1 /*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
6 This file is part of systemd.
8 Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
10 systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
11 under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
12 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
13 (at your option) any later version.
15 systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
16 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
17 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
18 Lesser General Public License for more details.
20 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
21 along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
35 #include <sys/types.h>
38 #include <sys/resource.h>
44 #include "time-util.h"
46 union dirent_storage {
48 uint8_t storage[offsetof(struct dirent, d_name) +
49 ((NAME_MAX + 1 + sizeof(long)) & ~(sizeof(long) - 1))];
52 /* What is interpreted as whitespace? */
53 #define WHITESPACE " \t\n\r"
54 #define NEWLINE "\n\r"
58 #define FORMAT_BYTES_MAX 8
60 #define ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_ON "\x1B[1;39m"
61 #define ANSI_RED_ON "\x1B[31m"
62 #define ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED_ON "\x1B[1;31m"
63 #define ANSI_GREEN_ON "\x1B[32m"
64 #define ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_GREEN_ON "\x1B[1;32m"
65 #define ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_YELLOW_ON "\x1B[1;33m"
66 #define ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF "\x1B[0m"
67 #define ANSI_ERASE_TO_END_OF_LINE "\x1B[K"
69 size_t page_size(void);
70 #define PAGE_ALIGN(l) ALIGN_TO((l), page_size())
72 #define streq(a,b) (strcmp((a),(b)) == 0)
73 #define strneq(a, b, n) (strncmp((a), (b), (n)) == 0)
74 #define strcaseeq(a,b) (strcasecmp((a),(b)) == 0)
75 #define strncaseeq(a, b, n) (strncasecmp((a), (b), (n)) == 0)
77 bool streq_ptr(const char *a, const char *b) _pure_;
79 #define new(t, n) ((t*) malloc_multiply(sizeof(t), (n)))
81 #define new0(t, n) ((t*) calloc((n), sizeof(t)))
83 #define newa(t, n) ((t*) alloca(sizeof(t)*(n)))
85 #define newdup(t, p, n) ((t*) memdup_multiply(p, sizeof(t), (n)))
87 #define malloc0(n) (calloc((n), 1))
89 static inline const char* yes_no(bool b) {
90 return b ? "yes" : "no";
93 static inline const char* strempty(const char *s) {
97 static inline const char* strnull(const char *s) {
98 return s ? s : "(null)";
101 static inline const char *strna(const char *s) {
102 return s ? s : "n/a";
105 static inline bool isempty(const char *p) {
109 static inline const char *startswith(const char *s, const char *prefix) {
110 if (strncmp(s, prefix, strlen(prefix)) == 0)
111 return s + strlen(prefix);
115 static inline const char *startswith_no_case(const char *s, const char *prefix) {
116 if (strncasecmp(s, prefix, strlen(prefix)) == 0)
117 return s + strlen(prefix);
121 char *endswith(const char *s, const char *postfix) _pure_;
123 bool first_word(const char *s, const char *word) _pure_;
125 int close_nointr(int fd);
126 void close_nointr_nofail(int fd);
127 void close_many(const int fds[], unsigned n_fd);
129 int parse_boolean(const char *v) _pure_;
130 int parse_bytes(const char *t, off_t *bytes);
131 int parse_pid(const char *s, pid_t* ret_pid);
132 int parse_uid(const char *s, uid_t* ret_uid);
133 #define parse_gid(s, ret_uid) parse_uid(s, ret_uid)
135 int safe_atou(const char *s, unsigned *ret_u);
136 int safe_atoi(const char *s, int *ret_i);
138 int safe_atollu(const char *s, unsigned long long *ret_u);
139 int safe_atolli(const char *s, long long int *ret_i);
141 int safe_atod(const char *s, double *ret_d);
144 static inline int safe_atolu(const char *s, unsigned long *ret_u) {
145 assert_cc(sizeof(unsigned long) == sizeof(unsigned));
146 return safe_atou(s, (unsigned*) ret_u);
148 static inline int safe_atoli(const char *s, long int *ret_u) {
149 assert_cc(sizeof(long int) == sizeof(int));
150 return safe_atoi(s, (int*) ret_u);
153 static inline int safe_atolu(const char *s, unsigned long *ret_u) {
154 assert_cc(sizeof(unsigned long) == sizeof(unsigned long long));
155 return safe_atollu(s, (unsigned long long*) ret_u);
157 static inline int safe_atoli(const char *s, long int *ret_u) {
158 assert_cc(sizeof(long int) == sizeof(long long int));
159 return safe_atolli(s, (long long int*) ret_u);
163 static inline int safe_atou32(const char *s, uint32_t *ret_u) {
164 assert_cc(sizeof(uint32_t) == sizeof(unsigned));
165 return safe_atou(s, (unsigned*) ret_u);
168 static inline int safe_atoi32(const char *s, int32_t *ret_i) {
169 assert_cc(sizeof(int32_t) == sizeof(int));
170 return safe_atoi(s, (int*) ret_i);
173 static inline int safe_atou64(const char *s, uint64_t *ret_u) {
174 assert_cc(sizeof(uint64_t) == sizeof(unsigned long long));
175 return safe_atollu(s, (unsigned long long*) ret_u);
178 static inline int safe_atoi64(const char *s, int64_t *ret_i) {
179 assert_cc(sizeof(int64_t) == sizeof(long long int));
180 return safe_atolli(s, (long long int*) ret_i);
183 char *split(const char *c, size_t *l, const char *separator, char **state);
184 char *split_quoted(const char *c, size_t *l, char **state);
186 #define FOREACH_WORD(word, length, s, state) \
187 for ((state) = NULL, (word) = split((s), &(length), WHITESPACE, &(state)); (word); (word) = split((s), &(length), WHITESPACE, &(state)))
189 #define FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(word, length, s, separator, state) \
190 for ((state) = NULL, (word) = split((s), &(length), (separator), &(state)); (word); (word) = split((s), &(length), (separator), &(state)))
192 #define FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(word, length, s, state) \
193 for ((state) = NULL, (word) = split_quoted((s), &(length), &(state)); (word); (word) = split_quoted((s), &(length), &(state)))
195 pid_t get_parent_of_pid(pid_t pid, pid_t *ppid);
196 int get_starttime_of_pid(pid_t pid, unsigned long long *st);
198 char *strappend(const char *s, const char *suffix);
199 char *strnappend(const char *s, const char *suffix, size_t length);
201 char *replace_env(const char *format, char **env);
202 char **replace_env_argv(char **argv, char **env);
204 int readlink_malloc(const char *p, char **r);
205 int readlink_and_make_absolute(const char *p, char **r);
206 int readlink_and_canonicalize(const char *p, char **r);
208 int reset_all_signal_handlers(void);
210 char *strstrip(char *s);
211 char *delete_chars(char *s, const char *bad);
212 char *truncate_nl(char *s);
214 char *file_in_same_dir(const char *path, const char *filename);
216 int rmdir_parents(const char *path, const char *stop);
218 int get_process_comm(pid_t pid, char **name);
219 int get_process_cmdline(pid_t pid, size_t max_length, bool comm_fallback, char **line);
220 int get_process_exe(pid_t pid, char **name);
221 int get_process_uid(pid_t pid, uid_t *uid);
222 int get_process_gid(pid_t pid, gid_t *gid);
223 int get_process_capeff(pid_t pid, char **capeff);
225 char hexchar(int x) _const_;
226 int unhexchar(char c) _const_;
227 char octchar(int x) _const_;
228 int unoctchar(char c) _const_;
229 char decchar(int x) _const_;
230 int undecchar(char c) _const_;
232 char *cescape(const char *s);
233 char *cunescape(const char *s);
234 char *cunescape_length(const char *s, size_t length);
235 char *cunescape_length_with_prefix(const char *s, size_t length, const char *prefix);
237 char *xescape(const char *s, const char *bad);
239 char *bus_path_escape(const char *s);
240 char *bus_path_unescape(const char *s);
242 char *ascii_strlower(char *path);
244 bool dirent_is_file(const struct dirent *de) _pure_;
245 bool dirent_is_file_with_suffix(const struct dirent *de, const char *suffix) _pure_;
247 bool ignore_file(const char *filename) _pure_;
249 bool chars_intersect(const char *a, const char *b) _pure_;
251 int make_stdio(int fd);
252 int make_null_stdio(void);
253 int make_console_stdio(void);
255 unsigned long long random_ull(void);
257 /* For basic lookup tables with strictly enumerated entries */
258 #define __DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(name,type,scope) \
259 scope const char *name##_to_string(type i) { \
260 if (i < 0 || i >= (type) ELEMENTSOF(name##_table)) \
262 return name##_table[i]; \
264 scope type name##_from_string(const char *s) { \
267 for (i = 0; i < (type)ELEMENTSOF(name##_table); i++) \
268 if (name##_table[i] && \
269 streq(name##_table[i], s)) \
273 struct __useless_struct_to_allow_trailing_semicolon__
275 #define DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(name,type) __DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(name,type,)
276 #define DEFINE_PRIVATE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(name,type) __DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(name,type,static)
278 /* For string conversions where numbers are also acceptable */
279 #define DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP_WITH_FALLBACK(name,type,max) \
280 int name##_to_string_alloc(type i, char **str) { \
283 if (i < 0 || i > max) \
285 if (i < (type) ELEMENTSOF(name##_table)) { \
286 s = strdup(name##_table[i]); \
290 r = asprintf(&s, "%u", i); \
297 type name##_from_string(const char *s) { \
301 for (i = 0; i < (type)ELEMENTSOF(name##_table); i++) \
302 if (name##_table[i] && \
303 streq(name##_table[i], s)) \
305 if (safe_atou(s, &u) >= 0 && u <= max) \
309 struct __useless_struct_to_allow_trailing_semicolon__
311 int fd_nonblock(int fd, bool nonblock);
312 int fd_cloexec(int fd, bool cloexec);
314 int close_all_fds(const int except[], unsigned n_except);
316 bool fstype_is_network(const char *fstype);
320 int read_one_char(FILE *f, char *ret, usec_t timeout, bool *need_nl);
321 int ask(char *ret, const char *replies, const char *text, ...) _printf_attr_(3, 4);
323 int reset_terminal_fd(int fd, bool switch_to_text);
324 int reset_terminal(const char *name);
326 int open_terminal(const char *name, int mode);
327 int acquire_terminal(const char *name, bool fail, bool force, bool ignore_tiocstty_eperm, usec_t timeout);
328 int release_terminal(void);
330 int flush_fd(int fd);
332 int ignore_signals(int sig, ...);
333 int default_signals(int sig, ...);
334 int sigaction_many(const struct sigaction *sa, ...);
336 int close_pipe(int p[]);
337 int fopen_temporary(const char *path, FILE **_f, char **_temp_path);
339 ssize_t loop_read(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes, bool do_poll);
340 ssize_t loop_write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t nbytes, bool do_poll);
342 bool is_device_path(const char *path);
344 int dir_is_empty(const char *path);
345 char* dirname_malloc(const char *path);
347 void rename_process(const char name[8]);
349 void sigset_add_many(sigset_t *ss, ...);
351 bool hostname_is_set(void);
353 char* gethostname_malloc(void);
354 char* getlogname_malloc(void);
355 char* getusername_malloc(void);
357 int getttyname_malloc(int fd, char **r);
358 int getttyname_harder(int fd, char **r);
360 int get_ctty_devnr(pid_t pid, dev_t *d);
361 int get_ctty(pid_t, dev_t *_devnr, char **r);
363 int chmod_and_chown(const char *path, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
364 int fchmod_and_fchown(int fd, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
366 int rm_rf_children(int fd, bool only_dirs, bool honour_sticky, struct stat *root_dev);
367 int rm_rf_children_dangerous(int fd, bool only_dirs, bool honour_sticky, struct stat *root_dev);
368 int rm_rf(const char *path, bool only_dirs, bool delete_root, bool honour_sticky);
369 int rm_rf_dangerous(const char *path, bool only_dirs, bool delete_root, bool honour_sticky);
371 int pipe_eof(int fd);
373 cpu_set_t* cpu_set_malloc(unsigned *ncpus);
375 int status_vprintf(const char *status, bool ellipse, bool ephemeral, const char *format, va_list ap) _printf_attr_(4,0);
376 int status_printf(const char *status, bool ellipse, bool ephemeral, const char *format, ...) _printf_attr_(4,5);
377 int status_welcome(void);
379 int fd_columns(int fd);
380 unsigned columns(void);
381 int fd_lines(int fd);
382 unsigned lines(void);
383 void columns_lines_cache_reset(int _unused_ signum);
387 static inline const char *ansi_highlight(void) {
388 return on_tty() ? ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_ON : "";
391 static inline const char *ansi_highlight_red(void) {
392 return on_tty() ? ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED_ON : "";
395 static inline const char *ansi_highlight_green(void) {
396 return on_tty() ? ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_GREEN_ON : "";
399 static inline const char *ansi_highlight_off(void) {
400 return on_tty() ? ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF : "";
403 int running_in_chroot(void);
405 char *ellipsize(const char *s, size_t length, unsigned percent);
406 char *ellipsize_mem(const char *s, size_t old_length, size_t new_length, unsigned percent);
408 int touch(const char *path);
410 char *unquote(const char *s, const char *quotes);
411 char *normalize_env_assignment(const char *s);
413 int wait_for_terminate(pid_t pid, siginfo_t *status);
414 int wait_for_terminate_and_warn(const char *name, pid_t pid);
416 _noreturn_ void freeze(void);
418 bool null_or_empty(struct stat *st) _pure_;
419 int null_or_empty_path(const char *fn);
421 DIR *xopendirat(int dirfd, const char *name, int flags);
423 char *fstab_node_to_udev_node(const char *p);
425 char *resolve_dev_console(char **active);
426 bool tty_is_vc(const char *tty);
427 bool tty_is_vc_resolve(const char *tty);
428 bool tty_is_console(const char *tty) _pure_;
429 int vtnr_from_tty(const char *tty);
430 const char *default_term_for_tty(const char *tty);
432 void execute_directory(const char *directory, DIR *_d, char *argv[]);
434 int kill_and_sigcont(pid_t pid, int sig);
436 bool nulstr_contains(const char*nulstr, const char *needle);
438 bool plymouth_running(void);
440 bool hostname_is_valid(const char *s) _pure_;
441 char* hostname_cleanup(char *s, bool lowercase);
443 char* strshorten(char *s, size_t l);
445 int terminal_vhangup_fd(int fd);
446 int terminal_vhangup(const char *name);
448 int vt_disallocate(const char *name);
450 int copy_file(const char *from, const char *to);
452 int symlink_atomic(const char *from, const char *to);
454 int fchmod_umask(int fd, mode_t mode);
456 bool display_is_local(const char *display) _pure_;
457 int socket_from_display(const char *display, char **path);
459 int get_user_creds(const char **username, uid_t *uid, gid_t *gid, const char **home, const char **shell);
460 int get_group_creds(const char **groupname, gid_t *gid);
462 int in_gid(gid_t gid);
463 int in_group(const char *name);
465 char* uid_to_name(uid_t uid);
466 char* gid_to_name(gid_t gid);
468 int glob_exists(const char *path);
469 int glob_extend(char ***strv, const char *path);
471 int dirent_ensure_type(DIR *d, struct dirent *de);
473 int in_search_path(const char *path, char **search);
474 int get_files_in_directory(const char *path, char ***list);
476 char *strjoin(const char *x, ...) _sentinel_;
478 bool is_main_thread(void);
480 bool in_charset(const char *s, const char* charset) _pure_;
482 int block_get_whole_disk(dev_t d, dev_t *ret);
484 int file_is_priv_sticky(const char *p);
486 int strdup_or_null(const char *a, char **b);
488 #define NULSTR_FOREACH(i, l) \
489 for ((i) = (l); (i) && *(i); (i) = strchr((i), 0)+1)
491 #define NULSTR_FOREACH_PAIR(i, j, l) \
492 for ((i) = (l), (j) = strchr((i), 0)+1; (i) && *(i); (i) = strchr((j), 0)+1, (j) = *(i) ? strchr((i), 0)+1 : (i))
494 int ioprio_class_to_string_alloc(int i, char **s);
495 int ioprio_class_from_string(const char *s);
497 const char *sigchld_code_to_string(int i) _const_;
498 int sigchld_code_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
500 int log_facility_unshifted_to_string_alloc(int i, char **s);
501 int log_facility_unshifted_from_string(const char *s);
503 int log_level_to_string_alloc(int i, char **s);
504 int log_level_from_string(const char *s);
506 int sched_policy_to_string_alloc(int i, char **s);
507 int sched_policy_from_string(const char *s);
509 const char *rlimit_to_string(int i) _const_;
510 int rlimit_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
512 int ip_tos_to_string_alloc(int i, char **s);
513 int ip_tos_from_string(const char *s);
515 const char *signal_to_string(int i) _const_;
516 int signal_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
518 int signal_from_string_try_harder(const char *s);
520 extern int saved_argc;
521 extern char **saved_argv;
523 bool kexec_loaded(void);
525 int prot_from_flags(int flags) _const_;
527 char *format_bytes(char *buf, size_t l, off_t t);
529 int fd_wait_for_event(int fd, int event, usec_t timeout);
531 void* memdup(const void *p, size_t l) _alloc_(2);
533 int is_kernel_thread(pid_t pid);
535 int fd_inc_sndbuf(int fd, size_t n);
536 int fd_inc_rcvbuf(int fd, size_t n);
538 int fork_agent(pid_t *pid, const int except[], unsigned n_except, const char *path, ...);
540 int setrlimit_closest(int resource, const struct rlimit *rlim);
542 int getenv_for_pid(pid_t pid, const char *field, char **_value);
544 bool is_valid_documentation_url(const char *url) _pure_;
546 bool in_initrd(void);
548 void warn_melody(void);
550 int get_home_dir(char **ret);
552 static inline void freep(void *p) {
556 static inline void fclosep(FILE **f) {
561 static inline void pclosep(FILE **f) {
566 static inline void closep(int *fd) {
568 close_nointr_nofail(*fd);
571 static inline void closedirp(DIR **d) {
576 static inline void umaskp(mode_t *u) {
580 #define _cleanup_free_ _cleanup_(freep)
581 #define _cleanup_fclose_ _cleanup_(fclosep)
582 #define _cleanup_pclose_ _cleanup_(pclosep)
583 #define _cleanup_close_ _cleanup_(closep)
584 #define _cleanup_closedir_ _cleanup_(closedirp)
585 #define _cleanup_umask_ _cleanup_(umaskp)
586 #define _cleanup_globfree_ _cleanup_(globfree)
588 _malloc_ _alloc_(1, 2) static inline void *malloc_multiply(size_t a, size_t b) {
589 if (_unlikely_(b == 0 || a > ((size_t) -1) / b))
592 return malloc(a * b);
595 _alloc_(2, 3) static inline void *memdup_multiply(const void *p, size_t a, size_t b) {
596 if (_unlikely_(b == 0 || a > ((size_t) -1) / b))
599 return memdup(p, a * b);
602 bool filename_is_safe(const char *p) _pure_;
603 bool path_is_safe(const char *p) _pure_;
604 bool string_is_safe(const char *p) _pure_;
605 bool string_has_cc(const char *p) _pure_;
607 void *xbsearch_r(const void *key, const void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
608 int (*compar) (const void *, const void *, void *),
611 bool is_locale_utf8(void);
613 typedef enum DrawSpecialChar {
618 DRAW_TRIANGULAR_BULLET,
619 _DRAW_SPECIAL_CHAR_MAX
621 const char *draw_special_char(DrawSpecialChar ch);
623 char *strreplace(const char *text, const char *old_string, const char *new_string);
625 char *strip_tab_ansi(char **p, size_t *l);
627 int on_ac_power(void);
629 int search_and_fopen(const char *path, const char *mode, const char **search, FILE **_f);
630 int search_and_fopen_nulstr(const char *path, const char *mode, const char *search, FILE **_f);
631 int create_tmp_dir(char template[], char** dir_name);
633 #define FOREACH_LINE(line, f, on_error) \
635 if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) { \
642 #define FOREACH_DIRENT(de, d, on_error) \
643 for (errno = 0, de = readdir(d);; errno = 0, de = readdir(d)) \
649 } else if (ignore_file((de)->d_name)) \
653 static inline void *mempset(void *s, int c, size_t n) {
655 return (uint8_t*)s + n;
658 char *hexmem(const void *p, size_t l);
659 void *unhexmem(const char *p, size_t l);
661 char *strextend(char **x, ...) _sentinel_;
662 char *strrep(const char *s, unsigned n);
664 void* greedy_realloc(void **p, size_t *allocated, size_t need);
665 #define GREEDY_REALLOC(array, allocated, need) \
666 greedy_realloc((void**) &(array), &(allocated), sizeof((array)[0]) * (need))
668 static inline void _reset_errno_(int *saved_errno) {
669 errno = *saved_errno;
672 #define PROTECT_ERRNO _cleanup_(_reset_errno_) __attribute__((unused)) int _saved_errno_ = errno
674 struct _umask_struct_ {
679 static inline void _reset_umask_(struct _umask_struct_ *s) {
683 #define RUN_WITH_UMASK(mask) \
684 for (_cleanup_(_reset_umask_) struct _umask_struct_ _saved_umask_ = { umask(mask), false }; \
685 !_saved_umask_.quit ; \
686 _saved_umask_.quit = true)
688 static inline unsigned u64log2(uint64_t n) {
689 return (n > 1) ? __builtin_clzll(n) ^ 63U : 0;
692 static inline bool logind_running(void) {
693 return access("/run/systemd/seats/", F_OK) >= 0;
696 #define DECIMAL_STR_WIDTH(x) \
698 typeof(x) _x_ = (x); \
705 int unlink_noerrno(const char *path);
711 _new_ = alloca(_len_); \
712 (void *) memset(_new_, 0, _len_); \
715 #define strappenda(a, b) \
717 const char *_a_ = (a), *_b_ = (b); \
722 _c_ = alloca(_x_ + _y_ + 1); \
723 strcpy(stpcpy(_c_, _a_), _b_); \
727 #define procfs_file_alloca(pid, field) \
729 pid_t _pid_ = (pid); \
731 _r_ = alloca(sizeof("/proc/") -1 + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(pid_t) + 1 + sizeof(field)); \
732 sprintf(_r_, "/proc/%lu/" field, (unsigned long) _pid_); \
736 struct _locale_struct_ {
737 locale_t saved_locale;
742 static inline void _reset_locale_(struct _locale_struct_ *s) {
744 if (s->saved_locale != (locale_t) 0)
745 uselocale(s->saved_locale);
746 if (s->new_locale != (locale_t) 0)
747 freelocale(s->new_locale);
750 #define RUN_WITH_LOCALE(mask, loc) \
751 for (_cleanup_(_reset_locale_) struct _locale_struct_ _saved_locale_ = { (locale_t) 0, (locale_t) 0, false }; \
753 if (!_saved_locale_.quit) { \
755 _saved_locale_.new_locale = newlocale((mask), (loc), (locale_t) 0); \
756 if (_saved_locale_.new_locale != (locale_t) 0) \
757 _saved_locale_.saved_locale = uselocale(_saved_locale_.new_locale); \
759 !_saved_locale_.quit; }) ; \
760 _saved_locale_.quit = true)
762 bool id128_is_valid(const char *s) _pure_;
763 void parse_user_at_host(char *arg, char **user, char **host);
765 int split_pair(const char *s, const char *sep, char **l, char **r);