+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Unit Commands</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-units <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</optional></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List known units (subject to limitations specified
+ with <option>-t</option>). If one or more
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
+ units matching one of them are shown.</para>
+
+ <para>This is the default command.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-sockets <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</optional></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List socket units ordered by listening address.
+ If one or more <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are
+ specified, only socket units matching one of them are
+ shown. Produces output similar to
+ <programlisting>
+LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES
+/dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service
+...
+[::]:22 sshd.socket sshd.service
+kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
+
+5 sockets listed.</programlisting>
+ Note: because the addresses might contains spaces, this output
+ is not suitable for programmatic consumption.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>See also the options <option>--show-types</option>,
+ <option>--all</option>, and <option>--failed</option>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-timers <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</optional></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List timer units ordered by the time they elapse
+ next. If one or more <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s
+ are specified, only units matching one of them are shown.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>See also the options <option>--all</option> and
+ <option>--failed</option>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>start <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Start (activate) one or more units specified on the
+ command line.</para>
+
+ <para>Note that glob patterns operate on a list of currently
+ loaded units. Units which are not active and are not in a
+ failed state usually are not loaded, and would not be
+ matched by any pattern. In addition, in case of
+ instantiated units, systemd is often unaware of the
+ instance name until the instance has been started. Therefore,
+ using glob patterns with <command>start</command>
+ has limited usefulness.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>stop <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Stop (deactivate) one or more units specified on the
+ command line.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reload <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Asks all units listed on the command line to reload
+ their configuration. Note that this will reload the
+ service-specific configuration, not the unit configuration
+ file of systemd. If you want systemd to reload the
+ configuration file of a unit, use the
+ <command>daemon-reload</command> command. In other words:
+ for the example case of Apache, this will reload Apache's
+ <filename>httpd.conf</filename> in the web server, not the
+ <filename>apache.service</filename> systemd unit
+ file.</para>
+
+ <para>This command should not be confused with the
+ <command>daemon-reload</command> or <command>load</command>
+ commands.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Restart one or more units specified on the command
+ line. If the units are not running yet, they will be
+ started.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>try-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Restart one or more units specified on the command
+ line if the units are running. This does nothing if units are not
+ running. Note that, for compatibility with Red Hat init
+ scripts, <command>condrestart</command> is equivalent to this
+ command.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not,
+ restart them instead. If the units are not running yet, they
+ will be started.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reload-or-try-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not,
+ restart them instead. This does nothing if the units are not
+ running. Note that, for compatibility with SysV init scripts,
+ <command>force-reload</command> is equivalent to this
+ command.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>isolate <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Start the unit specified on the command line and its
+ dependencies and stop all others.</para>
+
+ <para>This is similar to changing the runlevel in a
+ traditional init system. The <command>isolate</command>
+ command will immediately stop processes that are not enabled
+ in the new unit, possibly including the graphical
+ environment or terminal you are currently using.</para>
+
+ <para>Note that this is allowed only on units where
+ <option>AllowIsolate=</option> is enabled. See
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ for details.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>kill <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the
+ unit. Use <option>--kill-who=</option> to select which
+ process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select
+ the signal to send.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>is-active <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Check whether any of the specified units are active
+ (i.e. running). Returns an exit code
+ <constant>0</constant> if at least one is active, or
+ non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is
+ specified, this will also print the current unit state to
+ standard output.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>is-failed <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Check whether any of the specified units are in a
+ "failed" state. Returns an exit code
+ <constant>0</constant> if at least one has failed,
+ non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is
+ specified, this will also print the current unit state to
+ standard output.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>status</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>...]</optional></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Show terse runtime status information about one or
+ more units, followed by most recent log data from the
+ journal. If no units are specified, show system status. If
+ combined with <option>--all</option>, also show the status of
+ all units (subject to limitations specified with
+ <option>-t</option>). If a PID is passed, show information
+ about the unit the process belongs to.</para>
+
+ <para>This function is intended to generate human-readable
+ output. If you are looking for computer-parsable output,
+ use <command>show</command> instead. By default this
+ function only shows 10 lines of output and ellipsizes
+ lines to fit in the terminal window. This can be changes
+ with <option>--lines</option> and <option>--full</option>,
+ see above. In addition, <command>journalctl
+ --unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> or
+ <command>journalctl
+ --user-unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> use
+ a similar filter for messages and might be more
+ convenient.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>show</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...|<replaceable>JOB</replaceable>...</optional></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Show properties of one or more units, jobs, or the
+ manager itself. If no argument is specified, properties of
+ the manager will be shown. If a unit name is specified,
+ properties of the unit is shown, and if a job id is
+ specified, properties of the job is shown. By default, empty
+ properties are suppressed. Use <option>--all</option> to
+ show those too. To select specific properties to show, use
+ <option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be
+ used whenever computer-parsable output is required. Use
+ <command>status</command> if you are looking for formatted
+ human-readable output.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>cat <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Show backing files of one or more units. Prints the
+ "fragment" and "drop-ins" (source files) of units. Each
+ file is preceded by a comment which includes the file
+ name.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>set-property <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>ASSIGNMENT</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Set the specified unit properties at runtime where
+ this is supported. This allows changing configuration
+ parameter properties such as resource control settings at
+ runtime. Not all properties may be changed at runtime, but
+ many resource control settings (primarily those in
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
+ may. The changes are applied instantly, and stored on disk
+ for future boots, unless <option>--runtime</option> is
+ passed, in which case the settings only apply until the
+ next reboot. The syntax of the property assignment follows
+ closely the syntax of assignments in unit files.</para>
+
+ <para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUShares=777</command></para>
+
+ <para>Note that this command allows changing multiple
+ properties at the same time, which is preferable over
+ setting them individually. Like unit file configuration
+ settings, assigning the empty list to list parameters will
+ reset the list.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>help <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Show manual pages for one or more units, if
+ available. If a PID is given, the manual pages for the unit
+ the process belongs to are shown.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reset-failed [<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...]</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reset the <literal>failed</literal> state of the
+ specified units, or if no unit name is passed, reset the state of all
+ units. When a unit fails in some way (i.e. process exiting
+ with non-zero error code, terminating abnormally or timing
+ out), it will automatically enter the
+ <literal>failed</literal> state and its exit code and status
+ is recorded for introspection by the administrator until the
+ service is restarted or reset with this command.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-dependencies <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Shows required and wanted units of the specified
+ unit. If no unit is specified,
+ <filename>default.target</filename> is implied. Target units
+ are recursively expanded. When <option>--all</option> is
+ passed, all other units are recursively expanded as
+ well.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Unit File Commands</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-unit-files <optional><replaceable>PATTERN...</replaceable></optional></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List installed unit files. If one or more
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
+ units whose filename (just the last component of the path)
+ matches one of them are shown.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>enable <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Enable one or more unit files or unit file instances,
+ as specified on the command line. This will create a number
+ of symlinks as encoded in the <literal>[Install]</literal>
+ sections of the unit files. After the symlinks have been
+ created, the systemd configuration is reloaded (in a way that
+ is equivalent to <command>daemon-reload</command>) to ensure
+ the changes are taken into account immediately. Note that
+ this does <emphasis>not</emphasis> have the effect of also
+ starting any of the units being enabled. If this
+ is desired, a separate <command>start</command> command must
+ be invoked for the unit. Also note that in case of instance
+ enablement, symlinks named the same as instances are created in
+ the install location, however they all point to the same
+ template unit file.</para>
+
+ <para>This command will print the actions executed. This
+ output may be suppressed by passing <option>--quiet</option>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Note that this operation creates only the suggested
+ symlinks for the units. While this command is the
+ recommended way to manipulate the unit configuration
+ directory, the administrator is free to make additional
+ changes manually by placing or removing symlinks in the
+ directory. This is particularly useful to create
+ configurations that deviate from the suggested default
+ installation. In this case, the administrator must make sure
+ to invoke <command>daemon-reload</command> manually as
+ necessary to ensure the changes are taken into account.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Enabling units should not be confused with starting
+ (activating) units, as done by the <command>start</command>
+ command. Enabling and starting units is orthogonal: units
+ may be enabled without being started and started without
+ being enabled. Enabling simply hooks the unit into various
+ suggested places (for example, so that the unit is
+ automatically started on boot or when a particular kind of
+ hardware is plugged in). Starting actually spawns the daemon
+ process (in case of service units), or binds the socket (in
+ case of socket units), and so on.</para>
+
+ <para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option>,
+ <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>,
+ or <option>--global</option> is specified, this enables the unit
+ for the system, for the calling user only, for only this boot of
+ the system, or for all future logins of all users, or only this
+ boot. Note that in the last case, no systemd daemon
+ configuration is reloaded.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>disable <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Disables one or more units. This removes all symlinks
+ to the specified unit files from the unit configuration
+ directory, and hence undoes the changes made by
+ <command>enable</command>. Note however that this removes
+ all symlinks to the unit files (i.e. including manual
+ additions), not just those actually created by
+ <command>enable</command>. This call implicitly reloads the
+ systemd daemon configuration after completing the disabling
+ of the units. Note that this command does not implicitly
+ stop the units that are being disabled. If this is desired,
+ an additional <command>stop</command> command should be
+ executed afterwards.</para>
+
+ <para>This command will print the actions executed. This
+ output may be suppressed by passing <option>--quiet</option>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>This command honors <option>--system</option>,
+ <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option> and
+ <option>--global</option> in a similar way as
+ <command>enable</command>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>is-enabled <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Checks whether any of the specified unit files are
+ enabled (as with <command>enable</command>). Returns an
+ exit code of 0 if at least one is enabled, non-zero
+ otherwise. Prints the current enable status (see table).
+ To suppress this output, use <option>--quiet</option>.
+ </para>
+
+ <table>
+ <title>
+ <command>is-enabled</command> output
+ </title>
+
+ <tgroup cols='3'>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Printed string</entry>
+ <entry>Meaning</entry>
+ <entry>Return value</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>enabled</literal></entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>Enabled through a symlink in <filename>.wants</filename> directory (permanently or just in <filename>/run</filename>)</entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>enabled-runtime</literal></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>linked</literal></entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>Made available through a symlink to the unit file (permanently or just in <filename>/run</filename>)</entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>1</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>linked-runtime</literal></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>masked</literal></entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>Disabled entirely (permanently or just in <filename>/run</filename>)</entry>
+ <entry morerows='1'>1</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>masked-runtime</literal></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>static</literal></entry>
+ <entry>Unit is not enabled, but has no provisions for enabling in [Install] section</entry>
+ <entry>0</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>disabled</literal></entry>
+ <entry>Unit is not enabled</entry>
+ <entry>1</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </table>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reenable <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reenable one or more unit files, as specified on the
+ command line. This is a combination of
+ <command>disable</command> and <command>enable</command> and
+ is useful to reset the symlinks a unit is enabled with to
+ the defaults configured in the <literal>[Install]</literal>
+ section of the unit file.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>preset <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reset one or more unit files, as specified on the
+ command line, to the defaults configured in the preset
+ policy files. This has the same effect as
+ <command>disable</command> or <command>enable</command>,
+ depending how the unit is listed in the preset files. For
+ more information on the preset policy format, see
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+ For more information on the concept of presets, please
+ consult the
+ <ulink url="http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Preset">Preset</ulink>
+ document.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>mask <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Mask one or more unit files, as specified on the
+ command line. This will link these units to
+ <filename>/dev/null</filename>, making it impossible to
+ start them. This is a stronger version of
+ <command>disable</command>, since it prohibits all kinds of
+ activation of the unit, including manual activation. Use
+ this option with care. This honors the
+ <option>--runtime</option> option to only mask temporarily
+ until the next reoobt of the system.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>unmask <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Unmask one or more unit files, as specified on the
+ command line. This will undo the effect of
+ <command>mask</command>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>link <replaceable>FILENAME</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Link a unit file that is not in the unit file search
+ paths into the unit file search path. This requires an
+ absolute path to a unit file. The effect of this can be
+ undone with <command>disable</command>. The effect of this
+ command is that a unit file is available for
+ <command>start</command> and other commands although it
+ is not installed directly in the unit search path.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>get-default</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Get the default target specified
+ via <filename>default.target</filename> link.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>set-default <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Set the default target to boot into. Command links
+ <filename>default.target</filename> to the given unit.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Machine Commands</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-machines <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</optional></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List the host and all running local containers with
+ their state. If one or more
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
+ containers matching one of them are shown.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Job Commands</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>list-jobs <optional><replaceable>PATTERN...</replaceable></optional></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>List jobs that are in progress. If one or more
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
+ jobs for units matching one of them are shown.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>cancel <replaceable>JOB</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Cancel one or more jobs specified on the command line
+ by their numeric job IDs. If no job ID is specified, cancel
+ all pending jobs.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Snapshot Commands</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>snapshot <optional><replaceable>NAME</replaceable></optional></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Create a snapshot. If a snapshot name is specified,
+ the new snapshot will be named after it. If none is
+ specified, an automatic snapshot name is generated. In
+ either case, the snapshot name used is printed to standard
+ output, unless <option>--quiet</option> is specified.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>A snapshot refers to a saved state of the systemd
+ manager. It is implemented itself as a unit that is
+ generated dynamically with this command and has dependencies
+ on all units active at the time. At a later time, the user
+ may return to this state by using the
+ <command>isolate</command> command on the snapshot unit.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Snapshots are only useful for saving and restoring
+ which units are running or are stopped, they do not
+ save/restore any other state. Snapshots are dynamic and lost
+ on reboot.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>delete <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Remove a snapshot previously created with
+ <command>snapshot</command>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Environment Commands</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>show-environment</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Dump the systemd manager environment block. The
+ environment block will be dumped in straight-forward form
+ suitable for sourcing into a shell script. This environment
+ block will be passed to all processes the manager
+ spawns.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>set-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE=VALUE</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Set one or more systemd manager environment variables,
+ as specified on the command line.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>unset-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Unset one or more systemd manager environment
+ variables. If only a variable name is specified, it will be
+ removed regardless of its value. If a variable and a value
+ are specified, the variable is only removed if it has the
+ specified value.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>import-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE</replaceable>...</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Import all, one or more environment variables set on
+ the client into the systemd manager environment block. If
+ no arguments are passed, the entire environment block is
+ imported. Otherwise, a list of one or more environment
+ variable names should be passed, whose client-side values
+ are then imported into the manager's environment
+ block.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Manager Lifecycle Commands</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>daemon-reload</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reload systemd manager configuration. This will reload
+ all unit files and recreate the entire dependency
+ tree. While the daemon is being reloaded, all sockets systemd
+ listens on on behalf of user configuration will stay
+ accessible.</para> <para>This command should not be confused
+ with the <command>load</command> or
+ <command>reload</command> commands.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>daemon-reexec</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Reexecute the systemd manager. This will serialize the
+ manager state, reexecute the process and deserialize the
+ state again. This command is of little use except for
+ debugging and package upgrades. Sometimes, it might be
+ helpful as a heavy-weight <command>daemon-reload</command>.
+ While the daemon is being reexecuted, all sockets systemd listening
+ on behalf of user configuration will stay accessible.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>System Commands</title>
+
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>default</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Enter default mode. This is mostly equivalent to
+ <command>isolate default.target</command>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>rescue</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Enter rescue mode. This is mostly equivalent to
+ <command>isolate rescue.target</command>, but also prints a
+ wall message to all users.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>emergency</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Enter emergency mode. This is mostly equivalent to
+ <command>isolate emergency.target</command>, but also prints
+ a wall message to all users.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>halt</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Shut down and halt the system. This is mostly equivalent to
+ <command>start halt.target --irreversible</command>, but also
+ prints a wall message to all users. If combined with
+ <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is
+ skipped, however all processes are killed and all file
+ systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately
+ followed by the system halt. If <option>--force</option> is
+ specified twice, the operation is immediately executed
+ without terminating any processes or unmounting any file
+ systems. This may result in data loss.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>poweroff</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Shut down and power-off the system. This is mostly
+ equivalent to <command>start poweroff.target --irreversible</command>,
+ but also prints a wall message to all users. If combined with
+ <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is
+ skipped, however all processes are killed and all file
+ systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately
+ followed by the powering off. If <option>--force</option> is
+ specified twice, the operation is immediately executed
+ without terminating any processes or unmounting any file
+ systems. This may result in data loss.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>reboot <optional><replaceable>arg</replaceable></optional></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Shut down and reboot the system. This is mostly
+ equivalent to <command>start reboot.target --irreversible</command>,
+ but also prints a wall message to all users. If combined with
+ <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is
+ skipped, however all processes are killed and all file
+ systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately
+ followed by the reboot. If <option>--force</option> is
+ specified twice, the operation is immediately executed
+ without terminating any processes or unmounting any file
+ systems. This may result in data loss.</para>
+
+ <para>If the optional argument
+ <replaceable>arg</replaceable> is given, it will be passed
+ as the optional argument to the
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ system call. The value is architecture and firmware
+ specific. As an example, <literal>recovery</literal> might
+ be used to trigger system recovery, and
+ <literal>fota</literal> might be used to trigger a
+ <quote>firmware over the air</quote> update.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>kexec</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Shut down and reboot the system via kexec. This is
+ mostly equivalent to <command>start kexec.target --irreversible</command>,
+ but also prints a wall message to all users. If combined
+ with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running
+ services is skipped, however all processes are killed and
+ all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only,
+ immediately followed by the reboot.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>exit</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Ask the systemd manager to quit. This is only
+ supported for user service managers (i.e. in conjunction
+ with the <option>--user</option> option) and will fail
+ otherwise.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>suspend</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Suspend the system. This will trigger activation of
+ the special <filename>suspend.target</filename> target.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>hibernate</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Hibernate the system. This will trigger activation of
+ the special <filename>hibernate.target</filename> target.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>hybrid-sleep</command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Hibernate and suspend the system. This will trigger
+ activation of the special
+ <filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename> target.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><command>switch-root <replaceable>ROOT</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>INIT</replaceable></optional></command></term>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Switches to a different root directory and executes a
+ new system manager process below it. This is intended for
+ usage in initial RAM disks ("initrd"), and will transition
+ from the initrd's system manager process (a.k.a "init"
+ process) to the main system manager process. This call takes two
+ arguments: the directory that is to become the new root directory, and
+ the path to the new system manager binary below it to
+ execute as PID 1. If the latter is omitted or the empty
+ string, a systemd binary will automatically be searched for
+ and used as init. If the system manager path is omitted or
+ equal to the empty string, the state of the initrd's system
+ manager process is passed to the main system manager, which
+ allows later introspection of the state of the services
+ involved in the initrd boot.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </refsect2>
+
+ <refsect2>
+ <title>Parameter Syntax</title>
+
+ <para>Unit ommands listed above take either a single unit name
+ (designated as <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>), or multiple
+ unit specifications (designated as
+ <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>...). In the first case, the
+ unit name with or without a suffix must be given. If the suffix
+ is not specified, systemctl will append a suitable suffix,
+ <literal>.service</literal> by default, and a type-specific
+ suffix in case of commands which operate only on specific unit
+ types. For example,
+ <programlisting># systemctl start sshd</programlisting> and
+ <programlisting># systemctl start sshd.service</programlisting>
+ are equivalent, as are
+ <programlisting># systemctl isolate snapshot-11</programlisting>
+ and
+ <programlisting># systemctl isolate snapshot-11.snapshot</programlisting>
+ Note that (absolute) paths to device nodes are automatically
+ converted to device unit names, and other (absolute) paths to
+ mount unit names.
+ <programlisting># systemctl status /dev/sda
+# systemctl status /home</programlisting>
+ are equivalent to:
+ <programlisting># systemctl status dev-sda.device
+# systemctl status home.mount</programlisting>
+ In the second case, shell-style globs will be matched against
+ currently loaded units; literal unit names, with or without
+ a suffix, will be treated as in the first case. This means that
+ literal unit names always refer to exactly one unit, but globs
+ may match zero units and this is not considered an error.</para>
+
+ <para>Glob patterns use
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fnmatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+ so normal shell-style globbing rules are used, and
+ <literal>*</literal>, <literal>?</literal>,
+ <literal>[]</literal> may be used. See
+ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+ for more details. The patterns are matched against the names of
+ currently loaded units, and patterns which do not match anything
+ are silently skipped. For example:
+ <programlisting># systemctl stop sshd@*.service</programlisting>
+ will stop all <filename>sshd@.service</filename> instances.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>For unit file commands, the specified
+ <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> should be the full name of the
+ unit file, or the absolute path to the unit file:
+ <programlisting># systemctl enable foo.service</programlisting>
+ or
+ <programlisting># systemctl link /path/to/foo.service</programlisting>
+ </para>
+ </refsect2>