1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2011-03-03 11:18-0400\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
19 #. type: Content of: <chapter><title>
21 msgid "Resources for Debian Developers"
24 #. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
27 "In this chapter you will find a very brief road map of the Debian mailing "
28 "lists, the Debian machines which may be available to you as a developer, and "
29 "all the other resources that are available to help you in your maintainer "
33 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
38 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
41 "Much of the conversation between Debian developers (and users) is managed "
42 "through a wide array of mailing lists we host at <literal><ulink "
43 "url=\"http://&lists-host;/\">&lists-host;</ulink></literal>. To find out "
44 "more on how to subscribe or unsubscribe, how to post and how not to post, "
45 "where to find old posts and how to search them, how to contact the list "
46 "maintainers and see various other information about the mailing lists, "
47 "please read <ulink url=\"&url-debian-lists;\"></ulink>. This section will "
48 "only cover aspects of mailing lists that are of particular interest to "
52 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
54 msgid "Basic rules for use"
57 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
60 "When replying to messages on the mailing list, please do not send a carbon "
61 "copy (<literal>CC</literal>) to the original poster unless they explicitly "
62 "request to be copied. Anyone who posts to a mailing list should read it to "
66 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
69 "Cross-posting (sending the same message to multiple lists) is discouraged. "
70 "As ever on the net, please trim down the quoting of articles you're replying "
71 "to. In general, please adhere to the usual conventions for posting "
75 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
78 "Please read the <ulink url=\"&url-debian-lists;#codeofconduct\">code of "
79 "conduct</ulink> for more information. The <ulink url=\"&url-dcg;\">Debian "
80 "Community Guidelines</ulink> are also worth reading."
83 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
85 msgid "Core development mailing lists"
88 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
90 msgid "The core Debian mailing lists that developers should use are:"
93 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
96 "&email-debian-devel-announce;, used to announce important things to "
97 "developers. All developers are expected to be subscribed to this list."
100 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
103 "&email-debian-devel;, used to discuss various development related technical "
107 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
109 msgid "&email-debian-policy;, where the Debian Policy is discussed and voted on."
112 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
115 "&email-debian-project;, used to discuss various non-technical issues related "
119 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
122 "There are other mailing lists available for a variety of special topics; see "
123 "<ulink url=\"http://&lists-host;/\"></ulink> for a list."
126 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
128 msgid "Special lists"
131 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
134 "&email-debian-private; is a special mailing list for private discussions "
135 "amongst Debian developers. It is meant to be used for posts which for "
136 "whatever reason should not be published publicly. As such, it is a low "
137 "volume list, and users are urged not to use &email-debian-private; unless it "
138 "is really necessary. Moreover, do <emphasis>not</emphasis> forward email "
139 "from that list to anyone. Archives of this list are not available on the "
140 "web for obvious reasons, but you can see them using your shell account on "
141 "<literal>&master-host;</literal> and looking in the "
142 "<filename>&file-debian-private-archive;</filename> directory."
145 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
148 "&email-debian-email; is a special mailing list used as a grab-bag for Debian "
149 "related correspondence such as contacting upstream authors about licenses, "
150 "bugs, etc. or discussing the project with others where it might be useful "
151 "to have the discussion archived somewhere."
154 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
156 msgid "Requesting new development-related lists"
159 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
162 "Before requesting a mailing list that relates to the development of a "
163 "package (or a small group of related packages), please consider if using an "
164 "alias (via a .forward-aliasname file on master.debian.org, which translates "
165 "into a reasonably nice <replaceable>you-aliasname@debian.org</replaceable> "
166 "address) or a self-managed mailing list on <link "
167 "linkend=\"alioth\">Alioth</link> is more appropriate."
170 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
173 "If you decide that a regular mailing list on &lists-host; is really what you "
174 "want, go ahead and fill in a request, following <ulink "
175 "url=\"&url-debian-lists-new;\">the HOWTO</ulink>."
178 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
183 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
186 "Several IRC channels are dedicated to Debian's development. They are mainly "
187 "hosted on the <ulink url=\"&url-oftc;\">Open and free technology community "
188 "(OFTC)</ulink> network. The <literal>irc.debian.org</literal> DNS entry is "
189 "an alias to <literal>irc.oftc.net</literal>."
192 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
195 "The main channel for Debian in general is <literal>#debian</literal>. This "
196 "is a large, general-purpose channel where users can find recent news in the "
197 "topic and served by bots. <literal>#debian</literal> is for English "
198 "speakers; there are also <literal>#debian.de</literal>, "
199 "<literal>#debian-fr</literal>, <literal>#debian-br</literal> and other "
200 "similarly named channels for speakers of other languages."
203 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
206 "The main channel for Debian development is "
207 "<literal>#debian-devel</literal>. It is a very active channel; it will "
208 "typically have a minimum of 150 people at any time of day. It's a channel "
209 "for people who work on Debian, it's not a support channel (there's "
210 "<literal>#debian</literal> for that). It is however open to anyone who "
211 "wants to lurk (and learn). Its topic is commonly full of interesting "
212 "information for developers."
215 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
218 "Since <literal>#debian-devel</literal> is an open channel, you should not "
219 "speak there of issues that are discussed in &email-debian-private;. There's "
220 "another channel for this purpose, it's called "
221 "<literal>#debian-private</literal> and it's protected by a key. This key is "
223 "<filename>master.debian.org:&file-debian-private-key;</filename>."
226 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
229 "There are other additional channels dedicated to specific subjects. "
230 "<literal>#debian-bugs</literal> is used for coordinating bug squashing "
231 "parties. <literal>#debian-boot</literal> is used to coordinate the work on "
232 "the debian-installer. <literal>#debian-doc</literal> is occasionally used "
233 "to talk about documentation, like the document you are reading. Other "
234 "channels are dedicated to an architecture or a set of packages: "
235 "<literal>#debian-kde</literal>, <literal>#debian-dpkg</literal>, "
236 "<literal>#debian-jr</literal>, <literal>#debian-edu</literal>, "
237 "<literal>#debian-oo</literal> (OpenOffice.org package)..."
240 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
243 "Some non-English developers' channels exist as well, for example "
244 "<literal>#debian-devel-fr</literal> for French speaking people interested in "
245 "Debian's development."
248 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
251 "Channels dedicated to Debian also exist on other IRC networks, notably on "
252 "the <ulink url=\"&url-openprojects;\">freenode</ulink> IRC network, which "
253 "was pointed at by the <literal>irc.debian.org</literal> alias until 4th June "
257 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
260 "To get a cloak on freenode, you send Jörg Jaspert <joerg@debian.org> a "
261 "signed mail where you tell what your nick is. Put cloak somewhere in the "
262 "Subject: header. The nick should be registered: <ulink "
263 "url=\"http://freenode.net/faq.shtml#nicksetup\">Nick Setup Page</ulink>. "
264 "The mail needs to be signed by a key in the Debian keyring. Please see "
265 "<ulink url=\"http://freenode.net/faq.shtml#projectcloak\">Freenodes "
266 "documentation</ulink> for more information about cloaks."
269 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
271 msgid "Documentation"
274 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
277 "This document contains a lot of information which is useful to Debian "
278 "developers, but it cannot contain everything. Most of the other interesting "
279 "documents are linked from <ulink url=\"&url-devel-docs;\">The Developers' "
280 "Corner</ulink>. Take the time to browse all the links, you will learn many "
284 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
286 msgid "Debian machines"
289 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
292 "Debian has several computers working as servers, most of which serve "
293 "critical functions in the Debian project. Most of the machines are used for "
294 "porting activities, and they all have a permanent connection to the "
298 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
301 "Some of the machines are available for individual developers to use, as long "
302 "as the developers follow the rules set forth in the <ulink "
303 "url=\"&url-dmup;\">Debian Machine Usage Policies</ulink>."
306 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
309 "Generally speaking, you can use these machines for Debian-related purposes "
310 "as you see fit. Please be kind to system administrators, and do not use up "
311 "tons and tons of disk space, network bandwidth, or CPU without first getting "
312 "the approval of the system administrators. Usually these machines are run "
316 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
319 "Please take care to protect your Debian passwords and SSH keys installed on "
320 "Debian machines. Avoid login or upload methods which send passwords over "
321 "the Internet in the clear, such as Telnet, FTP, POP etc."
324 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
327 "Please do not put any material that doesn't relate to Debian on the Debian "
328 "servers, unless you have prior permission."
331 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
334 "The current list of Debian machines is available at <ulink "
335 "url=\"&url-devel-machines;\"></ulink>. That web page contains machine "
336 "names, contact information, information about who can log in, SSH keys etc."
339 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
342 "If you have a problem with the operation of a Debian server, and you think "
343 "that the system operators need to be notified of this problem, you can check "
344 "the list of open issues in the DSA queue of our request tracker at <ulink "
345 "url=\"&url-rt;\" /> (you can login with user \"guest\" and password "
346 "\"readonly\"). To report a new problem, simply send a mail to "
347 "&email-rt-dsa; and make sure to put the string \"Debian RT\" somewhere in "
351 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
354 "If you have a problem with a certain service, not related to the system "
355 "administration (such as packages to be removed from the archive, suggestions "
356 "for the web site, etc.), generally you'll report a bug against a "
357 "``pseudo-package''. See <xref linkend=\"submit-bug\"/> for information on "
358 "how to submit bugs."
361 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
364 "Some of the core servers are restricted, but the information from there is "
365 "mirrored to another server."
368 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
370 msgid "The bugs server"
373 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
376 "<literal>&bugs-host;</literal> is the canonical location for the Bug "
377 "Tracking System (BTS)."
380 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
381 #: resources.dbk:263 resources.dbk:281
382 msgid "It is restricted; a mirror is available on <literal>merkel</literal>."
385 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
388 "If you plan on doing some statistical analysis or processing of Debian bugs, "
389 "this would be the place to do it. Please describe your plans on "
390 "&email-debian-devel; before implementing anything, however, to reduce "
391 "unnecessary duplication of effort or wasted processing time."
394 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
396 msgid "The ftp-master server"
399 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
402 "The <literal>&ftp-master-host;</literal> server holds the canonical copy of "
403 "the Debian archive. Generally, package uploaded to &ftp-upload-host; end up "
404 "on this server, see <xref linkend=\"upload\"/>."
407 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
410 "Problems with the Debian FTP archive generally need to be reported as bugs "
411 "against the <systemitem role=\"package\">&ftp-debian-org;</systemitem> "
412 "pseudo-package or an email to &email-ftpmaster;, but also see the procedures "
413 "in <xref linkend=\"archive-manip\"/>."
416 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
418 msgid "The www-master server"
421 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
424 "The main web server is <literal>www-master.debian.org</literal>. It holds "
425 "the official web pages, the face of Debian for most newbies."
428 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
431 "If you find a problem with the Debian web server, you should generally "
432 "submit a bug against the pseudo-package, <systemitem "
433 "role=\"package\">www.debian.org</systemitem>. Remember to check whether or "
434 "not someone else has already reported the problem to the <ulink "
435 "url=\"http://&bugs-host;/&www-debian-org;\">Bug Tracking System</ulink>."
438 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
440 msgid "The people web server"
443 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
446 "<literal>people.debian.org</literal> is the server used for developers' own "
447 "web pages about anything related to Debian."
450 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
453 "If you have some Debian-specific information which you want to serve on the "
454 "web, you can do this by putting material in the "
455 "<filename>public_html</filename> directory under your home directory on "
456 "<literal>people.debian.org</literal>. This will be accessible at the URL "
457 "<literal>http://people.debian.org/~<replaceable>your-user-id</replaceable>/</literal>."
460 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
463 "You should only use this particular location because it will be backed up, "
464 "whereas on other hosts it won't."
467 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
470 "Usually the only reason to use a different host is when you need to publish "
471 "materials subject to the U.S. export restrictions, in which case you can "
472 "use one of the other servers located outside the United States."
475 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
477 msgid "Send mail to &email-debian-devel; if you have any questions."
480 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
482 msgid "The VCS servers"
485 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
488 "If you need to use a Version Control System for any of your Debian work, you "
489 "can use one the existing repositories hosted on Alioth or you can request a "
490 "new project and ask for the VCS repository of your choice. Alioth supports "
491 "CVS (cvs.alioth.debian.org/cvs.debian.org), Subversion (svn.debian.org), "
492 "Arch (tla/baz, both on arch.debian.org), Bazaar (bzr.debian.org), Darcs "
493 "(darcs.debian.org), Mercurial (hg.debian.org) and Git (git.debian.org). "
494 "Checkout <ulink url=\"&url-alioth-pkg;\" /> if you plan to maintain packages "
495 "in a VCS repository. See <xref linkend=\"alioth\"/> for information on the "
496 "services provided by Alioth."
499 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
501 msgid "chroots to different distributions"
504 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
507 "On some machines, there are chroots to different distributions available. "
508 "You can use them like this:"
511 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><screen>
515 "vore$ dchroot unstable\n"
516 "Executing shell in chroot: /org/vore.debian.org/chroots/user/unstable\n"
519 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
522 "In all chroots, the normal user home directories are available. You can "
523 "find out which chroots are available via <ulink "
524 "url=\"&url-devel-machines;\"></ulink>."
527 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
529 msgid "The Developers Database"
532 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
535 "The Developers Database, at <ulink url=\"&url-debian-db;\"></ulink>, is an "
536 "LDAP directory for managing Debian developer attributes. You can use this "
537 "resource to search the list of Debian developers. Part of this information "
538 "is also available through the finger service on Debian servers, try "
539 "<command>finger yourlogin@db.debian.org</command> to see what it reports."
542 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
545 "Developers can <ulink url=\"&url-debian-db-login;\">log into the "
546 "database</ulink> to change various information about themselves, such as:"
549 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
551 msgid "forwarding address for your debian.org email"
554 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
556 msgid "subscription to debian-private"
559 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
561 msgid "whether you are on vacation"
564 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
567 "personal information such as your address, country, the latitude and "
568 "longitude of the place where you live for use in <ulink "
569 "url=\"&url-worldmap;\">the world map of Debian developers</ulink>, phone and "
570 "fax numbers, IRC nickname and web page"
573 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
575 msgid "password and preferred shell on Debian Project machines"
578 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
581 "Most of the information is not accessible to the public, naturally. For "
582 "more information please read the online documentation that you can find at "
583 "<ulink url=\"&url-debian-db-doc;\"></ulink>."
586 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
589 "Developers can also submit their SSH keys to be used for authorization on "
590 "the official Debian machines, and even add new *.debian.net DNS entries. "
591 "Those features are documented at <ulink "
592 "url=\"&url-debian-db-mail-gw;\"></ulink>."
595 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
597 msgid "The Debian archive"
600 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
603 "The &debian-formal; distribution consists of a lot of packages (currently "
604 "around &number-of-pkgs; source packages) and a few additional files (such as "
605 "documentation and installation disk images)."
608 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
610 msgid "Here is an example directory tree of a complete Debian archive:"
613 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
616 "As you can see, the top-level directory contains two directories, "
617 "<filename>dists/</filename> and <filename>pool/</filename>. The latter is a "
618 "“pool” in which the packages actually are, and which is handled by the "
619 "archive maintenance database and the accompanying programs. The former "
620 "contains the distributions, <literal>stable</literal>, "
621 "<literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal>. The "
622 "<filename>Packages</filename> and <filename>Sources</filename> files in the "
623 "distribution subdirectories can reference files in the "
624 "<filename>pool/</filename> directory. The directory tree below each of the "
625 "distributions is arranged in an identical manner. What we describe below "
626 "for <literal>stable</literal> is equally applicable to the "
627 "<literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> distributions."
630 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
633 "<filename>dists/stable</filename> contains three directories, namely "
634 "<filename>main</filename>, <filename>contrib</filename>, and "
635 "<filename>non-free</filename>."
638 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
641 "In each of the areas, there is a directory for the source packages "
642 "(<filename>source</filename>) and a directory for each supported "
643 "architecture (<filename>binary-i386</filename>, "
644 "<filename>binary-amd64</filename>, etc.)."
647 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
650 "The <filename>main</filename> area contains additional directories which "
651 "hold the disk images and some essential pieces of documentation required for "
652 "installing the Debian distribution on a specific architecture "
653 "(<filename>disks-i386</filename>, <filename>disks-amd64</filename>, etc.)."
656 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
661 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
664 "The <literal>main</literal> section of the Debian archive is what makes up "
665 "the <emphasis role=\"strong\">official &debian-formal; "
666 "distribution</emphasis>. The <literal>main</literal> section is official "
667 "because it fully complies with all our guidelines. The other two sections "
668 "do not, to different degrees; as such, they are <emphasis "
669 "role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> officially part of &debian-formal;."
672 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
675 "Every package in the main section must fully comply with the <ulink "
676 "url=\"&url-dfsg;\">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink> (DFSG) and with "
677 "all other policy requirements as described in the <ulink "
678 "url=\"&url-debian-policy;\">Debian Policy Manual</ulink>. The DFSG is our "
679 "definition of “free software.” Check out the Debian Policy Manual for "
683 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
686 "Packages in the <literal>contrib</literal> section have to comply with the "
687 "DFSG, but may fail other requirements. For instance, they may depend on "
691 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
694 "Packages which do not conform to the DFSG are placed in the "
695 "<literal>non-free</literal> section. These packages are not considered as "
696 "part of the Debian distribution, though we enable their use, and we provide "
697 "infrastructure (such as our bug-tracking system and mailing lists) for "
698 "non-free software packages."
701 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
704 "The <ulink url=\"&url-debian-policy;\">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> contains "
705 "a more exact definition of the three sections. The above discussion is just "
709 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
712 "The separation of the three sections at the top-level of the archive is "
713 "important for all people who want to distribute Debian, either via FTP "
714 "servers on the Internet or on CD-ROMs: by distributing only the "
715 "<literal>main</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> sections, one can "
716 "avoid any legal risks. Some packages in the <literal>non-free</literal> "
717 "section do not allow commercial distribution, for example."
720 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
723 "On the other hand, a CD-ROM vendor could easily check the individual package "
724 "licenses of the packages in <literal>non-free</literal> and include as many "
725 "on the CD-ROMs as it's allowed to. (Since this varies greatly from vendor "
726 "to vendor, this job can't be done by the Debian developers.)"
729 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
732 "Note that the term section is also used to refer to categories which "
733 "simplify the organization and browsing of available packages, e.g. "
734 "<literal>admin</literal>, <literal>net</literal>, <literal>utils</literal> "
735 "etc. Once upon a time, these sections (subsections, rather) existed in the "
736 "form of subdirectories within the Debian archive. Nowadays, these exist "
737 "only in the Section header fields of packages."
740 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
742 msgid "Architectures"
745 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
748 "In the first days, the Linux kernel was only available for Intel i386 (or "
749 "greater) platforms, and so was Debian. But as Linux became more and more "
750 "popular, the kernel was ported to other architectures and Debian started to "
751 "support them. And as if supporting so much hardware was not enough, Debian "
752 "decided to build some ports based on other Unix kernels, like "
753 "<literal>hurd</literal> and <literal>kfreebsd</literal>."
756 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
759 "&debian-formal; 1.3 was only available as <literal>i386</literal>. Debian "
760 "2.0 shipped for <literal>i386</literal> and <literal>m68k</literal> "
761 "architectures. Debian 2.1 shipped for the <literal>i386</literal>, "
762 "<literal>m68k</literal>, <literal>alpha</literal>, and "
763 "<literal>sparc</literal> architectures. Since then Debian has grown "
764 "hugely. Debian 5 supports a total of twelve architectures: "
765 "<literal>alpha</literal>, <literal>amd64</literal>, <literal>arm</literal>, "
766 "<literal>armel</literal>, <literal>hppa</literal>, <literal>i386</literal>, "
767 "<literal>ia64</literal>, <literal>mips</literal>, <literal>mipsel</literal>, "
768 "<literal>powerpc</literal>, <literal>s390</literal>, "
769 "<literal>sparc</literal>."
772 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
775 "Information for developers and users about the specific ports are available "
776 "at the <ulink url=\"&url-debian-ports;\">Debian Ports web pages</ulink>."
779 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
784 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
787 "There are two types of Debian packages, namely <literal>source</literal> and "
788 "<literal>binary</literal> packages."
791 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
794 "Depending on the format of the source package, it will consist of one or "
795 "more files in addition to the mandatory <filename>.dsc</filename> file:"
798 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
801 "with format “1.0”, it has either a <filename>.tar.gz</filename> file or both "
802 "an <filename>.orig.tar.gz</filename> and a <filename>.diff.gz</filename> "
806 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
809 "with format “3.0 (quilt)”, it has a mandatory "
810 "<filename>.orig.tar.{gz,bz2,lzma}</filename> upstream tarball, multiple "
812 "<filename>.orig-<replaceable>component</replaceable>.tar.{gz,bz2,lzma}</filename> "
813 "additional upstream tarballs and a mandatory "
814 "<filename>debian.tar.{gz,bz2,lzma}</filename> debian tarball;"
817 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
820 "with format “3.0 (native)”, it has only a single "
821 "<filename>.tar.{gz,bz2,lzma}</filename> tarball."
824 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
827 "If a package is developed specially for Debian and is not distributed "
828 "outside of Debian, there is just one <filename>.tar.{gz,bz2,lzma}</filename> "
829 "file which contains the sources of the program, it's called a “native” "
830 "source package. If a package is distributed elsewhere too, the "
831 "<filename>.orig.tar.{gz,bz2,lzma}</filename> file stores the so-called "
832 "<literal>upstream source code</literal>, that is the source code that's "
833 "distributed by the <literal>upstream maintainer</literal> (often the author "
834 "of the software). In this case, the <filename>.diff.gz</filename> or the "
835 "<filename>debian.tar.{gz,bz2,lzma}</filename> contains the changes made by "
836 "the Debian maintainer."
839 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
842 "The <filename>.dsc</filename> file lists all the files in the source package "
843 "together with checksums (<command>md5sums</command>) and some additional "
844 "info about the package (maintainer, version, etc.)."
847 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
849 msgid "Distributions"
852 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
855 "The directory system described in the previous chapter is itself contained "
856 "within <literal>distribution directories</literal>. Each distribution is "
857 "actually contained in the <filename>pool</filename> directory in the "
858 "top-level of the Debian archive itself."
861 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
864 "To summarize, the Debian archive has a root directory within an FTP server. "
865 "For instance, at the mirror site, <literal>ftp.us.debian.org</literal>, the "
866 "Debian archive itself is contained in <ulink "
867 "url=\"ftp://ftp.us.debian.org/debian\">/debian</ulink>, which is a common "
868 "location (another is <filename>/pub/debian</filename>)."
871 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
874 "A distribution comprises Debian source and binary packages, and the "
875 "respective <filename>Sources</filename> and <filename>Packages</filename> "
876 "index files, containing the header information from all those packages. The "
877 "former are kept in the <filename>pool/</filename> directory, while the "
878 "latter are kept in the <filename>dists/</filename> directory of the archive "
879 "(for backwards compatibility)."
882 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><title>
884 msgid "Stable, testing, and unstable"
887 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
890 "There are always distributions called <literal>stable</literal> (residing in "
891 "<filename>dists/stable</filename>), <literal>testing</literal> (residing in "
892 "<filename>dists/testing</filename>), and <literal>unstable</literal> "
893 "(residing in <filename>dists/unstable</filename>). This reflects the "
894 "development process of the Debian project."
897 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
900 "Active development is done in the <literal>unstable</literal> distribution "
901 "(that's why this distribution is sometimes called the <literal>development "
902 "distribution</literal>). Every Debian developer can update his or her "
903 "packages in this distribution at any time. Thus, the contents of this "
904 "distribution change from day to day. Since no special effort is made to "
905 "make sure everything in this distribution is working properly, it is "
906 "sometimes literally unstable."
909 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
912 "The <link linkend=\"testing\">testing</link> distribution is generated "
913 "automatically by taking packages from <literal>unstable</literal> if they "
914 "satisfy certain criteria. Those criteria should ensure a good quality for "
915 "packages within <literal>testing</literal>. The update to <literal>testing "
916 "</literal> is launched twice each day, right after the new packages have "
917 "been installed. See <xref linkend=\"testing\"/>."
920 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
923 "After a period of development, once the release manager deems fit, the "
924 "<literal>testing</literal> distribution is frozen, meaning that the policies "
925 "which control how packages move from <literal>unstable</literal> to "
926 "<literal>testing</literal> are tightened. Packages which are too buggy are "
927 "removed. No changes are allowed into <literal>testing</literal> except for "
928 "bug fixes. After some time has elapsed, depending on progress, the "
929 "<literal>testing</literal> distribution is frozen even further. Details of "
930 "the handling of the testing distribution are published by the Release Team "
931 "on debian-devel-announce. After the open issues are solved to the "
932 "satisfaction of the Release Team, the distribution is released. Releasing "
933 "means that <literal>testing</literal> is renamed to "
934 "<literal>stable</literal>, and a new copy is created for the new "
935 "<literal>testing</literal>, and the previous <literal>stable</literal> is "
936 "renamed to <literal>oldstable</literal> and stays there until it is finally "
937 "archived. On archiving, the contents are moved to "
938 "<literal>&archive-host;</literal>)."
941 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
944 "This development cycle is based on the assumption that the "
945 "<literal>unstable</literal> distribution becomes <literal>stable</literal> "
946 "after passing a period of being in <literal>testing</literal>. Even once a "
947 "distribution is considered stable, a few bugs inevitably remain — that's why "
948 "the stable distribution is updated every now and then. However, these "
949 "updates are tested very carefully and have to be introduced into the archive "
950 "individually to reduce the risk of introducing new bugs. You can find "
951 "proposed additions to <literal>stable</literal> in the "
952 "<filename>proposed-updates</filename> directory. Those packages in "
953 "<filename>proposed-updates</filename> that pass muster are periodically "
954 "moved as a batch into the stable distribution and the revision level of the "
955 "stable distribution is incremented (e.g., ‘3.0’ becomes ‘3.0r1’, ‘2.2r4’ "
956 "becomes ‘2.2r5’, and so forth). Please refer to <link "
957 "linkend=\"upload-stable\">uploads to the <literal>stable</literal> "
958 "distribution</link> for details."
961 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
964 "Note that development under <literal>unstable</literal> continues during the "
965 "freeze period, since the <literal>unstable</literal> distribution remains in "
966 "place in parallel with <literal>testing</literal>."
969 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><title>
971 msgid "More information about the testing distribution"
974 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
977 "Packages are usually installed into the <literal>testing</literal> "
978 "distribution after they have undergone some degree of testing in "
979 "<literal>unstable</literal>."
982 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
985 "For more details, please see the <link linkend=\"testing\">information about "
986 "the testing distribution</link>."
989 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><title>
994 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
997 "The <literal>experimental</literal> distribution is a special distribution. "
998 "It is not a full distribution in the same sense as "
999 "<literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal> and "
1000 "<literal>unstable</literal> are. Instead, it is meant to be a temporary "
1001 "staging area for highly experimental software where there's a good chance "
1002 "that the software could break your system, or software that's just too "
1003 "unstable even for the <literal>unstable</literal> distribution (but there is "
1004 "a reason to package it nevertheless). Users who download and install "
1005 "packages from <literal>experimental</literal> are expected to have been duly "
1006 "warned. In short, all bets are off for the <literal>experimental</literal> "
1010 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
1011 #: resources.dbk:714
1013 "These are the <citerefentry> <refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle> "
1014 "<manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> lines for "
1015 "<literal>experimental</literal>:"
1018 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><programlisting>
1019 #: resources.dbk:719
1022 "deb http://ftp.<replaceable>xy</replaceable>.debian.org/debian/ experimental "
1024 "deb-src http://ftp.<replaceable>xy</replaceable>.debian.org/debian/ "
1025 "experimental main\n"
1028 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
1029 #: resources.dbk:723
1031 "If there is a chance that the software could do grave damage to a system, it "
1032 "is likely to be better to put it into <literal>experimental</literal>. For "
1033 "instance, an experimental compressed file system should probably go into "
1034 "<literal>experimental</literal>."
1037 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
1038 #: resources.dbk:729
1040 "Whenever there is a new upstream version of a package that introduces new "
1041 "features but breaks a lot of old ones, it should either not be uploaded, or "
1042 "be uploaded to <literal>experimental</literal>. A new, beta, version of "
1043 "some software which uses a completely different configuration can go into "
1044 "<literal>experimental</literal>, at the maintainer's discretion. If you are "
1045 "working on an incompatible or complex upgrade situation, you can also use "
1046 "<literal>experimental</literal> as a staging area, so that testers can get "
1050 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
1051 #: resources.dbk:739
1053 "Some experimental software can still go into <literal>unstable</literal>, "
1054 "with a few warnings in the description, but that isn't recommended because "
1055 "packages from <literal>unstable</literal> are expected to propagate to "
1056 "<literal>testing</literal> and thus to <literal>stable</literal>. You "
1057 "should not be afraid to use <literal>experimental</literal> since it does "
1058 "not cause any pain to the ftpmasters, the experimental packages are "
1059 "automatically removed once you upload the package in "
1060 "<literal>unstable</literal> with a higher version number."
1063 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
1064 #: resources.dbk:749
1066 "New software which isn't likely to damage your system can go directly into "
1067 "<literal>unstable</literal>."
1070 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><section><para>
1071 #: resources.dbk:753
1073 "An alternative to <literal>experimental</literal> is to use your personal "
1074 "web space on <literal>people.debian.org</literal>."
1077 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
1078 #: resources.dbk:761
1079 msgid "Release code names"
1082 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1083 #: resources.dbk:763
1085 "Every released Debian distribution has a <literal>code name</literal>: "
1086 "Debian 1.1 is called <literal>buzz</literal>; Debian 1.2, "
1087 "<literal>rex</literal>; Debian 1.3, <literal>bo</literal>; Debian 2.0, "
1088 "<literal>hamm</literal>; Debian 2.1, <literal>slink</literal>; Debian 2.2, "
1089 "<literal>potato</literal>; Debian 3.0, <literal>woody</literal>; Debian 3.1, "
1090 "<literal>sarge</literal>; Debian 4.0, <literal>etch</literal>; Debian 5.0, "
1091 "<literal>lenny</literal> and the next release will be called "
1092 "<literal>squeeze</literal>. There is also a ``pseudo-distribution'', called "
1093 "<literal>sid</literal>, which is the current <literal>unstable</literal> "
1094 "distribution; since packages are moved from <literal>unstable</literal> to "
1095 "<literal>testing</literal> as they approach stability, "
1096 "<literal>sid</literal> itself is never released. As well as the usual "
1097 "contents of a Debian distribution, <literal>sid</literal> contains packages "
1098 "for architectures which are not yet officially supported or released by "
1099 "Debian. These architectures are planned to be integrated into the "
1100 "mainstream distribution at some future date."
1103 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1104 #: resources.dbk:781
1106 "Since Debian has an open development model (i.e., everyone can participate "
1107 "and follow the development) even the <literal>unstable</literal> and "
1108 "<literal> testing</literal> distributions are distributed to the Internet "
1109 "through the Debian FTP and HTTP server network. Thus, if we had called the "
1110 "directory which contains the release candidate version "
1111 "<literal>testing</literal>, then we would have to rename it to "
1112 "<literal>stable</literal> when the version is released, which would cause "
1113 "all FTP mirrors to re-retrieve the whole distribution (which is quite "
1117 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1118 #: resources.dbk:791
1120 "On the other hand, if we called the distribution directories "
1121 "<literal>Debian-x.y</literal> from the beginning, people would think that "
1122 "Debian release <literal>x.y</literal> is available. (This happened in the "
1123 "past, where a CD-ROM vendor built a Debian 1.0 CD-ROM based on a pre-1.0 "
1124 "development version. That's the reason why the first official Debian "
1125 "release was 1.1, and not 1.0.)"
1128 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1129 #: resources.dbk:799
1131 "Thus, the names of the distribution directories in the archive are "
1132 "determined by their code names and not their release status (e.g., "
1133 "`squeeze'). These names stay the same during the development period and "
1134 "after the release; symbolic links, which can be changed easily, indicate the "
1135 "currently released stable distribution. That's why the real distribution "
1136 "directories use the <literal>code names</literal>, while symbolic links for "
1137 "<literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and "
1138 "<literal>unstable</literal> point to the appropriate release directories."
1141 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
1142 #: resources.dbk:813
1143 msgid "Debian mirrors"
1146 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1147 #: resources.dbk:815
1149 "The various download archives and the web site have several mirrors "
1150 "available in order to relieve our canonical servers from heavy load. In "
1151 "fact, some of the canonical servers aren't public — a first tier of mirrors "
1152 "balances the load instead. That way, users always access the mirrors and "
1153 "get used to using them, which allows Debian to better spread its bandwidth "
1154 "requirements over several servers and networks, and basically makes users "
1155 "avoid hammering on one primary location. Note that the first tier of "
1156 "mirrors is as up-to-date as it can be since they update when triggered from "
1157 "the internal sites (we call this push mirroring)."
1160 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1161 #: resources.dbk:826
1163 "All the information on Debian mirrors, including a list of the available "
1164 "public FTP/HTTP servers, can be found at <ulink "
1165 "url=\"&url-debian-mirrors;\"></ulink>. This useful page also includes "
1166 "information and tools which can be helpful if you are interested in setting "
1167 "up your own mirror, either for internal or public access."
1170 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1171 #: resources.dbk:833
1173 "Note that mirrors are generally run by third-parties who are interested in "
1174 "helping Debian. As such, developers generally do not have accounts on these "
1178 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
1179 #: resources.dbk:840
1180 msgid "The Incoming system"
1183 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1184 #: resources.dbk:842
1186 "The Incoming system is responsible for collecting updated packages and "
1187 "installing them in the Debian archive. It consists of a set of directories "
1188 "and scripts that are installed on <literal>&ftp-master-host;</literal>."
1191 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1192 #: resources.dbk:847
1194 "Packages are uploaded by all the maintainers into a directory called "
1195 "<filename>UploadQueue</filename>. This directory is scanned every few "
1196 "minutes by a daemon called <command>queued</command>, "
1197 "<filename>*.command</filename>-files are executed, and remaining and "
1198 "correctly signed <filename>*.changes</filename>-files are moved together "
1199 "with their corresponding files to the <filename>unchecked</filename> "
1200 "directory. This directory is not visible for most Developers, as ftp-master "
1201 "is restricted; it is scanned every 15 minutes by the "
1202 "<command>katie</command> script, which verifies the integrity of the "
1203 "uploaded packages and their cryptographic signatures. If the package is "
1204 "considered ready to be installed, it is moved into the "
1205 "<filename>accepted</filename> directory. If this is the first upload of the "
1206 "package (or it has new binary packages), it is moved to the "
1207 "<filename>new</filename> directory, where it waits for approval by the "
1208 "ftpmasters. If the package contains files to be installed by hand it is "
1209 "moved to the <filename>byhand</filename> directory, where it waits for "
1210 "manual installation by the ftpmasters. Otherwise, if any error has been "
1211 "detected, the package is refused and is moved to the "
1212 "<filename>reject</filename> directory."
1215 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1216 #: resources.dbk:866
1218 "Once the package is accepted, the system sends a confirmation mail to the "
1219 "maintainer and closes all the bugs marked as fixed by the upload, and the "
1220 "auto-builders may start recompiling it. The package is now publicly "
1221 "accessible at <ulink url=\"&url-incoming;\"></ulink> until it is really "
1222 "installed in the Debian archive. This happens four times a day (and is also "
1223 "called the `dinstall run' for historical reasons); the package is then "
1224 "removed from incoming and installed in the pool along with all the other "
1225 "packages. Once all the other updates (generating new "
1226 "<filename>Packages</filename> and <filename>Sources</filename> index files "
1227 "for example) have been made, a special script is called to ask all the "
1228 "primary mirrors to update themselves."
1231 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1232 #: resources.dbk:878
1234 "The archive maintenance software will also send the OpenPGP/GnuPG signed "
1235 "<filename>.changes</filename> file that you uploaded to the appropriate "
1236 "mailing lists. If a package is released with the "
1237 "<literal>Distribution</literal> set to <literal>stable</literal>, the "
1238 "announcement is sent to &email-debian-changes;. If a package is released "
1239 "with <literal>Distribution</literal> set to <literal>unstable</literal> or "
1240 "<literal>experimental</literal>, the announcement will be posted to "
1241 "&email-debian-devel-changes; instead."
1244 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1245 #: resources.dbk:888
1247 "Though ftp-master is restricted, a copy of the installation is available to "
1248 "all developers on <literal>&ftp-master-mirror;</literal>."
1251 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
1252 #: resources.dbk:951
1253 msgid "Package information"
1256 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
1257 #: resources.dbk:953
1261 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1262 #: resources.dbk:955
1264 "Each package has several dedicated web pages. "
1265 "<literal>http://&packages-host;/<replaceable>package-name</replaceable></literal> "
1266 "displays each version of the package available in the various "
1267 "distributions. Each version links to a page which provides information, "
1268 "including the package description, the dependencies, and package download "
1272 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1273 #: resources.dbk:962
1275 "The bug tracking system tracks bugs for each package. You can view the bugs "
1276 "of a given package at the URL "
1277 "<literal>http://&bugs-host;/<replaceable>package-name</replaceable></literal>."
1280 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
1281 #: resources.dbk:969
1282 msgid "The <command>dak ls</command> utility"
1285 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1286 #: resources.dbk:971
1288 "<command>dak ls</command> is part of the dak suite of tools, listing "
1289 "available package versions for all known distributions and architectures. "
1290 "The <command>dak</command> tool is available on <literal>&ftp-master-host; "
1291 "</literal>, and on the mirror on <literal>&ftp-master-mirror;</literal>. It "
1292 "uses a single argument corresponding to a package name. An example will "
1293 "explain it better:"
1296 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><screen>
1297 #: resources.dbk:979
1301 "evince | 0.1.5-2sarge1 | oldstable | source, alpha, arm, hppa, i386, "
1302 "ia64, m68k, mips, mipsel, powerpc, s390, sparc\n"
1303 "evince | 0.4.0-5 | etch-m68k | source, m68k\n"
1304 "evince | 0.4.0-5 | stable | source, alpha, amd64, arm, hppa, i386, "
1305 "ia64, mips, mipsel, powerpc, s390, sparc\n"
1306 "evince | 2.20.2-1 | testing | source\n"
1307 "evince | 2.20.2-1+b1 | testing | alpha, amd64, arm, armel, hppa, i386, "
1308 "ia64, mips, mipsel, powerpc, s390, sparc\n"
1309 "evince | 2.22.2-1 | unstable | source, alpha, amd64, arm, armel, "
1310 "hppa, i386, ia64, m68k, mips, mipsel, powerpc, s390, sparc\n"
1313 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1314 #: resources.dbk:988
1316 "In this example, you can see that the version in <literal>unstable</literal> "
1317 "differs from the version in <literal>testing</literal> and that there has "
1318 "been a binary-only NMU of the package for all architectures. Each version "
1319 "of the package has been recompiled on all architectures."
1322 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
1323 #: resources.dbk:998
1324 msgid "The Package Tracking System"
1327 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1328 #: resources.dbk:1000
1330 "The Package Tracking System (PTS) is an email-based tool to track the "
1331 "activity of a source package. This really means that you can get the same "
1332 "emails that the package maintainer gets, simply by subscribing to the "
1333 "package in the PTS."
1336 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1337 #: resources.dbk:1005
1339 "Each email sent through the PTS is classified under one of the keywords "
1340 "listed below. This will let you select the mails that you want to receive."
1343 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1344 #: resources.dbk:1009
1345 msgid "By default you will get:"
1348 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1349 #: resources.dbk:1013
1350 msgid "<literal>bts</literal>"
1353 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1354 #: resources.dbk:1016
1355 msgid "All the bug reports and following discussions."
1358 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1359 #: resources.dbk:1021
1360 msgid "<literal>bts-control</literal>"
1363 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1364 #: resources.dbk:1024
1366 "The email notifications from <email>control@&bugs-host;</email> about bug "
1367 "report status changes."
1370 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1371 #: resources.dbk:1030
1372 msgid "<literal>upload-source</literal>"
1375 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1376 #: resources.dbk:1033
1378 "The email notification from <command>katie</command> when an uploaded source "
1379 "package is accepted."
1382 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1383 #: resources.dbk:1039
1384 msgid "<literal>katie-other</literal>"
1387 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1388 #: resources.dbk:1042
1390 "Other warning and error emails from <command>katie</command> (such as an "
1391 "override disparity for the section and/or the priority field)."
1394 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1395 #: resources.dbk:1048
1396 msgid "<literal>buildd</literal>"
1399 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1400 #: resources.dbk:1051
1402 "Build failures notifications sent by the network of build daemons, they "
1403 "contain a pointer to the build logs for analysis."
1406 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1407 #: resources.dbk:1057
1408 msgid "<literal>default</literal>"
1411 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1412 #: resources.dbk:1060
1414 "Any non-automatic email sent to the PTS by people who wanted to contact the "
1415 "subscribers of the package. This can be done by sending mail to "
1416 "<literal><replaceable>sourcepackage</replaceable>@&pts-host;</literal>. In "
1417 "order to prevent spam, all messages sent to these addresses must contain the "
1418 "<literal>X-PTS-Approved</literal> header with a non-empty value."
1421 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1422 #: resources.dbk:1069
1423 msgid "<literal>contact</literal>"
1426 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1427 #: resources.dbk:1072
1429 "Mails sent to the maintainer through the *@packages.debian.org email "
1433 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1434 #: resources.dbk:1078
1435 msgid "<literal>summary</literal>"
1438 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1439 #: resources.dbk:1081
1441 "Regular summary emails about the package's status, including progression "
1442 "into <literal>testing</literal>, <ulink url=\"&url-dehs;\">DEHS</ulink> "
1443 "notifications of new upstream versions, and a notification if the package is "
1444 "removed or orphaned."
1447 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1448 #: resources.dbk:1091
1449 msgid "You can also decide to receive additional information:"
1452 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1453 #: resources.dbk:1095
1454 msgid "<literal>upload-binary</literal>"
1457 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1458 #: resources.dbk:1098
1460 "The email notification from <command>katie</command> when an uploaded binary "
1461 "package is accepted. In other words, whenever a build daemon or a porter "
1462 "uploads your package for another architecture, you can get an email to track "
1463 "how your package gets recompiled for all architectures."
1466 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1467 #: resources.dbk:1106
1468 msgid "<literal>cvs</literal>"
1471 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1472 #: resources.dbk:1109
1474 "VCS commit notifications, if the package has a VCS repository and the "
1475 "maintainer has set up forwarding of commit notifications to the PTS. The "
1476 "\"cvs\" name is historic, in most cases commit notifications will come from "
1477 "some other VCS like subversion or git."
1480 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1481 #: resources.dbk:1117
1482 msgid "<literal>ddtp</literal>"
1485 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1486 #: resources.dbk:1120
1488 "Translations of descriptions or debconf templates submitted to the Debian "
1489 "Description Translation Project."
1492 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1493 #: resources.dbk:1126
1494 msgid "<literal>derivatives</literal>"
1497 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1498 #: resources.dbk:1129
1500 "Information about changes made to the package in derivative distributions "
1501 "(for example Ubuntu)."
1504 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1505 #: resources.dbk:1135
1506 msgid "<literal>derivatives-bugs</literal>"
1509 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1510 #: resources.dbk:1138
1512 "Bugs reports and comments from derivative distributions (for example "
1516 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
1517 #: resources.dbk:1144
1518 msgid "The PTS email interface"
1521 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1522 #: resources.dbk:1146
1524 "You can control your subscription(s) to the PTS by sending various commands "
1525 "to <email>pts@qa.debian.org</email>."
1528 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1529 #: resources.dbk:1151
1530 msgid "<literal>subscribe <sourcepackage> [<email>]</literal>"
1533 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1534 #: resources.dbk:1154
1536 "Subscribes <replaceable>email</replaceable> to communications related to the "
1537 "source package <replaceable>sourcepackage</replaceable>. Sender address is "
1538 "used if the second argument is not present. If "
1539 "<replaceable>sourcepackage</replaceable> is not a valid source package, "
1540 "you'll get a warning. However if it's a valid binary package, the PTS will "
1541 "subscribe you to the corresponding source package."
1544 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1545 #: resources.dbk:1164
1546 msgid "<literal>unsubscribe <sourcepackage> [<email>]</literal>"
1549 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1550 #: resources.dbk:1167
1552 "Removes a previous subscription to the source package "
1553 "<replaceable>sourcepackage</replaceable> using the specified email address "
1554 "or the sender address if the second argument is left out."
1557 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1558 #: resources.dbk:1174
1559 msgid "<literal>unsubscribeall [<email>]</literal>"
1562 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1563 #: resources.dbk:1177
1565 "Removes all subscriptions of the specified email address or the sender "
1566 "address if the second argument is left out."
1569 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1570 #: resources.dbk:1183
1571 msgid "<literal>which [<email>]</literal>"
1574 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1575 #: resources.dbk:1186
1577 "Lists all subscriptions for the sender or the email address optionally "
1581 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1582 #: resources.dbk:1192
1583 msgid "<literal>keyword [<email>]</literal>"
1586 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1587 #: resources.dbk:1195
1589 "Tells you the keywords that you are accepting. For an explanation of "
1590 "keywords, <link linkend=\"pkg-tracking-system\">see above</link>. Here's a "
1594 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1595 #: resources.dbk:1202
1596 msgid "<literal>bts</literal>: mails coming from the Debian Bug Tracking System"
1599 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1600 #: resources.dbk:1207
1601 msgid "<literal>bts-control</literal>: reply to mails sent to &email-bts-control;"
1604 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1605 #: resources.dbk:1213
1607 "<literal>summary</literal>: automatic summary mails about the state of a "
1611 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1612 #: resources.dbk:1219
1614 "<literal>contact</literal>: mails sent to the maintainer through the "
1615 "*@packages.debian.org aliases"
1618 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1619 #: resources.dbk:1225
1620 msgid "<literal>cvs</literal>: notification of VCS commits"
1623 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1624 #: resources.dbk:1230
1625 msgid "<literal>ddtp</literal>: translations of descriptions and debconf templates"
1628 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1629 #: resources.dbk:1235
1631 "<literal>derivatives</literal>: changes made on the package by derivative "
1635 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1636 #: resources.dbk:1241
1638 "<literal>derivatives-bugs</literal>: bugs reports and comments from "
1639 "derivative distributions"
1642 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1643 #: resources.dbk:1247
1645 "<literal>upload-source</literal>: announce of a new source upload that has "
1649 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1650 #: resources.dbk:1253
1652 "<literal>upload-binary</literal>: announce of a new binary-only upload "
1656 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1657 #: resources.dbk:1259
1659 "<literal>katie-other</literal>: other mails from ftpmasters (override "
1663 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1664 #: resources.dbk:1265
1665 msgid "<literal>buildd</literal>: build failures notifications from build daemons"
1668 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1669 #: resources.dbk:1270
1671 "<literal>default</literal>: all the other mails (those which aren't "
1675 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1676 #: resources.dbk:1277
1677 msgid "<literal>keyword <sourcepackage> [<email>]</literal>"
1680 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1681 #: resources.dbk:1280
1683 "Same as the previous item but for the given source package, since you may "
1684 "select a different set of keywords for each source package."
1687 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1688 #: resources.dbk:1286
1689 msgid "<literal>keyword [<email>] {+|-|=} <list of keywords></literal>"
1692 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1693 #: resources.dbk:1289
1695 "Accept (+) or refuse (-) mails classified under the given keyword(s). "
1696 "Define the list (=) of accepted keywords. This changes the default set of "
1697 "keywords accepted by a user."
1700 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1701 #: resources.dbk:1296
1703 "<literal>keywordall [<email>] {+|-|=} <list of "
1704 "keywords></literal>"
1707 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1708 #: resources.dbk:1299
1710 "Accept (+) or refuse (-) mails classified under the given keyword(s). "
1711 "Define the list (=) of accepted keywords. This changes the set of accepted "
1712 "keywords of all the currently active subscriptions of a user."
1715 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1716 #: resources.dbk:1306
1718 "<literal>keyword <sourcepackage> [<email>] {+|-|=} <list of "
1719 "keywords></literal>"
1722 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1723 #: resources.dbk:1309
1725 "Same as previous item but overrides the keywords list for the indicated "
1729 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
1730 #: resources.dbk:1315
1731 msgid "<literal>quit | thanks | --</literal>"
1734 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
1735 #: resources.dbk:1318
1736 msgid "Stops processing commands. All following lines are ignored by the bot."
1739 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1740 #: resources.dbk:1324
1742 "The <command>pts-subscribe</command> command-line utility (from the "
1743 "<systemitem role=\"package\">devscripts</systemitem> package) can be handy "
1744 "to temporarily subscribe to some packages, for example after having made an "
1745 "non-maintainer upload."
1748 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
1749 #: resources.dbk:1332
1750 msgid "Filtering PTS mails"
1753 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1754 #: resources.dbk:1334
1756 "Once you are subscribed to a package, you will get the mails sent to "
1757 "<literal><replaceable>sourcepackage</replaceable>@&pts-host;</literal>. "
1758 "Those mails have special headers appended to let you filter them in a "
1759 "special mailbox (e.g. with <command>procmail</command>). The added headers "
1760 "are <literal>X-Loop</literal>, <literal>X-PTS-Package</literal>, "
1761 "<literal>X-PTS-Keyword</literal> and <literal>X-Unsubscribe</literal>."
1764 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1765 #: resources.dbk:1342
1767 "Here is an example of added headers for a source upload notification on the "
1768 "<systemitem role=\"package\">dpkg</systemitem> package:"
1771 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><screen>
1772 #: resources.dbk:1346
1775 "X-Loop: dpkg@&pts-host;\n"
1776 "X-PTS-Package: dpkg\n"
1777 "X-PTS-Keyword: upload-source\n"
1778 "List-Unsubscribe: <mailto:pts@qa.debian.org?body=unsubscribe+dpkg>\n"
1781 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
1782 #: resources.dbk:1354
1783 msgid "Forwarding VCS commits in the PTS"
1786 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1787 #: resources.dbk:1356
1789 "If you use a publicly accessible VCS repository for maintaining your Debian "
1790 "package, you may want to forward the commit notification to the PTS so that "
1791 "the subscribers (and possible co-maintainers) can closely follow the "
1792 "package's evolution."
1795 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1796 #: resources.dbk:1362
1798 "Once you set up the VCS repository to generate commit notifications, you "
1799 "just have to make sure it sends a copy of those mails to "
1800 "<literal><replaceable>sourcepackage</replaceable>_cvs@&pts-host;</literal>. "
1801 "Only the people who accept the <literal>cvs</literal> keyword will receive "
1802 "these notifications. Note that the mail needs to be sent from a "
1803 "<literal>debian.org</literal> machine, otherwise you'll have to add the "
1804 "<literal>X-PTS-Approved: 1</literal> header."
1807 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1808 #: resources.dbk:1371
1810 "For Subversion repositories, the usage of svnmailer is recommended. See "
1811 "<ulink url=\"&url-alioth-pkg;\" /> for an example on how to do it."
1814 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
1815 #: resources.dbk:1377
1816 msgid "The PTS web interface"
1819 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1820 #: resources.dbk:1379
1822 "The PTS has a web interface at <ulink url=\"http://&pts-host;/\"></ulink> "
1823 "that puts together a lot of information about each source package. It "
1824 "features many useful links (BTS, QA stats, contact information, DDTP "
1825 "translation status, buildd logs) and gathers much more information from "
1826 "various places (30 latest changelog entries, testing status, etc.). It's a "
1827 "very useful tool if you want to know what's going on with a specific source "
1828 "package. Furthermore there's a form that allows easy subscription to the "
1832 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1833 #: resources.dbk:1389
1835 "You can jump directly to the web page concerning a specific source package "
1837 "<literal>http://&pts-host;/<replaceable>sourcepackage</replaceable></literal>."
1840 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1841 #: resources.dbk:1394
1843 "This web interface has been designed like a portal for the development of "
1844 "packages: you can add custom content on your packages' pages. You can add "
1845 "static information (news items that are meant to stay available "
1846 "indefinitely) and news items in the latest news section."
1849 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1850 #: resources.dbk:1400
1851 msgid "Static news items can be used to indicate:"
1854 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1855 #: resources.dbk:1405
1857 "the availability of a project hosted on <link "
1858 "linkend=\"alioth\">Alioth</link> for co-maintaining the package"
1861 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1862 #: resources.dbk:1411
1863 msgid "a link to the upstream web site"
1866 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1867 #: resources.dbk:1416
1868 msgid "a link to the upstream bug tracker"
1871 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1872 #: resources.dbk:1421
1873 msgid "the existence of an IRC channel dedicated to the software"
1876 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1877 #: resources.dbk:1426
1879 "any other available resource that could be useful in the maintenance of the "
1883 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1884 #: resources.dbk:1432
1885 msgid "Usual news items may be used to announce that:"
1888 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1889 #: resources.dbk:1437
1890 msgid "beta packages are available for testing"
1893 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1894 #: resources.dbk:1442
1895 msgid "final packages are expected for next week"
1898 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1899 #: resources.dbk:1447
1900 msgid "the packaging is about to be redone from scratch"
1903 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1904 #: resources.dbk:1452
1905 msgid "backports are available"
1908 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1909 #: resources.dbk:1457
1910 msgid "the maintainer is on vacation (if they wish to publish this information)"
1913 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1914 #: resources.dbk:1462
1915 msgid "a NMU is being worked on"
1918 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
1919 #: resources.dbk:1467
1920 msgid "something important will affect the package"
1923 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1924 #: resources.dbk:1472
1926 "Both kinds of news are generated in a similar manner: you just have to send "
1927 "an email either to <email>pts-static-news@qa.debian.org</email> or to "
1928 "<email>pts-news@qa.debian.org</email>. The mail should indicate which "
1929 "package is concerned by having the name of the source package in a "
1930 "<literal>X-PTS-Package</literal> mail header or in a "
1931 "<literal>Package</literal> pseudo-header (like the BTS reports). If a URL "
1932 "is available in the <literal>X-PTS-Url</literal> mail header or in the "
1933 "<literal>Url</literal> pseudo-header, then the result is a link to that URL "
1934 "instead of a complete news item."
1937 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1938 #: resources.dbk:1483
1940 "Here are a few examples of valid mails used to generate news items in the "
1941 "PTS. The first one adds a link to the viewsvn interface of debian-cd in the "
1942 "Static information section:"
1945 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><screen>
1946 #: resources.dbk:1488
1949 "From: Raphael Hertzog <hertzog@debian.org>\n"
1950 "To: pts-static-news@qa.debian.org\n"
1951 "Subject: Browse debian-cd SVN repository\n"
1953 "Package: debian-cd\n"
1954 "Url: http://svn.debian.org/viewsvn/debian-cd/trunk/\n"
1957 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1958 #: resources.dbk:1496
1960 "The second one is an announcement sent to a mailing list which is also sent "
1961 "to the PTS so that it is published on the PTS web page of the package. Note "
1962 "the use of the BCC field to avoid answers sent to the PTS by mistake."
1965 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><screen>
1966 #: resources.dbk:1501
1969 "From: Raphael Hertzog <hertzog@debian.org>\n"
1970 "To: debian-gtk-gnome@&lists-host;\n"
1971 "Bcc: pts-news@qa.debian.org\n"
1972 "Subject: Galeon 2.0 backported for woody\n"
1973 "X-PTS-Package: galeon\n"
1977 "I'm glad to announce that galeon has been backported for woody. You'll "
1979 "everything here:\n"
1983 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
1984 #: resources.dbk:1514
1986 "Think twice before adding a news item to the PTS because you won't be able "
1987 "to remove it later and you won't be able to edit it either. The only thing "
1988 "that you can do is send a second news item that will deprecate the "
1989 "information contained in the previous one."
1992 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
1993 #: resources.dbk:1524
1994 msgid "Developer's packages overview"
1997 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
1998 #: resources.dbk:1526
2000 "A QA (quality assurance) web portal is available at <ulink "
2001 "url=\"&url-ddpo;\"></ulink> which displays a table listing all the packages "
2002 "of a single developer (including those where the party is listed as a "
2003 "co-maintainer). The table gives a good summary about the developer's "
2004 "packages: number of bugs by severity, list of available versions in each "
2005 "distribution, testing status and much more including links to any other "
2006 "useful information."
2009 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
2010 #: resources.dbk:1535
2012 "It is a good idea to look up your own data regularly so that you don't "
2013 "forget any open bugs, and so that you don't forget which packages are your "
2017 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
2018 #: resources.dbk:1542
2019 msgid "Debian's FusionForge installation: Alioth"
2022 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
2023 #: resources.dbk:1544
2025 "Alioth is a Debian service based on a slightly modified version of the "
2026 "FusionForge software (which evolved from SourceForge and GForge). This "
2027 "software offers developers access to easy-to-use tools such as bug trackers, "
2028 "patch manager, project/task managers, file hosting services, mailing lists, "
2029 "VCS repositories etc. All these tools are managed via a web interface."
2032 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
2033 #: resources.dbk:1551
2035 "It is intended to provide facilities to free software projects backed or led "
2036 "by Debian, facilitate contributions from external developers to projects "
2037 "started by Debian, and help projects whose goals are the promotion of Debian "
2038 "or its derivatives. It's heavily used by many Debian teams and provides "
2039 "hosting for all sorts of VCS repositories."
2042 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
2043 #: resources.dbk:1558
2045 "All Debian developers automatically have an account on Alioth. They can "
2046 "activate it by using the recover password facility. External developers can "
2047 "request guest accounts on Alioth."
2050 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><para>
2051 #: resources.dbk:1563
2052 msgid "For more information please visit the following links:"
2055 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
2056 #: resources.dbk:1566
2057 msgid "<ulink url=\"&url-alioth-wiki;\" />"
2060 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
2061 #: resources.dbk:1567
2062 msgid "<ulink url=\"&url-alioth-faq;\" />"
2065 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
2066 #: resources.dbk:1568
2067 msgid "<ulink url=\"&url-alioth-pkg;\" />"
2070 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
2071 #: resources.dbk:1569
2072 msgid "<ulink url=\"&url-alioth;\" />"
2075 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><title>
2076 #: resources.dbk:1574
2077 msgid "Goodies for Developers"
2080 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
2081 #: resources.dbk:1576
2082 msgid "LWN Subscriptions"
2085 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
2086 #: resources.dbk:1578
2088 "Since October of 2002, HP has sponsored a subscription to LWN for all "
2089 "interested Debian developers. Details on how to get access to this benefit "
2091 "url=\"http://&lists-host;/debian-devel-announce/2002/10/msg00018.html\"></ulink>."
2094 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><title>
2095 #: resources.dbk:1585
2096 msgid "Gandi.net Hosting Discount"
2099 #. type: Content of: <chapter><section><section><para>
2100 #: resources.dbk:1587
2102 "As of November 2008, Gandi.net offers a discount rate on their VPS hosting "
2103 "for Debian Developers. See <ulink "
2104 "url=\"http://&lists-host;/debian-devel-announce/2008/11/msg00004.html\"></ulink>."