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7 This file is part of systemd.
9 Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
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25 <refentry id="systemd.service">
27 <title>systemd.service</title>
28 <productname>systemd</productname>
32 <contrib>Developer</contrib>
33 <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
34 <surname>Poettering</surname>
35 <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
41 <refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle>
42 <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
46 <refname>systemd.service</refname>
47 <refpurpose>Service unit configuration</refpurpose>
51 <para><filename>systemd.service</filename></para>
55 <title>Description</title>
57 <para>A unit configuration file whose name ends in
58 <filename>.service</filename> encodes information
59 about a process controlled and supervised by
62 <para>This man page lists the configuration options
63 specific to this unit type. See
64 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
65 for the common options of all unit configuration
66 files. The common configuration items are configured
67 in the generic <literal>[Unit]</literal> and
68 <literal>[Install]</literal> sections. The service
69 specific configuration options are configured in the
70 <literal>[Service]</literal> section.</para>
72 <para>Additional options are listed in
73 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
74 which define the execution environment the commands
75 are executed in, and in
76 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
77 which define the way the processes of the service are
80 <para>Unless <varname>DefaultDependencies=</varname>
81 is set to <option>false</option>, service units will
82 implicitly have dependencies of type
83 <varname>Requires=</varname> and
84 <varname>After=</varname> on
85 <filename>basic.target</filename> as well as
86 dependencies of type <varname>Conflicts=</varname> and
87 <varname>Before=</varname> on
88 <filename>shutdown.target</filename>. These ensure
89 that normal service units pull in basic system
90 initialization, and are terminated cleanly prior to
91 system shutdown. Only services involved with early
92 boot or late system shutdown should disable this
95 <para>If a service is requested under a certain name
96 but no unit configuration file is found, systemd looks
97 for a SysV init script by the same name (with the
98 <filename>.service</filename> suffix removed) and
99 dynamically creates a service unit from that
100 script. This is useful for compatibility with
101 SysV. Note that this compatibility is quite
102 comprehensive but not 100%. For details about the
103 incomptibilities see the <ulink
104 url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Incompatibilities">Incompatibilities
105 with SysV</ulink> document.
110 <title>Options</title>
112 <para>Service files must include a
113 <literal>[Service]</literal> section, which carries
114 information about the service and the process it
115 supervises. A number of options that may be used in
116 this section are shared with other unit types. These
117 options are documented in
118 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
120 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The
121 options specific to the <literal>[Service]</literal>
122 section of service units are the following:</para>
126 <term><varname>Type=</varname></term>
128 <listitem><para>Configures the process
129 start-up type for this service
130 unit. One of <option>simple</option>,
131 <option>forking</option>,
132 <option>oneshot</option>,
133 <option>dbus</option>,
134 <option>notify</option> or
135 <option>idle</option>.</para>
138 <option>simple</option> (the default
139 value if <varname>BusName=</varname>
140 is not specified) it is expected that
141 the process configured with
142 <varname>ExecStart=</varname> is the
143 main process of the service. In this
144 mode, if the process offers
145 functionality to other processes on
146 the system its communication channels
147 should be installed before the daemon
148 is started up (e.g. sockets set up by
149 systemd, via socket activation), as
150 systemd will immediately proceed
151 starting follow-up units.</para>
154 <option>forking</option> it is
155 expected that the process configured
156 with <varname>ExecStart=</varname>
157 will call <function>fork()</function>
158 as part of its start-up. The parent process is
159 expected to exit when start-up is
160 complete and all communication
161 channels set up. The child continues
162 to run as the main daemon
163 process. This is the behaviour of
164 traditional UNIX daemons. If this
165 setting is used, it is recommended to
167 <varname>PIDFile=</varname> option, so
168 that systemd can identify the main
169 process of the daemon. systemd will
170 proceed starting follow-up units as
171 soon as the parent process
175 <option>oneshot</option> is similar
176 to <option>simple</option>, however
177 it is expected that the process has to
178 exit before systemd starts follow-up
179 units. <varname>RemainAfterExit=</varname>
180 is particularly useful for this type
184 <option>dbus</option> is similar to
185 <option>simple</option>, however it is
186 expected that the daemon acquires a
187 name on the D-Bus bus, as configured
189 <varname>BusName=</varname>. systemd
190 will proceed starting follow-up units
191 after the D-Bus bus name has been
192 acquired. Service units with this
193 option configured implicitly gain
195 <filename>dbus.socket</filename>
196 unit. This type is the default if
197 <varname>BusName=</varname> is
201 <option>notify</option> is similar to
202 <option>simple</option>, however it is
203 expected that the daemon sends a
204 notification message via
205 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
206 or an equivalent call when it finished
207 starting up. systemd will proceed
208 starting follow-up units after this
209 notification message has been sent. If
211 <varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> (see
212 below) should be set to open access to
213 the notification socket provided by
215 <varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> is
216 not set, it will be implicitly set to
217 <option>main</option>.</para>
220 <option>idle</option> is very similar
221 to <option>simple</option>, however
222 actual execution of a the service
223 binary is delayed until all jobs are
224 dispatched. This may be used to avoid
225 interleaving of output of shell
226 services with the status output on the
232 <term><varname>RemainAfterExit=</varname></term>
234 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean value
235 that specifies whether the service
236 shall be considered active even when
237 all its processes exited. Defaults to
238 <option>no</option>.</para>
243 <term><varname>GuessMainPID=</varname></term>
245 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean value
246 that specifies whether systemd should
247 try to guess the main PID of a service
248 should if it cannot be determined
249 reliably. This option is ignored
250 unless <option>Type=forking</option>
251 is set and <option>PIDFile=</option>
252 is unset because for the other types
253 or with an explicitly configured PID
254 file the main PID is always known. The
255 guessing algorithm might come to
256 incorrect conclusions if a daemon
257 consists of more than one process. If
258 the main PID cannot be determined
259 failure detection and automatic
260 restarting of a service will not work
261 reliably. Defaults to
262 <option>yes</option>.</para>
267 <term><varname>PIDFile=</varname></term>
269 <listitem><para>Takes an absolute file
270 name pointing to the PID file of this
271 daemon. Use of this option is
272 recommended for services where
273 <varname>Type=</varname> is set to
274 <option>forking</option>. systemd will
275 read the PID of the main process of
276 the daemon after start-up of the
277 service. systemd will not write to the
278 file configured here.</para>
283 <term><varname>BusName=</varname></term>
285 <listitem><para>Takes a D-Bus bus
286 name, where this service is reachable
287 as. This option is mandatory for
289 <varname>Type=</varname> is set to
290 <option>dbus</option>, but its use
291 is otherwise recommended as well if
292 the process takes a name on the D-Bus
298 <term><varname>ExecStart=</varname></term>
299 <listitem><para>Takes a command line
300 that is executed when this service
301 shall be started up. The first token
302 of the command line must be an
303 absolute file name, then followed by
304 arguments for the process. It is
305 mandatory to set this option for all
306 services. This option may not be
307 specified more than once, except when
308 <varname>Type=oneshot</varname> is
309 used in which case more than one
310 <varname>ExecStart=</varname> line is
311 accepted which are then invoked one by
312 one, sequentially in the order they
313 appear in the unit file.</para>
315 <para>Optionally, if the absolute file
316 name is prefixed with
317 <literal>@</literal>, the second token
319 <literal>argv[0]</literal> to the
320 executed process, followed by the
321 further arguments specified. If the
322 first token is prefixed with
323 <literal>-</literal> an exit code of
324 the command normally considered a
325 failure (i.e. non-zero exit status or
326 abnormal exit due to signal) is ignored
327 and considered success. If both
328 <literal>-</literal> and
329 <literal>@</literal> are used for the
330 same command the former must precede
332 <varname>Type=forking</varname> is
333 set, the process started via this
334 command line will be considered the
335 main process of the daemon. The
336 command line accepts % specifiers as
338 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
340 <para>On top of that basic environment
341 variable substitution is
343 <literal>${FOO}</literal> as part of a
344 word, or as word of its own on the
345 command line, in which case it will be
346 replaced by the value of the
347 environment variable including all
348 whitespace it contains, resulting in a
350 <literal>$FOO</literal> as a separate
351 word on the command line, in which
352 case it will be replaced by the value
353 of the environment variable split up
354 at whitespace, resulting in no or more
355 arguments. Note that the first
356 argument (i.e. the program to execute)
357 may not be a variable, and must be a
358 literal and absolute path
359 name.</para></listitem>
363 <term><varname>ExecStartPre=</varname></term>
364 <term><varname>ExecStartPost=</varname></term>
365 <listitem><para>Additional commands
366 that are executed before (resp. after)
368 <varname>ExecStart=</varname>. Multiple
369 command lines may be concatenated in a
370 single directive, by separating them
371 by semicolons (these semicolons must
372 be passed as separate words). In that
373 case, the commands are executed one
375 serially. Alternatively, these
376 directives may be specified more than
377 once with the same effect. However,
378 the latter syntax is not recommended
379 for compatibility with parsers
381 <filename>.desktop</filename> files.
382 Use of these settings is
383 optional. Specifier and environment
384 variable substitution is
385 supported.</para></listitem>
389 <term><varname>ExecReload=</varname></term>
390 <listitem><para>Commands to execute to
391 trigger a configuration reload in the
392 service. This argument takes multiple
393 command lines, following the same
394 scheme as pointed out for
395 <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>
396 above. Use of this setting is
397 optional. Specifier and environment
398 variable substitution is supported
399 here following the same scheme as for
400 <varname>ExecStart=</varname>. One
401 special environment variable is set:
402 if known <literal>$MAINPID</literal> is
403 set to the main process of the
404 daemon, and may be used for command
405 lines like the following:
406 <command>/bin/kill -HUP
407 $MAINPID</command>.</para></listitem>
411 <term><varname>ExecStop=</varname></term>
412 <listitem><para>Commands to execute to
413 stop the service started via
414 <varname>ExecStart=</varname>. This
415 argument takes multiple command lines,
416 following the same scheme as pointed
418 <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>
419 above. Use of this setting is
420 optional. All processes remaining for
421 a service after the commands
422 configured in this option are run are
423 terminated according to the
424 <varname>KillMode=</varname> setting
426 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>). If
427 this option is not specified the
428 process is terminated right-away when
429 service stop is requested. Specifier
430 and environment variable substitution
431 is supported (including
432 <literal>$MAINPID</literal>, see
433 above).</para></listitem>
437 <term><varname>ExecStopPost=</varname></term>
438 <listitem><para>Additional commands
439 that are executed after the service
440 was stopped using the commands
442 <varname>ExecStop=</varname>. This
443 argument takes multiple command lines,
444 following the same scheme as pointed
446 <varname>ExecStartPre</varname>. Use
448 optional. Specifier and environment
449 variable substitution is
450 supported.</para></listitem>
454 <term><varname>RestartSec=</varname></term>
455 <listitem><para>Configures the time to
456 sleep before restarting a service (as
458 <varname>Restart=</varname>). Takes a
459 unit-less value in seconds, or a time
460 span value such as "5min
462 100ms.</para></listitem>
466 <term><varname>TimeoutStartSec=</varname></term>
467 <listitem><para>Configures the time to
468 wait for start-up. If a
469 daemon service does not signal
470 start-up completion within the
471 configured time, the service will be
472 considered failed and be shut down
474 Takes a unit-less value in seconds, or a
475 time span value such as "5min
476 20s". Pass 0 to disable the timeout
477 logic. Defaults to 90s, except when
478 <varname>Type=oneshot</varname> is
479 used in which case the timeout
480 is disabled by default.
485 <term><varname>TimeoutStopSec=</varname></term>
486 <listitem><para>Configures the time to
487 wait for stop. If a service is asked
488 to stop but does not terminate in the
489 specified time, it will be terminated
490 forcibly via SIGTERM, and after
491 another delay of this time with
493 <varname>KillMode=</varname>
494 in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
495 Takes a unit-less value in seconds, or a
496 time span value such as "5min
497 20s". Pass 0 to disable the timeout
498 logic. Defaults to 90s.
503 <term><varname>TimeoutSec=</varname></term>
504 <listitem><para>A shorthand for configuring
505 both <varname>TimeoutStartSec=</varname>
506 and <varname>TimeoutStopSec=</varname>
507 to the specified value.
512 <term><varname>WatchdogSec=</varname></term>
513 <listitem><para>Configures the
514 watchdog timeout for a service. This
515 is activated when the start-up is
516 completed. The service must call
517 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
518 regularly with "WATCHDOG=1" (i.e. the
519 "keep-alive ping"). If the time
520 between two such calls is larger than
521 the configured time then the service
522 is placed in a failure state. By
523 setting <varname>Restart=</varname> to
524 <option>on-failure</option> or
525 <option>always</option> the service
526 will be automatically restarted. The
527 time configured here will be passed to
528 the executed service process in the
529 <varname>WATCHDOG_USEC=</varname>
530 environment variable. This allows
531 daemons to automatically enable the
532 keep-alive pinging logic if watchdog
533 support is enabled for the service. If
535 <varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> (see
536 below) should be set to open access to
537 the notification socket provided by
539 <varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> is
540 not set, it will be implicitly set to
541 <option>main</option>. Defaults to 0,
543 feature.</para></listitem>
547 <term><varname>Restart=</varname></term>
548 <listitem><para>Configures whether the
549 main service process shall be
550 restarted when it exits. Takes one of
552 <option>on-success</option>,
553 <option>on-failure</option>,
554 <option>on-abort</option> or
555 <option>always</option>. If set to
556 <option>no</option> (the default) the
557 service will not be restarted when it
559 <option>on-success</option> it will be
560 restarted only when it exited cleanly,
561 i.e. terminated with an exit code of
563 <option>on-failure</option> it will be
564 restarted only when it exited with an
565 exit code not equalling 0, when
566 terminated by a signal (including on
567 core dump), when an operation (such as
568 service reload) times out or when the
569 configured watchdog timeout is
571 <option>on-abort</option> it will be
572 restarted only if it exits due to
573 reception of an uncaught signal
574 (including on core dump). If set to
575 <option>always</option> the service
576 will be restarted regardless whether
577 it exited cleanly or not, got
578 terminated abnormally by a signal or
579 hit a timeout.</para></listitem>
583 <term><varname>PermissionsStartOnly=</varname></term>
584 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
585 argument. If true, the permission
586 related execution options as
588 <varname>User=</varname> and similar
590 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
591 for more information) are only applied
592 to the process started with
593 <varname>ExecStart=</varname>, and not
595 <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
596 <varname>ExecStartPost=</varname>,
597 <varname>ExecReload=</varname>,
598 <varname>ExecStop=</varname>,
599 <varname>ExecStopPost=</varname>
600 commands. If false, the setting is
601 applied to all configured commands the
602 same way. Defaults to
603 false.</para></listitem>
607 <term><varname>RootDirectoryStartOnly=</varname></term>
608 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
609 argument. If true, the root directory
610 as configured with the
611 <varname>RootDirectory=</varname>
613 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
614 for more information) is only applied
615 to the process started with
616 <varname>ExecStart=</varname>, and not
618 <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>,
619 <varname>ExecStartPost=</varname>,
620 <varname>ExecReload=</varname>,
621 <varname>ExecStop=</varname>,
622 <varname>ExecStopPost=</varname>
623 commands. If false, the setting is
624 applied to all configured commands the
625 same way. Defaults to
626 false.</para></listitem>
630 <term><varname>NonBlocking=</varname></term>
631 <listitem><para>Set O_NONBLOCK flag
632 for all file descriptors passed via
633 socket-based activation. If true, all
634 file descriptors >= 3 (i.e. all except
635 STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR) will have
636 the O_NONBLOCK flag set and hence are in
637 non-blocking mode. This option is only
638 useful in conjunction with a socket
639 unit, as described in
640 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Defaults
641 to false.</para></listitem>
645 <term><varname>NotifyAccess=</varname></term>
646 <listitem><para>Controls access to the
647 service status notification socket, as
649 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
651 <option>none</option> (the default),
652 <option>main</option> or
653 <option>all</option>. If
654 <option>none</option> no daemon status
655 updates are accepted from the service
656 processes, all status update messages
657 are ignored. If <option>main</option>
658 only service updates sent from the
659 main process of the service are
660 accepted. If <option>all</option> all
661 services updates from all members of
662 the service's control group are
663 accepted. This option should be set to
664 open access to the notification socket
666 <varname>Type=notify</varname> or
667 <varname>WatchdogUsec=</varname> (see
668 above). If those options are used but
669 <varname>NotifyAccess=</varname> not
670 configured it will be implicitly set
672 <option>main</option>.</para></listitem>
676 <term><varname>Sockets=</varname></term>
677 <listitem><para>Specifies the name of
678 the socket units this service shall
679 inherit the sockets from when the
680 service is started. Normally it
681 should not be necessary to use this
682 setting as all sockets whose unit
683 shares the same name as the service
684 (ignoring the different suffix of course)
685 are passed to the spawned
688 <para>Note that the same socket may be
689 passed to multiple processes at the
690 same time. Also note that a different
691 service may be activated on incoming
692 traffic than inherits the sockets. Or
694 <varname>Service=</varname> setting of
695 <filename>.socket</filename> units
696 doesn't have to match the inverse of the
697 <varname>Sockets=</varname> setting of
698 the <filename>.service</filename> it
699 refers to.</para></listitem>
703 <term><varname>StartLimitInterval=</varname></term>
704 <term><varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname></term>
706 <listitem><para>Configure service
707 start rate limiting. By default
708 services which are started more often
709 than 5 times within 10s are not
710 permitted to start any more times
711 until the 10s interval ends. With
712 these two options this rate limiting
714 <varname>StartLimitInterval=</varname>
715 to configure the checking interval
716 (defaults to 10s, set to 0 to disable
717 any kind of rate limiting). Use
718 <varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname> to
719 configure how many starts per interval
720 are allowed (defaults to 5). These
721 configuration options are particularly
722 useful in conjunction with
723 <varname>Restart=</varname>, however
724 apply to all kinds of starts
725 (including manual), not just those
727 <varname>Restart=</varname> logic.
728 Note that units which are configured
729 for <varname>Restart=</varname> and
730 which reach the start limit are not
731 attempted to be restarted anymore,
732 however they may still be restarted
733 manually at a later point from which
734 point on the restart logic is again
737 reset-failed</command> will cause the
738 restart rate counter for a service to
739 be flushed, which is useful if the
740 administrator wants to manually start
741 a service and the start limit
743 that.</para></listitem>
747 <term><varname>StartLimitAction=</varname></term>
749 <listitem><para>Configure the action
750 to take if the rate limit configured
752 <varname>StartLimitInterval=</varname>
754 <varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname> is
756 <option>none</option>,
757 <option>reboot</option>,
758 <option>reboot-force</option> or
759 <option>reboot-immediate</option>. If
760 <option>none</option> is set,
761 hitting the rate limit will trigger no
762 action besides that the start will not
764 permitted. <option>reboot</option>
765 causes a reboot following the normal
766 shutdown procedure (i.e. equivalent to
767 <command>systemctl reboot</command>),
768 <option>reboot-force</option> causes
769 an forced reboot which will terminate
770 all processes forcibly but should
771 cause no dirty file systems on reboot
772 (i.e. equivalent to <command>systemctl
773 reboot -f</command>) and
774 <option>reboot-immediate</option>
775 causes immediate execution of the
776 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
777 system call, which might result in
778 data loss. Defaults to
779 <option>none</option>.</para></listitem>
785 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
787 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
788 for more settings.</para>
793 <title>Compatibility Options</title>
795 <para>The following options are also available in the
796 <literal>[Service]</literal> section, but exist purely
797 for compatibility reasons and should not be used in
798 newly written service files.</para>
802 <term><varname>SysVStartPriority=</varname></term>
803 <listitem><para>Set the SysV start
804 priority to use to order this service
805 in relation to SysV services lacking
806 LSB headers. This option is only
807 necessary to fix ordering in relation
808 to legacy SysV services, that have no
809 ordering information encoded in the
810 script headers. As such it should only
811 be used as temporary compatibility
812 option, and not be used in new unit
813 files. Almost always it is a better
814 choice to add explicit ordering
816 <varname>After=</varname> or
817 <varname>Before=</varname>,
818 instead. For more details see
819 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. If
820 used, pass an integer value in the
821 range 0-99.</para></listitem>
825 <term><varname>FsckPassNo=</varname></term>
826 <listitem><para>Set the fsck passno
827 priority to use to order this service
828 in relation to other file system
829 checking services. This option is only
830 necessary to fix ordering in relation
831 to fsck jobs automatically created for
832 all <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
833 entries with a value in the fs_passno
834 column > 0. As such it should only be
835 used as option for fsck
836 services. Almost always it is a better
837 choice to add explicit ordering
839 <varname>After=</varname> or
840 <varname>Before=</varname>,
841 instead. For more details see
842 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. If
843 used, pass an integer value in the
845 <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>'s
846 fs_passno column. See
847 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
848 for details.</para></listitem>
855 <title>See Also</title>
857 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
858 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
859 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
860 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
861 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>