating the changes file
<p>
When a package is uploaded to the Debian FTP archive, it must be
-accompanied by a <tt>.changes</tt> file, which gives directions to the
+accompanied by a <file>.changes</file> file, which gives directions to the
archive maintainers for its handling. This is usually generated by
<prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> during the normal package build process.
<p>
<p>
The first time a version is uploaded which corresponds to a particular
upstream version, the original source tar file should be uploaded and
-included in the <tt>.changes</tt> file. Subsequently, this very same
-tar file should be used to build the new diffs and <tt>.dsc</tt>
+included in the <file>.changes</file> file. Subsequently, this very same
+tar file should be used to build the new diffs and <file>.dsc</file>
files, and will not need to be re-uploaded.
<p>
By default, <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> and
<p>
If no original source is included in the upload, the original
source tar-file used by <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> when constructing the
-<tt>.dsc</tt> file and diff to be uploaded <em>must</em> be
+<file>.dsc</file> file and diff to be uploaded <em>must</em> be
byte-for-byte identical with the one already in the archive.
<sect3 id="upload-stable">Uploading to <em>stable</em>
<p>
Uploading to <em>stable</em> means that the package will be placed into the
-<tt>proposed-updates</tt> directory of the Debian archive for further
+<file>proposed-updates</file> directory of the Debian archive for further
testing before it is actually included in <em>stable</em>.
<p>
Extra care should be taken when uploading to <em>stable</em>. Basically, a
<sect2 id="upload-ftp-master">Uploading to <tt>ftp-master</tt>
<p>
To upload a package, you need a personal account on
-<ftpsite>ftp-master.debian.org</ftpsite>, which you should have as an
+<ftpsite>&ftp-master-host;</ftpsite>, which you should have as an
official maintainer. If you use <prgn>scp</prgn> or <prgn>rsync</prgn>
-to transfer the files, place them into <tt>&us-upload-dir;</tt>;
+to transfer the files, place them into &us-upload-dir;;
if you use anonymous FTP to upload, place them into
-<ftppath>/pub/UploadQueue/</ftppath>. Please note that you should transfer
+&upload-queue;. Please note that you should transfer
the changes file last. Otherwise, your upload may be rejected because the
archive maintenance software will parse the changes file and see that not
all files have been uploaded. If you don't want to bother with transferring
the changes file last, you can simply copy your files to a temporary
directory on <tt>ftp-master</tt> and then move them to
-<tt>&us-upload-dir;</tt>.
+&us-upload-dir;.
<p>
-<em>Note:</em> Do not upload to <tt>ftp-master</tt> packages
-containing software that is patent-restricted by the United States
-government, nor any cryptographic packages which belong to
-<em>contrib</em> or <em>non-free</em>. If you can't upload it to
-<tt>ftp-master</tt>, then neither can you upload it to the overseas
-upload queues on <tt>chiark</tt> or <tt>erlangen</tt>. Uploads of
+<em>Note:</em> Do not upload to <tt>ftp-master</tt> cryptographic
+packages which belong to <em>contrib</em> or <em>non-free</em>. Uploads of
such software should go to <tt>non-us</tt> (see <ref
-id="upload-non-us">). If you are not sure whether U.S. patent
-controls or cryptographic controls apply to your package, post a
-message to &email-debian-devel; and ask.
- <p>
-You may also find the Debian packages <package>dupload</package> or
-<package>dput</package> useful
-when uploading packages. These handy program are distributed with
-defaults for uploading via <prgn>ftp</prgn> to <tt>ftp-master</tt>,
-<tt>chiark</tt>, and <tt>erlangen</tt>. They can also be configured to
-use <prgn>ssh</prgn> or <prgn>rsync</prgn>. See <manref name="dupload"
-section="1">, <manref name="dupload" section="5"> and <manref name="dput"
-section="1"> for more information.
- <p>
-After uploading your package, you can check how the archive maintenance
-software will process it by running <prgn>dinstall</prgn> on your changes
-file: <example>dinstall -n foo.changes</example>
-
- <sect2 id="upload-non-us">Uploading to <tt>non-US</tt> (pandora)
+id="upload-non-us">). Furthermore packages containing code that is
+patent-restricted by the United States government can not be uploaded to
+<tt>ftp-master</tt>; depending on the case they may still be uploaded to
+<file>non-US/non-free</file> (it's in non-free because of distribution issues
+and not because of the license of the software). If you can't upload it to
+<tt>ftp-master</tt>, then neither can you upload it to the overseas upload
+queues on <tt>chiark</tt> or <tt>erlangen</tt>. If you are not sure
+whether U.S. patent controls or cryptographic controls apply to your
+package, post a message to &email-debian-devel; and ask.
+ <p>
+You may also find the Debian packages <ref id="dupload"> or
+<ref id="dput"> useful
+when uploading packages. These handy programs help automate the
+process of uploading packages into Debian.
+ <p>
+After uploading your package, you can check how the archive
+maintenance software will process it by running <prgn>dinstall</prgn>
+on your changes file: <example>dinstall -n foo.changes</example>.
+Note that <prgn>dput</prgn> can do this for you automatically.
+
+ <sect2 id="upload-non-us">Uploading to <tt>non-US</tt>
<p>
As discussed above, export controlled software should not be uploaded
to <tt>ftp-master</tt>. Instead, upload the package to
<ftpsite>non-us.debian.org</ftpsite>, placing the files in
-<tt>&non-us-upload-dir;</tt> (both <ref id="dupload"> and <ref
-id="dput"> can be used also, with the right invocation). By default,
+&non-us-upload-dir; (again, both <ref id="dupload"> and <ref
+id="dput"> can do this for you if invoked properly). By default,
you can use the same account/password that works on
<tt>ftp-master</tt>. If you use anonymous FTP to upload, place the
-files into <ftppath>/pub/UploadQueue/</ftppath>.
+files into &upload-queue;.
<p>
You can check your upload the same way it's done on <tt>ftp-master</tt>,
with:
<sect2>Uploads via <tt>chiark</tt>
<p>
If you have a slow network connection to <tt>ftp-master</tt>, there are
-alternatives. One is to upload files to <tt>Incoming</tt> via a
+alternatives. One is to upload files to <file>Incoming</file> via a
upload queue in Europe on <tt>chiark</tt>. For details connect to
<url id="&url-chiark-readme;">.
<p>
via anonymous FTP to <url id="&url-upload-erlangen;">.
<p>
The upload must be a complete Debian upload, as you would put it into
-<tt>ftp-master</tt>'s <tt>Incoming</tt>, i.e., a <tt>.changes</tt> files
-along with the other files mentioned in the <tt>.changes</tt>. The
-queue daemon also checks that the <tt>.changes</tt> is correctly
+<tt>ftp-master</tt>'s <file>Incoming</file>, i.e., a <file>.changes</file> files
+along with the other files mentioned in the <file>.changes</file>. The
+queue daemon also checks that the <file>.changes</file> is correctly
signed with GnuPG or OpenPGP by a Debian developer, so that no bogus files can find
their way to <tt>ftp-master</tt> via this queue. Please also make sure that
-the <tt>Maintainer</tt> field in the <tt>.changes</tt> contains
+the <tt>Maintainer</tt> field in the <file>.changes</file> contains
<em>your</em> e-mail address. The address found there is used for all
replies, just as on <tt>ftp-master</tt>.
<p>
maintenance software when it runs (usually once a day). You just need to use
a recent <package>dpkg-dev</package> (>= 1.4.1.2). The mail generated by
the archive maintenance software will contain the OpenPGP/GnuPG signed
-<tt>.changes</tt> files that you uploaded with your package.
+<file>.changes</file> files that you uploaded with your package.
Previously, <prgn>dupload</prgn> used to send those announcements, so
please make sure that you configured your <prgn>dupload</prgn> not to
send those announcements (check its documentation and look for
package is released with <tt>Distribution:</tt> set to `unstable',
or `experimental', the announcement will be
posted to &email-debian-devel-changes; instead.
- <p>
-The <prgn>dupload</prgn> program is clever enough to determine
-where the announcement should go, and will automatically mail the
-announcement to the right list. See <ref id="dupload">.
<sect1 id="upload-notification">
<heading>Notification that a new package has been installed</heading>
the change to the archive may take up to a month to occur. Please be
patient.
<p>
-In any case, you will receive email notification indicating that the
-package has added to the archive, which also indicates which bugs will
+In any case, you will receive an email notification indicating that the
+package has been added to the archive, which also indicates which bugs will
be closed by the upload. Please examine this notification carefully,
checking if any bugs you meant to close didn't get triggered.
<p>
id="nmu-guidelines"> need to be followed.
<p>
Bug fixes to unstable by non-maintainers are also acceptable, but only
-as a last resort or with permission. Try the following steps first,
-and if they don't work, it is probably OK to do an NMU:
+as a last resort or with permission. The following protocol should
+be respected to do an NMU:
<p>
<list>
<item>
-Make sure that the package bug is in the Debian Bug Tracking System
-(BTS). If not, submit a bug.
+Make sure that the package's bug is in the Debian Bug Tracking System
+(BTS). If not, submit a bug.
<item>
-Email the maintainer, and offer to help fix the package bug. Give it a
-few days.
- <item>
-Go ahead and fix the bug, submitting a patch to the right bug in the
-BTS. Build the package and test it as discussed in <ref
-id="upload-checking">. Use it locally.
- <item>
-Wait a couple of weeks for a response.
- <item>
-Email the maintainer, asking if it is OK to do an NMU.
+Wait a few days the response from the maintainer. If you don't get
+any response, you may want to help him by sending the patch that fixes
+the bug. Don't forget to tag the bug with the "patch" keyword.
<item>
+Wait a few more days. If you still haven't got an answer from the
+maintainer, send him a mail announcing your intent to NMU the package.
+Prepare an NMU as described in <ref id="nmu-guidelines">, test it
+carefully on your machine (cf. <ref id="upload-checking">).
Double check that your patch doesn't have any unexpected side effects.
-Make sure your patch is as small and as non-disruptive as it can be.
+Make sure your patch is as small and as non-disruptive as it can be.
<item>
-Wait another week for a response.
+Upload your package to incoming in <file>DELAYED/7-day</file> (cf.
+<ref id="delayed-incoming">), send the final patch to the maintainer via
+the BTS, and explain to them that they have 7 days to react if they want
+to cancel the NMU.
<item>
-Go ahead and do the source NMU, as described in <ref
-id="nmu-guidelines">.
+Follow what happens, you're responsible for any bug that you introduced
+with your NMU. You should probably use <ref id="pkg-tracking-system"> (PTS)
+to stay informed of the state of the package after your NMU.
</list>
-
-
<sect1 id="nmu-guidelines">How to do a source NMU
<p>
The following applies to porters insofar as they are playing the dual
make a release based on a new upstream version then the person making
the release should start with the <var>debian-revision</var> value
`0.1'. The usual maintainer of a package should start their
-<var>debian-revision</var> numbering at `1'. Note that if you do
-this, you'll have to invoke <prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn> with the
-<tt>-sa</tt> switch to force the build system to pick up the new
-source package (normally it only looks for Debian revisions of '0' or
-'1' — it's not yet clever enough to know about `0.1').
+<var>debian-revision</var> numbering at `1'.
<sect2 id="nmu-changelog">
the <file>debian/changelog</file> file will be used for signing the
changes file.
-
+ <sect1 id="ack-nmu">Acknowledging an NMU
+ <p>
+If one of your packages has been NMUed, you have to incorporate the
+changes in your copy of the sources. This is easy, you just have
+to apply the patch that has been sent to you. Once this is done, you
+have to close the bugs that have been tagged fixed by the NMU. You
+can either close them manually by sending the required mails to the
+BTS or by adding the required <tt>closes: #nnnn</tt> in the changelog
+entry of your next upload.
+ <p>
+In any case, you should not be upset by the NMU. An NMU is not a
+personal attack against the maintainer. It is a proof that
+someone cares enough about the package and that they were willing to help
+you in your work, so you should be thankful. You may also want to
+ask them if they would be interested to help you on a more frequent
+basis as co-maintainer or backup maintainer
+(see <ref id="collaborative-maint">).
<sect id="porting">Porting and Being Ported
<package>debootstrap</package> package to create an unstable chroot
environment. Within that chrooted environment, install the
<package>build-essential</package> package and any package
-dependencies mention in <tt>Build-Depends</tt> and/or
+dependencies mentioned in <tt>Build-Depends</tt> and/or
<tt>Build-Depends-Indep</tt>. Finally, try building your package
-within that chrooted environment.
+within that chrooted environment. These steps can be automated
+by the use of the <prgn>pbuilder</prgn> program which is provided by
+the package of the same name.
<p>
See the <url id="&url-debian-policy;" name="Debian Policy
Manual"> for instructions on setting build dependencies.
Make sure your source package is correct. Do <tt>dpkg-source -x
<var>package</var>.dsc</tt> to make sure your source package unpacks
properly. Then, in there, try building your package from scratch with
-<tt>dpkg-buildpackage</tt>.
+<prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn>.
<item>
Make sure you don't ship your source package with the
<file>debian/files</file> or <file>debian/substvars</file> files.
Sometimes the initial porter upload is problematic because the environment
in which the package was built was not good enough (outdated or obsolete
library, bad compiler, ...). Then you may just need to recompile it in
-an updated environment. However, you do have to bump the version number in
+an updated environment. However, you have to bump the version number in
this case, so that the old bad package can be replaced in the Debian archive
(<prgn>katie</prgn> refuses to install new packages if they don't have a
version number greater than the currently available one). Despite the
which simply check out and attempt to auto-build packages which need
to be ported. There is also an email interface to the system, which
allows porters to ``check out'' a source package (usually one which
-cannot yet be autobuilt) and work on it.
+cannot yet be auto-built) and work on it.
<p>
<package>buildd</package> is not yet available as a package; however,
most porting efforts are either using it currently or planning to use
enhanced to support cross-compiling.
-
+ <sect id="collaborative-maint">
+ <heading>Collaborative maintenance</heading>
+ <p>
+"Collaborative maintenance" is a term describing the sharing of Debian
+package maintenance duties by several people. This collaboration is
+almost a good idea, since it generally results in higher quality and
+faster bug fix turnaround time. It is strongly recommended that
+packages in which a priority of <tt>Standard</tt> or which are part of
+the base set have co-maintainers.</p>
+ <p>
+Generally there is a primary maintainer and one or more
+co-maintainers. The primary maintainer is the whose name is listed in
+the <tt>Maintainer</tt> field of the <file>debian/control</file> file.
+Co-maintainers are all the other maintainers.</p>
+ <p>
+In its most basic form, the process of adding a new co-maintainer is
+quite easy:<list>
+ <item>
+ <p>
+Setup the co-maintainer with access to the sources you build the
+package from. Generally this implies you are using a network-capable
+version control system, such as <prgn>CVS</prgn> or
+<prgn>Subversion</prgn>.</p>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <p>
+Add the co-maintainer's correct maintainer name and address to the
+<tt>Uploaders</tt> field in the global part of the
+<file>debian/control</file> file.</p>
+ </item>
+ <item>
+ <p>
+Using the PTS (<ref id="pkg-tracking-system">), the co-maintainers
+should subscribe themselves to the appropriate source package.</p>
+ </item>
+ </list></p>
+ </sect>
<sect id="archive-manip">
<heading>Moving, Removing, Renaming, Adopting, and Orphaning
Packages</heading>
<p>
-Some archive manipulation operation are not automated in the Debian
+Some archive manipulation operations are not automated in the Debian
upload process. These procedures should be manually followed by
maintainers. This chapter gives guidelines in what to do in these
cases.
package. When invoked as <tt>apt-cache showpkg
<var>package</var></tt>, the program will show details for
<var>package</var>, including reverse depends.
+ <p>
+Once the package has been removed, the package's bugs should be handled.
+They should either be reassigned to another package in the case where
+the actual code has evolved into another package (e.g. <tt>libfoo12</tt>
+was removed because <tt>libfoo13</tt> supersedes it) or closed if the
+software is simply no more part of Debian.
- <sect2>Removing packages from <tt>Incoming</tt>
+ <sect2>Removing packages from <file>Incoming</file>
<p>
-In the past, it was possible to remove packages from <tt>incoming</tt>.
-With the introduction of the New Incoming system this is no longer
+In the past, it was possible to remove packages from <file>incoming</file>.
+However, with the introduction of the new incoming system, this is no longer
possible. Instead, you have to upload a new revision of your package with
a higher version as the package you want to replace. Both versions will be
installed in the archive but only the higher version will actually be
name="Debian Policy Manual"> for details). Once you've uploaded
that package, and the package has moved into the archive, file a bug
against <tt>ftp.debian.org</tt> asking to remove the package with the
-obsolete name.
+obsolete name. Do not forget to properly reassign the package's bugs
+at the same time.
<sect1 id="orphaning">Orphaning a package
<p>
If you can no longer maintain a package, you need to inform the others
about that, and see that the package is marked as orphaned.
-you should set the package maintainer to <tt>Debian QA Group
+You should set the package maintainer to <tt>Debian QA Group
&orphan-address;</tt> and submit a bug report
against the pseudo package <package>wnpp</package>. The bug report should be
titled <tt>O: <var>package</var> -- <var>short description</var></tt>
won't indicate the bug number).
<p>
If the package is especially crucial to Debian, you should instead submit
-a bug against <tt>wnpp</tt> and title it <tt>RFA: <var>package</var> --
+a bug against <package>wnpp</package> and title it <tt>RFA: <var>package</var> --
<var>short description</var></tt> and set its severity to
-<em>important</em>. Definitely copy the message to debian-devel in this
-case, as described above.
+<em>important</em>. <tt>RFA</tt> stands for <em>Request For Adoption</em>.
+Definitely copy the message to debian-devel in this case, as described
+above.
<p>
Read instructions on the <url id="&url-wnpp;" name="WNPP web pages">
for more information.
However, without their assent, you may not take over the package.
Even if they ignore you, that is still not grounds to take over a
package. If you really feel that a maintainer has gone AWOL (absent
-without leave), post a query to &email-debian-private;.
+without leave), post a query to &email-debian-private;. You may also
+inform the QA group (cf. <ref id="mia-qa">).
<p>
If you take over an old package, you probably want to be listed as the
package's official maintainer in the bug system. This will happen
automatically once you upload a new version with an updated
<tt>Maintainer:</tt> field, although it can take a few hours after the
upload is done. If you do not expect to upload a new version for a while,
-send an email to &email-override; so that bug reports will go to you
-right away.
-
+you can use <ref id="pkg-tracking-system"> to get the bug reports. However,
+make sure that the old maintainer has no problem with the fact that
+they will continue to receive the bugs during that time.
<sect id="bug-handling">Handling package bugs
If you want to be a good maintainer, you should periodically check the
<url id="&url-bts;" name="Debian bug tracking system (BTS)"> for your
packages. The BTS contains all the open bugs against your packages.
+You can check them by browsing this page:
+<tt>http://&bugs-host;/<var>yourlogin</var>@debian.org</tt>.
<p>
Maintainers interact with the BTS via email addresses at
-<tt>bugs.debian.org</tt>. Documentation on available commands can be
+<tt>&bugs-host;</tt>. Documentation on available commands can be
found at <url id="&url-bts;">, or, if you have installed the
<package>doc-debian</package> package, you can look at the local files
&file-bts-docs;.
<sect1 id="bug-answering">Responding to bugs
<p>
-Make sure that any discussions you have about bugs are sent both to
+Make sure that any discussion you have about bugs are sent both to
the original submitter of the bug, and the bug itself (e.g.,
+<email>123@bugs.debian.org</email>). If you're writing a new
+mail and you don't remember the submitter email address, you can
+use the <email>123-submitter@bugs.debian.org</email> email to
+contact the submitter <em>and</em> to record your mail within the
+bug log (that means you don't need to send a copy of the mail to
<email>123@bugs.debian.org</email>).
<p>
You should <em>never</em> close bugs via the bug server <tt>close</tt>
As a package maintainer, you will often find bugs in other packages or
have bugs reported against your packages which are actually bugs in
other packages. The <url id="&url-bts-control;" name="BTS
-instructions"> document the technical operation of the BTS, such as
+instructions"> document the technical operations of the BTS, such as
how to file, reassign, merge, and tag bugs. This section contains
some guidelines for managing your own bugs, based on the collective
Debian developer experience.
<p>
Filing bugs for problems that you find in other packages is one of
the "civic obligations" of maintainership, see <ref id="submit-bug">
-for details.
+for details. However handling the bugs on your own packages is
+even more important.
<p>
-&FIXME;Talk about tags, forwarding bugs, or else break it into
-different sections...
+Here's a list of steps that you may follow to handle a bug report:
+<enumlist>
+ <item>
+Decide whether the report corresponds to a real bug or not. Sometimes
+users are just calling a program in the wrong way because they haven't
+read the documentation. If you diagnose this, just close the bug with
+enough information to let the user correct his problem (give pointers
+to the good documentation and so on). If the same report comes up
+again and again you may ask yourself if the documentation is good
+enough or if the program shouldn't detect its misuse in order to
+give an informative error message. This is an issue that may need
+to be brought to the upstream author.
+ <p>
+If the bug submitter disagree with your decision to close the bug,
+they may reopen it until you find an agreement on how to handle it.
+If you don't find any, you may want to tag the bug <tt>wontfix</tt>
+to let people know that the bug exists but that it won't be corrected.
+If this situation is unacceptable, you (or the submitter) may want to
+require a decision of the technical committee by reassigning the bug
+to <package>tech-ctte</package> (you may use the clone command of
+the BTS if you wish to keep it reported against your package).
+<!-- FIXME: Follow the procedure described at
+ tech-ctte-url (there's no such url yet). -->
+ <item>
+If the bug is real but it's caused by another package, just reassign
+the bug the right package. If you don't know which package it should
+be reassigned to, you may either ask for help on &email-debian-devel; or
+reassign it to <package>debian-policy</package> to let them decide which
+package is in fault.
+ <p>
+Sometimes you also have to adjust the severity of the bug so that it
+matches our definition of the severity. That's because people tend to
+inflate the severity of bugs to make sure their bugs are fixed quickly.
+Some bugs may even be dropped to wishlist severity when the requested
+change is just cosmetic.
+ <item>
+The bug submitter may have forgotten to provide some information, in that
+case you have to ask him the information required. You may use the
+<tt>moreinfo</tt> tag to mark the bug as such. Moreover if you can't
+reproduce the bug, you tag it <tt>unreproducible</tt>. Anyone who
+can reproduce the bug is then invited to provide more information
+on how to reproduce it. After a few months, if this information has not
+been sent by someone, the bug may be closed.
+ <item>
+If the bug is related to the packaging, you just fix it. If you are not
+able to fix it yourself, then tag the bug as <tt>help</tt>. You can
+also ask for help on &email-debian-devel; or &email-debian-qa;. If it's an
+upstream problem, you have to forward it to the upstream author.
+Forwarding a bug is not enough, you have to check at each release if
+the bug has been fixed or not. If it has, you just close it, otherwise
+you have to remind the author about it. If you have the required skills
+you can prepare a patch that fixes the bug and that you send at the
+same time to the author. Make sure to send the patch in the BTS and to
+tag the bug as <tt>patch</tt>.
+ <item>
+If you have fixed a bug in your local copy, or if a fix has been
+committed to the CVS repository, you may tag the bug as
+<tt>pending</tt> to let people know that the bug is corrected and that
+it will be closed with the next upload (add the <tt>closes:</tt> in
+the <file>changelog</file>). This is particularly useful if you
+are several developers working on the same package.
+ <item>
+Once a corrected package is available in the <em>unstable</em>
+distribution, you can close the bug. This can be done automatically,
+read <ref id="upload-bugfix">.
+</enumlist>
<sect1 id="upload-bugfix">When bugs are closed by new uploads
/closes:\s*(?:bug)?\#\s*\d+(?:,\s*(?:bug)?\#\s*\d+)*/ig
</example>
-The author prefers the <tt>closes: #<var>XXX</var>)</tt> syntax, as
+The author prefers the <tt>closes: #<var>XXX</var></tt> syntax, as
one of the most concise and easiest to integrate with the text of the
<file>changelog</file>.
<p>
If you want to close bugs the old fashioned, manual way, it is usually
-sufficient to mail the <tt>.changes</tt> file to
+sufficient to mail the <file>.changes</file> file to
<email>XXX-done@bugs.debian.org</email>, where <var>XXX</var> is your
bug number.
several mailing lists. By following them, you will make Debian's quality
even better.
+ <sect id="packaging-tools">
+ <heading>Packaging tools and common cases</heading>
+
+ <sect1 id="helper-scripts">Helper scripts
+ <p>
+To help you in your packaging effort, you can use helper scripts.
+The best scripts available are provided by <package>debhelper</package>.
+With <prgn>dh_make</prgn> (package <package>dh-make</package>), you can
+generate in a few seconds a package that is mostly ready. However that
+apparent simplicity is hiding many things done by the helper scripts.
+You have to know what is done by them, that's why you are strongly
+encouraged to read the corresponding manual pages, starting with
+<tt>debhelper(1)</tt>. That's required because you'll have to
+understand what is going on to be able to use them wisely and to
+fix bugs in a pretty way.
+ <p>
+debhelper is very useful because it lets you follow the latest Debian policy
+without doing many modifications since the changes that can be automated are
+almost always automatically done by a debhelper script. Furthermore it
+offers enough flexibility to be able to use it in conjunction with
+some hand crafted shell invocations within the <file>rules</file> file.
+ <p>
+You can however decide to not use any helper script, and still write
+some very good <file>rules</file> file. Many examples are available
+at <url id="&url-rules-files;">.
+
+<!--
+ <sect1 id="pkg-mgmt-cvs">Managing a package with CVS
+ <p>
+ &FIXME; presentation of cvs-buildpackage, updating sources
+ via CVS (debian/rules refresh).
+-->
+
+ <sect1 id="multiple-patches">Package with multiple patches
+ <p>
+Big packages tend to have many upstream bugs that you want to fix within
+the Debian package. If you just correct the bug in the source, all the
+fixes are directly integrated in the <file>.diff.gz</file> file and you
+can't easily differentiate the various patches that you applied. It gets
+very messy when you have to update the package to a new upstream version
+which integrates some of the fixes (but not all).
+ <p>
+The good solution is to keep separate patches within the
+<file>debian/patches</file> directory and to apply them on the fly at
+build time. The package <package>dbs</package> provides an
+implementation of such a system, you just have to build-depend on dbs to
+be able to use its functionalities. The package
+<package>hello-dbs</package> is a simple example that demonstrates how to
+use <package>dbs</package>.
+ <p>
+Additionally, dbs provides facilities to create the patches and to keep
+track of what they are for.
+
+ <sect1 id="multiple-binary">Multiple binary packages
+ <p>
+A single source package will often build several binary packages, either
+to provide several flavors of the same software (examples are the
+vim-* packages) or to make several small packages instead of a big one
+(it's interesting if the user doesn't need all the packages and can thus
+save some disk space).
+ <p>
+The second case can be easily managed by <prgn>dh_install</prgn> (from
+<package>debhelper</package>) to move files from the build directory to
+the package's temporary trees.
+ <p>
+The first case is a bit more difficult since it involves multiple recompiles
+of the same software but with different configure options. The
+<package>vim</package> is an example of how to manage this with an
+hand crafted rules file.
+<!-- &FIXME; Find a good debhelper example with multile configure/make
+ cycles -->
+
+ <sect1 id="handling-debconf-translations">Handling debconf translations
+ <p>
+Like porters, translators have a difficult task. Since they work on many
+packages, they cannot keep track of every change in packages in order to
+be informed when a translated string is outdated. Fortunately
+<package>debconf</package> can automatically report outdated translations,
+if package maintainers follow some basic guidelines described below.
+ <p>
+Translators can use <prgn>debconf-getlang</prgn> (package
+<package>debconf-utils</package>) to write a <file>templates.xx</file>
+file containing both English and localized fields (where <em>xx</em> is
+the language code, may be followed by a country code). This file can be
+put into the <file>debian</file> subdirectory without any change.
+ <p>
+When building a binary package, <file>debian/templates.xx</file> files are
+merged along with <file>debian/templates</file> to generate the
+<file>templates</file> file contained in the binary package. This is
+automatically done by <prgn>dh_installdebconf</prgn> (package
+<package>debhelper</package>). If you do not use debhelper, you can
+do the same with <prgn>debconf-mergetemplate</prgn>
+(package <package>debconf-utils</package>).
+ <p>
+When the package maintainer needs to update the templates file, they only
+change <file>debian/templates</file>. When English strings in this file
+and in <file>debian/templates.xx</file> differ, translators do know that
+their translation is outdated.
+ <p>
+Please see the page about
+<url id="&url-debconf-l10n-help;" name="localizing debconf templates files">
+at the Debian web site, it contains more detailed instructions, including a
+full example.
+
+
+ <sect id="specific-practices">
+ <heading>Specific packaging practices</heading>
+
+<!--
+ <sect1 id="bpp-kernel">Kernel modules/patches
+ <p>
+ &FIXME; Heavy use of kernel-package. provide files in
+ /etc/modutils/ for module configuration.
+-->
+
+ <sect1 id="bpp-libraries">Libraries
+ <p>
+Libraries are always difficult to package for various reasons. The policy
+imposes many constraints to ease their maintenance and to make sure
+upgrades are as simple as possible when a new upstream version comes out.
+A breakage in a library can result in dozens of dependent packages to
+break...
+ <p>
+Good practices for library packaging have been grouped in
+<url id="&url-libpkg-guide;" name="the library packaging guide">.
+
+ <sect1 id="bpp-other-specific-practices">Other specific packages
+ <p>
+Several subsets of packages have special sub-policies and corresponding
+packaging rules and practices:
+<list>
+ <item>
+Perl related packages have a <url name="perl policy" id="&url-perl-policy;">,
+some examples of packages following that policy are
+<package>libdbd-pg-perl</package> (binary perl module) or
+<package>libmldbm-perl</package> (arch independent perl module).
+ <item>
+Python related packages have their python policy:
+&file-python-policy; (in the python package).
+ <item>
+Emacs related packages have the <url id="&url-emacs-policy;"
+name="emacs policy">.
+ <item>
+Java related packages have their <url id="&url-java-policy;"
+name="java policy">.
+ <item>
+Ocaml related packages have their ocaml policy: &file-ocaml-policy; (in
+the <package>ocaml</package> package). A good example is the <package>camlzip</package>
+source package.
+</list>
+
+ <sect id="config-mgmt">
+ <heading>Configuration management</heading>
+
+ <sect1 id="config-wise-debconf">The wise use of debconf
+ <p>
+Debconf is a configuration management system, it is used by all the
+various packaging scripts (postinst mainly) to request feedback from the
+user concerning how to configure the package. Direct user interactions
+must now be avoided in favor of debconf interaction. This will enable
+non-interactive installations in the future.
+ <p>
+Debconf is a great tool but it is often badly used ... many common mistakes
+are listed in the <manref name="debconf-devel" section="8"> man page.
+It is something that you must read if you decide to use debconf.
+
+<!--
+ <sect1 id="custom-config-files">Custom configuration files
+ <p>
+ &FIXME; speak of "ucf", explain solution with a template,
+ explain conf.d directories
+
+ <sect1 id="config-with-db">Use of an external database
+ <p>
+ &FIXME; The software may require a database that you need to setup.
+ But the database may be local or distant. Thus you can't depend
+ on a database server but just on the corresponding library.
+
+ sympa may be an example package
+-->
+
<sect id="misc-advice">
- <heading>Miscellaenous advice</heading>
+ <heading>Miscellaneous advice</heading>
<sect1 id="writing-desc">
<heading>Writing useful descriptions</heading>
<p>
The description of the package (as defined by the corresponding field
in the <file>control</file> file) is usually the first information
-available to the user before he installs it. As such, it should
-provide all the required information that can help him decide whether
-or not he will install it.
+available to the user before they install it. As such, it should
+provide all the required information to let him decide whether
+to install the package.
<p>
-For example, apart from the usual description that you will copy from the
+For example, apart from the usual description that you adapt from the
upstream <file>README</file>, you should include the URL of the
-website if there's any. If the package is not yet considered stable
+web site if there's any. If the package is not yet considered stable
by the author, you may also want to warn the user that the
package is not ready for production use.
+ <p>
+For consistency and for an aesthetic concern, you should capitalize the
+first letter of the description.
+ <p>
+Last but not least, since the first user impression is based on
+that description, you should be careful to avoid English
+mistakes. Ensure that you spell check it.
+<prgn>ispell</prgn> has a special option (<tt>-g</tt>) for that:
+<example>ispell -d american -g debian/control</example>.
+
neither the bug submitter nor the package maintainer, you should
not actually close the bug (unless you secure permission from the
maintainer).
+ <p>
+From time to time you may want to check what has been going on
+with the bug reports that you submitted. Take this opportunity to
+close those that you can't reproduce anymore. To find
+out all the bugs you submitted, you just have to visit
+<tt>http://&bugs-host;/from:<your-email-addr></tt>.
<sect1 id="submit-many-bugs">Reporting lots of bugs at once
<p>
Reporting a great number of bugs for the same problem on a great
-number of different packages &mdash i.e., more than 10 &mdash is a deprecated
+number of different packages — i.e., more than 10 — is a deprecated
practice. Take all possible steps to avoid submitting bulk bugs at
all. For instance, if checking for the problem can be automated, add
a new check to <package>lintian</package> so that an error or warning
useful information about this maintainer. Start by logging into
the <url id="&url-debian-db;" name="Debian Developer's Database">
and doing a full search to check whether the maintainer is on vacation
-and when he was last seen. Collect any important package names
-he maintains and any Release Critical bugs filled against them.
+and when they were last seen. Collect any important package names
+they maintain and any Release Critical bugs filed against them.
<p>
Send all this information to &email-debian-qa;, in order to let the
QA people do whatever is needed.
-
+ <sect id="contacting-maintainers">Contacting other maintainers
+ <p>
+During your lifetime within Debian, you will have to contact other
+maintainers for various reasons. You may want to discuss a new
+way of cooperating between a set of related packages, or you may
+simply remind someone that a new upstream version is available
+and that you need it.
+ <p>
+Looking up the email address of the maintainer for the package can be
+distracting. Fortunately, there is a simple email alias,
+<tt><package>@&packages-host;</tt>, which provides a way to
+email the maintainer, whatever their individual email address (or
+addresses) may be. Replace <tt><package></tt> with the name of
+a source or a binary package.
+ <p>
+You may also be interested in contacting the persons who are
+subscribed to a given source package via <ref id="pkg-tracking-system">.
+You can do so by using the <tt><package-name>@&pts-host;</tt>
+email address.
<sect id="newmaint">
<heading>Interacting with prospective Debian developers</heading>
<p>
-Debian's success depends on it's ability to attract and retain new and
+Debian's success depends on its ability to attract and retain new and
talented volunteers. If you are an experienced developer, we
recommend that you get involved with the process of bringing in new
developers. This section describes how to help new prospective
New maintainers usually have certain difficulties creating Debian packages
— this is quite understandable. That is why the sponsor is there, to check
the package and verify that it is good enough for inclusion in Debian.
-(Note that if the sponsored package is new, the FTP admins will also have to
+(Note that if the sponsored package is new, the ftpmasters will also have to
inspect it before letting it in.)
<p>
Sponsoring merely by signing the upload or just recompiling is
changelog and the control file, the upload can still be traced to you.
<p>
If you are an application manager for a prospective developer, you can also
-be their sponsor. That way you can also verify the how the applicant is
+be their sponsor. That way you can also verify how the applicant is
handling the 'Tasks and Skills' part of their application.
+ <sect1>Managing sponsored packages
+ <p>
+By uploading a sponsored package to Debian, you are certifying that
+the package meets minimum Debian standards. That implies that you
+must build and test the package on your own system before uploading.
+ <p>
+You can not simply upload a binary <file>.deb</file> from the sponsoree. In
+theory, you should only ask only for the diff file, and the location of the
+original source tarball, and then you should download the source and apply
+the diff yourself. In practice, you may want to use the source package
+built by your sponsoree. In that case, you have to check that they haven't
+altered the upstream files in the <file>.orig.tar.gz</file> file that
+they're providing.
+ <p>
+Do not be afraid to write the sponsoree back and point out changes
+that need to be made. It often takes several rounds of back-and-forth
+email before the package is in acceptable shape. Being a sponsor
+means being a mentor.
+ <p>
+Once the package meets Debian standards, build the package with
+<example>dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc</example> and sign it
+with <example>debsign -m <your-email-addr> <changes-file></example>
+before uploading it to the incoming directory.
+ <p>
+The Maintainer field of the <file>control</file> file and the
+<file>changelog</file> should list the person who did the packaging, i.e. the
+sponsoree. The sponsoree will therefore get all the BTS mail about the
+package.
+ <p>
+If you prefer to leave a more evident trace of your sponsorship job, you
+can add a line stating it in the most recent changelog entry.
+ <p>
+You are encouraged to keep tabs on the package you sponsor using
+<ref id="pkg-tracking-system">.
<sect1>Advocating new developers
<p>
Most of the descriptions of these packages come from the actual
package descriptions themselves. Further information can be found in
the package documentation itself. You can also see more info with the
-command <tt>apt-cache show <var>package_name</var></tt>.
+command <tt>apt-cache show <package-name></tt>.
<sect id="dpkg-dev">
thing as <package>dupload</package>, but in a different way. It has
some features over <package>dupload</package>, such as the ability to
check the GnuPG signature and checksums before uploading, and the
-possibility of running <tt>dinstall</tt> in dry-run mode after the
+possibility of running <prgn>dinstall</prgn> in dry-run mode after the
upload.
into a bare base system.
+ <sect id="pbuilder">
+ <heading><package>pbuilder</package>
+ <p>
+<package>pbuilder</package> constructs a chrooted system, and builds
+a package inside the chroot. It is very useful to check that
+a package's build-dependencies are correct, and to be sure that
+unnecessary and wrong build dependencies will not exist in the
+resulting package.
+
+
<sect id="devscripts">
<heading><package>devscripts</package>
<p>
<package>devscripts</package> is a package containing a few wrappers
-and tools which you may find helpful for maintaining your Debian
+and tools which are very helpful for maintaining your Debian
packages. Example scripts include <prgn>debchange</prgn> and
<prgn>dch</prgn>, which manipulate your <file>debian/changelog</file>
file from the command-line, and <prgn>debuild</prgn>, which is a
-wrapper around <prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn>.
-
+wrapper around <prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn>. The <prgn>bts</prgn>
+utility is also very helpful to update the state of bug reports on the
+command line, as is <prgn>uscan</prgn> to watch for new upstream
+versions of your packages. Check the <tt>devscripts(1)</tt> manual
+page for a complete list of available scripts.
<sect id="dpkg-dev-el">
<package>debget</package> is a package containing a convenient script
which can be helpful in downloading files from the Debian archive.
You can use it to download source packages, for instance (although
-<tt>apt-get source <var>package</var></tt> does pretty much the same
+<tt>apt-get source <package-name></tt> does pretty much the same
thing).
alien
dpkg-repack
grep-dctrl
- pbuilder -->
+-->
</book>
~ianmdlvl / developers-reference.git / blobdiff